Optimal. Leaf size=674 \[ \frac {13 a b}{12 d e \left (a^2-b^2\right )^2 \sqrt {e \cos (c+d x)} (a+b \sin (c+d x))^2}+\frac {b \left (89 a^2+28 b^2\right )}{24 d e \left (a^2-b^2\right )^3 \sqrt {e \cos (c+d x)} (a+b \sin (c+d x))}+\frac {b}{3 d e \left (a^2-b^2\right ) \sqrt {e \cos (c+d x)} (a+b \sin (c+d x))^3}-\frac {15 a^2 b \left (7 a^2+6 b^2\right ) \sqrt {\cos (c+d x)} \Pi \left (\frac {2 b}{b-\sqrt {b^2-a^2}};\left .\frac {1}{2} (c+d x)\right |2\right )}{16 d e \left (a^2-b^2\right )^4 \left (b-\sqrt {b^2-a^2}\right ) \sqrt {e \cos (c+d x)}}-\frac {15 a^2 b \left (7 a^2+6 b^2\right ) \sqrt {\cos (c+d x)} \Pi \left (\frac {2 b}{b+\sqrt {b^2-a^2}};\left .\frac {1}{2} (c+d x)\right |2\right )}{16 d e \left (a^2-b^2\right )^4 \left (\sqrt {b^2-a^2}+b\right ) \sqrt {e \cos (c+d x)}}-\frac {15 a b^{3/2} \left (7 a^2+6 b^2\right ) \tan ^{-1}\left (\frac {\sqrt {b} \sqrt {e \cos (c+d x)}}{\sqrt {e} \sqrt [4]{b^2-a^2}}\right )}{16 d e^{3/2} \left (b^2-a^2\right )^{17/4}}+\frac {15 a b^{3/2} \left (7 a^2+6 b^2\right ) \tanh ^{-1}\left (\frac {\sqrt {b} \sqrt {e \cos (c+d x)}}{\sqrt {e} \sqrt [4]{b^2-a^2}}\right )}{16 d e^{3/2} \left (b^2-a^2\right )^{17/4}}-\frac {\left (16 a^4+151 a^2 b^2+28 b^4\right ) E\left (\left .\frac {1}{2} (c+d x)\right |2\right ) \sqrt {e \cos (c+d x)}}{8 d e^2 \left (a^2-b^2\right )^4 \sqrt {\cos (c+d x)}}-\frac {15 a b \left (7 a^2+6 b^2\right )-\left (16 a^4+151 a^2 b^2+28 b^4\right ) \sin (c+d x)}{8 d e \left (a^2-b^2\right )^4 \sqrt {e \cos (c+d x)}} \]
[Out]
________________________________________________________________________________________
Rubi [A] time = 1.95, antiderivative size = 674, normalized size of antiderivative = 1.00, number of steps used = 16, number of rules used = 13, integrand size = 25, \(\frac {\text {number of rules}}{\text {integrand size}}\) = 0.520, Rules used = {2694, 2864, 2866, 2867, 2640, 2639, 2701, 2807, 2805, 329, 298, 205, 208} \[ -\frac {15 a b^{3/2} \left (7 a^2+6 b^2\right ) \tan ^{-1}\left (\frac {\sqrt {b} \sqrt {e \cos (c+d x)}}{\sqrt {e} \sqrt [4]{b^2-a^2}}\right )}{16 d e^{3/2} \left (b^2-a^2\right )^{17/4}}+\frac {15 a b^{3/2} \left (7 a^2+6 b^2\right ) \tanh ^{-1}\left (\frac {\sqrt {b} \sqrt {e \cos (c+d x)}}{\sqrt {e} \sqrt [4]{b^2-a^2}}\right )}{16 d e^{3/2} \left (b^2-a^2\right )^{17/4}}-\frac {\left (151 a^2 b^2+16 a^4+28 b^4\right ) E\left (\left .\frac {1}{2} (c+d x)\right |2\right ) \sqrt {e \cos (c+d x)}}{8 d e^2 \left (a^2-b^2\right )^4 \sqrt {\cos (c+d x)}}+\frac {13 a b}{12 d e \left (a^2-b^2\right )^2 \sqrt {e \cos (c+d x)} (a+b \sin (c+d x))^2}-\frac {15 a b \left (7 a^2+6 b^2\right )-\left (151 a^2 b^2+16 a^4+28 b^4\right ) \sin (c+d x)}{8 d e \left (a^2-b^2\right )^4 \sqrt {e \cos (c+d x)}}+\frac {b \left (89 a^2+28 b^2\right )}{24 d e \left (a^2-b^2\right )^3 \sqrt {e \cos (c+d x)} (a+b \sin (c+d x))}+\frac {b}{3 d e \left (a^2-b^2\right ) \sqrt {e \cos (c+d x)} (a+b \sin (c+d x))^3}-\frac {15 a^2 b \left (7 a^2+6 b^2\right ) \sqrt {\cos (c+d x)} \Pi \left (\frac {2 b}{b-\sqrt {b^2-a^2}};\left .\frac {1}{2} (c+d x)\right |2\right )}{16 d e \left (a^2-b^2\right )^4 \left (b-\sqrt {b^2-a^2}\right ) \sqrt {e \cos (c+d x)}}-\frac {15 a^2 b \left (7 a^2+6 b^2\right ) \sqrt {\cos (c+d x)} \Pi \left (\frac {2 b}{b+\sqrt {b^2-a^2}};\left .\frac {1}{2} (c+d x)\right |2\right )}{16 d e \left (a^2-b^2\right )^4 \left (\sqrt {b^2-a^2}+b\right ) \sqrt {e \cos (c+d x)}} \]
Antiderivative was successfully verified.
[In]
[Out]
Rule 205
Rule 208
Rule 298
Rule 329
Rule 2639
Rule 2640
Rule 2694
Rule 2701
Rule 2805
Rule 2807
Rule 2864
Rule 2866
Rule 2867
Rubi steps
\begin {align*} \int \frac {1}{(e \cos (c+d x))^{3/2} (a+b \sin (c+d x))^4} \, dx &=\frac {b}{3 \left (a^2-b^2\right ) d e \sqrt {e \cos (c+d x)} (a+b \sin (c+d x))^3}-\frac {\int \frac {-3 a+\frac {7}{2} b \sin (c+d x)}{(e \cos (c+d x))^{3/2} (a+b \sin (c+d x))^3} \, dx}{3 \left (a^2-b^2\right )}\\ &=\frac {b}{3 \left (a^2-b^2\right ) d e \sqrt {e \cos (c+d x)} (a+b \sin (c+d x))^3}+\frac {13 a b}{12 \left (a^2-b^2\right )^2 d e \sqrt {e \cos (c+d x)} (a+b \sin (c+d x))^2}+\frac {\int \frac {6 a^2+7 b^2-\frac {65}{4} a b \sin (c+d x)}{(e \cos (c+d x))^{3/2} (a+b \sin (c+d x))^2} \, dx}{6 \left (a^2-b^2\right )^2}\\ &=\frac {b}{3 \left (a^2-b^2\right ) d e \sqrt {e \cos (c+d x)} (a+b \sin (c+d x))^3}+\frac {13 a b}{12 \left (a^2-b^2\right )^2 d e \sqrt {e \cos (c+d x)} (a+b \sin (c+d x))^2}+\frac {b \left (89 a^2+28 b^2\right )}{24 \left (a^2-b^2\right )^3 d e \sqrt {e \cos (c+d x)} (a+b \sin (c+d x))}-\frac {\int \frac {-\frac {3}{4} a \left (8 a^2+31 b^2\right )+\frac {3}{8} b \left (89 a^2+28 b^2\right ) \sin (c+d x)}{(e \cos (c+d x))^{3/2} (a+b \sin (c+d x))} \, dx}{6 \left (a^2-b^2\right )^3}\\ &=\frac {b}{3 \left (a^2-b^2\right ) d e \sqrt {e \cos (c+d x)} (a+b \sin (c+d x))^3}+\frac {13 a b}{12 \left (a^2-b^2\right )^2 d e \sqrt {e \cos (c+d x)} (a+b \sin (c+d x))^2}+\frac {b \left (89 a^2+28 b^2\right )}{24 \left (a^2-b^2\right )^3 d e \sqrt {e \cos (c+d x)} (a+b \sin (c+d x))}-\frac {15 a b \left (7 a^2+6 b^2\right )-\left (16 a^4+151 a^2 b^2+28 b^4\right ) \sin (c+d x)}{8 \left (a^2-b^2\right )^4 d e \sqrt {e \cos (c+d x)}}+\frac {\int \frac {\sqrt {e \cos (c+d x)} \left (-\frac {3}{8} a \left (8 a^4+128 a^2 b^2+59 b^4\right )-\frac {3}{16} b \left (16 a^4+151 a^2 b^2+28 b^4\right ) \sin (c+d x)\right )}{a+b \sin (c+d x)} \, dx}{3 \left (a^2-b^2\right )^4 e^2}\\ &=\frac {b}{3 \left (a^2-b^2\right ) d e \sqrt {e \cos (c+d x)} (a+b \sin (c+d x))^3}+\frac {13 a b}{12 \left (a^2-b^2\right )^2 d e \sqrt {e \cos (c+d x)} (a+b \sin (c+d x))^2}+\frac {b \left (89 a^2+28 b^2\right )}{24 \left (a^2-b^2\right )^3 d e \sqrt {e \cos (c+d x)} (a+b \sin (c+d x))}-\frac {15 a b \left (7 a^2+6 b^2\right )-\left (16 a^4+151 a^2 b^2+28 b^4\right ) \sin (c+d x)}{8 \left (a^2-b^2\right )^4 d e \sqrt {e \cos (c+d x)}}-\frac {\left (15 a b^2 \left (7 a^2+6 b^2\right )\right ) \int \frac {\sqrt {e \cos (c+d x)}}{a+b \sin (c+d x)} \, dx}{16 \left (a^2-b^2\right )^4 e^2}-\frac {\left (16 a^4+151 a^2 b^2+28 b^4\right ) \int \sqrt {e \cos (c+d x)} \, dx}{16 \left (a^2-b^2\right )^4 e^2}\\ &=\frac {b}{3 \left (a^2-b^2\right ) d e \sqrt {e \cos (c+d x)} (a+b \sin (c+d x))^3}+\frac {13 a b}{12 \left (a^2-b^2\right )^2 d e \sqrt {e \cos (c+d x)} (a+b \sin (c+d x))^2}+\frac {b \left (89 a^2+28 b^2\right )}{24 \left (a^2-b^2\right )^3 d e \sqrt {e \cos (c+d x)} (a+b \sin (c+d x))}-\frac {15 a b \left (7 a^2+6 b^2\right )-\left (16 a^4+151 a^2 b^2+28 b^4\right ) \sin (c+d x)}{8 \left (a^2-b^2\right )^4 d e \sqrt {e \cos (c+d x)}}+\frac {\left (15 a^2 b \left (7 a^2+6 b^2\right )\right ) \int \frac {1}{\sqrt {e \cos (c+d x)} \left (\sqrt {-a^2+b^2}-b \cos (c+d x)\right )} \, dx}{32 \left (a^2-b^2\right )^4 e}-\frac {\left (15 a^2 b \left (7 a^2+6 b^2\right )\right ) \int \frac {1}{\sqrt {e \cos (c+d x)} \left (\sqrt {-a^2+b^2}+b \cos (c+d x)\right )} \, dx}{32 \left (a^2-b^2\right )^4 e}-\frac {\left (15 a b^3 \left (7 a^2+6 b^2\right )\right ) \operatorname {Subst}\left (\int \frac {\sqrt {x}}{\left (a^2-b^2\right ) e^2+b^2 x^2} \, dx,x,e \cos (c+d x)\right )}{16 \left (a^2-b^2\right )^4 d e}-\frac {\left (\left (16 a^4+151 a^2 b^2+28 b^4\right ) \sqrt {e \cos (c+d x)}\right ) \int \sqrt {\cos (c+d x)} \, dx}{16 \left (a^2-b^2\right )^4 e^2 \sqrt {\cos (c+d x)}}\\ &=-\frac {\left (16 a^4+151 a^2 b^2+28 b^4\right ) \sqrt {e \cos (c+d x)} E\left (\left .\frac {1}{2} (c+d x)\right |2\right )}{8 \left (a^2-b^2\right )^4 d e^2 \sqrt {\cos (c+d x)}}+\frac {b}{3 \left (a^2-b^2\right ) d e \sqrt {e \cos (c+d x)} (a+b \sin (c+d x))^3}+\frac {13 a b}{12 \left (a^2-b^2\right )^2 d e \sqrt {e \cos (c+d x)} (a+b \sin (c+d x))^2}+\frac {b \left (89 a^2+28 b^2\right )}{24 \left (a^2-b^2\right )^3 d e \sqrt {e \cos (c+d x)} (a+b \sin (c+d x))}-\frac {15 a b \left (7 a^2+6 b^2\right )-\left (16 a^4+151 a^2 b^2+28 b^4\right ) \sin (c+d x)}{8 \left (a^2-b^2\right )^4 d e \sqrt {e \cos (c+d x)}}-\frac {\left (15 a b^3 \left (7 a^2+6 b^2\right )\right ) \operatorname {Subst}\left (\int \frac {x^2}{\left (a^2-b^2\right ) e^2+b^2 x^4} \, dx,x,\sqrt {e \cos (c+d x)}\right )}{8 \left (a^2-b^2\right )^4 d e}+\frac {\left (15 a^2 b \left (7 a^2+6 b^2\right ) \sqrt {\cos (c+d x)}\right ) \int \frac {1}{\sqrt {\cos (c+d x)} \left (\sqrt {-a^2+b^2}-b \cos (c+d x)\right )} \, dx}{32 \left (a^2-b^2\right )^4 e \sqrt {e \cos (c+d x)}}-\frac {\left (15 a^2 b \left (7 a^2+6 b^2\right ) \sqrt {\cos (c+d x)}\right ) \int \frac {1}{\sqrt {\cos (c+d x)} \left (\sqrt {-a^2+b^2}+b \cos (c+d x)\right )} \, dx}{32 \left (a^2-b^2\right )^4 e \sqrt {e \cos (c+d x)}}\\ &=-\frac {\left (16 a^4+151 a^2 b^2+28 b^4\right ) \sqrt {e \cos (c+d x)} E\left (\left .\frac {1}{2} (c+d x)\right |2\right )}{8 \left (a^2-b^2\right )^4 d e^2 \sqrt {\cos (c+d x)}}-\frac {15 a^2 b \left (7 a^2+6 b^2\right ) \sqrt {\cos (c+d x)} \Pi \left (\frac {2 b}{b-\sqrt {-a^2+b^2}};\left .\frac {1}{2} (c+d x)\right |2\right )}{16 \left (a^2-b^2\right )^4 \left (b-\sqrt {-a^2+b^2}\right ) d e \sqrt {e \cos (c+d x)}}-\frac {15 a^2 b \left (7 a^2+6 b^2\right ) \sqrt {\cos (c+d x)} \Pi \left (\frac {2 b}{b+\sqrt {-a^2+b^2}};\left .\frac {1}{2} (c+d x)\right |2\right )}{16 \left (a^2-b^2\right )^4 \left (b+\sqrt {-a^2+b^2}\right ) d e \sqrt {e \cos (c+d x)}}+\frac {b}{3 \left (a^2-b^2\right ) d e \sqrt {e \cos (c+d x)} (a+b \sin (c+d x))^3}+\frac {13 a b}{12 \left (a^2-b^2\right )^2 d e \sqrt {e \cos (c+d x)} (a+b \sin (c+d x))^2}+\frac {b \left (89 a^2+28 b^2\right )}{24 \left (a^2-b^2\right )^3 d e \sqrt {e \cos (c+d x)} (a+b \sin (c+d x))}-\frac {15 a b \left (7 a^2+6 b^2\right )-\left (16 a^4+151 a^2 b^2+28 b^4\right ) \sin (c+d x)}{8 \left (a^2-b^2\right )^4 d e \sqrt {e \cos (c+d x)}}+\frac {\left (15 a b^2 \left (7 a^2+6 b^2\right )\right ) \operatorname {Subst}\left (\int \frac {1}{\sqrt {-a^2+b^2} e-b x^2} \, dx,x,\sqrt {e \cos (c+d x)}\right )}{16 \left (a^2-b^2\right )^4 d e}-\frac {\left (15 a b^2 \left (7 a^2+6 b^2\right )\right ) \operatorname {Subst}\left (\int \frac {1}{\sqrt {-a^2+b^2} e+b x^2} \, dx,x,\sqrt {e \cos (c+d x)}\right )}{16 \left (a^2-b^2\right )^4 d e}\\ &=-\frac {15 a b^{3/2} \left (7 a^2+6 b^2\right ) \tan ^{-1}\left (\frac {\sqrt {b} \sqrt {e \cos (c+d x)}}{\sqrt [4]{-a^2+b^2} \sqrt {e}}\right )}{16 \left (-a^2+b^2\right )^{17/4} d e^{3/2}}+\frac {15 a b^{3/2} \left (7 a^2+6 b^2\right ) \tanh ^{-1}\left (\frac {\sqrt {b} \sqrt {e \cos (c+d x)}}{\sqrt [4]{-a^2+b^2} \sqrt {e}}\right )}{16 \left (-a^2+b^2\right )^{17/4} d e^{3/2}}-\frac {\left (16 a^4+151 a^2 b^2+28 b^4\right ) \sqrt {e \cos (c+d x)} E\left (\left .\frac {1}{2} (c+d x)\right |2\right )}{8 \left (a^2-b^2\right )^4 d e^2 \sqrt {\cos (c+d x)}}-\frac {15 a^2 b \left (7 a^2+6 b^2\right ) \sqrt {\cos (c+d x)} \Pi \left (\frac {2 b}{b-\sqrt {-a^2+b^2}};\left .\frac {1}{2} (c+d x)\right |2\right )}{16 \left (a^2-b^2\right )^4 \left (b-\sqrt {-a^2+b^2}\right ) d e \sqrt {e \cos (c+d x)}}-\frac {15 a^2 b \left (7 a^2+6 b^2\right ) \sqrt {\cos (c+d x)} \Pi \left (\frac {2 b}{b+\sqrt {-a^2+b^2}};\left .\frac {1}{2} (c+d x)\right |2\right )}{16 \left (a^2-b^2\right )^4 \left (b+\sqrt {-a^2+b^2}\right ) d e \sqrt {e \cos (c+d x)}}+\frac {b}{3 \left (a^2-b^2\right ) d e \sqrt {e \cos (c+d x)} (a+b \sin (c+d x))^3}+\frac {13 a b}{12 \left (a^2-b^2\right )^2 d e \sqrt {e \cos (c+d x)} (a+b \sin (c+d x))^2}+\frac {b \left (89 a^2+28 b^2\right )}{24 \left (a^2-b^2\right )^3 d e \sqrt {e \cos (c+d x)} (a+b \sin (c+d x))}-\frac {15 a b \left (7 a^2+6 b^2\right )-\left (16 a^4+151 a^2 b^2+28 b^4\right ) \sin (c+d x)}{8 \left (a^2-b^2\right )^4 d e \sqrt {e \cos (c+d x)}}\\ \end {align*}
________________________________________________________________________________________
Mathematica [C] time = 6.82, size = 996, normalized size = 1.48 \[ \frac {\cos ^2(c+d x) \left (-\frac {7 a \cos (c+d x) b^3}{4 \left (a^2-b^2\right )^3 (a+b \sin (c+d x))^2}-\frac {\cos (c+d x) b^3}{3 \left (a^2-b^2\right )^2 (a+b \sin (c+d x))^3}+\frac {2 \sec (c+d x) \left (\sin (c+d x) a^4-4 b a^3+6 b^2 \sin (c+d x) a^2-4 b^3 a+b^4 \sin (c+d x)\right )}{\left (a^2-b^2\right )^4}+\frac {-12 \cos (c+d x) b^5-55 a^2 \cos (c+d x) b^3}{8 \left (a^2-b^2\right )^4 (a+b \sin (c+d x))}\right )}{d (e \cos (c+d x))^{3/2}}-\frac {\cos ^{\frac {3}{2}}(c+d x) \left (-\frac {\left (28 b^5+151 a^2 b^3+16 a^4 b\right ) \left (a+b \sqrt {1-\cos ^2(c+d x)}\right ) \left (8 F_1\left (\frac {3}{4};-\frac {1}{2},1;\frac {7}{4};\cos ^2(c+d x),\frac {b^2 \cos ^2(c+d x)}{b^2-a^2}\right ) \cos ^{\frac {3}{2}}(c+d x) b^{5/2}+3 \sqrt {2} a \left (a^2-b^2\right )^{3/4} \left (2 \tan ^{-1}\left (1-\frac {\sqrt {2} \sqrt {b} \sqrt {\cos (c+d x)}}{\sqrt [4]{a^2-b^2}}\right )-2 \tan ^{-1}\left (\frac {\sqrt {2} \sqrt {b} \sqrt {\cos (c+d x)}}{\sqrt [4]{a^2-b^2}}+1\right )-\log \left (b \cos (c+d x)-\sqrt {2} \sqrt {b} \sqrt [4]{a^2-b^2} \sqrt {\cos (c+d x)}+\sqrt {a^2-b^2}\right )+\log \left (b \cos (c+d x)+\sqrt {2} \sqrt {b} \sqrt [4]{a^2-b^2} \sqrt {\cos (c+d x)}+\sqrt {a^2-b^2}\right )\right )\right ) \sin ^2(c+d x)}{12 b^{3/2} \left (b^2-a^2\right ) \left (1-\cos ^2(c+d x)\right ) (a+b \sin (c+d x))}-\frac {2 \left (16 a^5+256 b^2 a^3+118 b^4 a\right ) \left (a+b \sqrt {1-\cos ^2(c+d x)}\right ) \left (\frac {a F_1\left (\frac {3}{4};\frac {1}{2},1;\frac {7}{4};\cos ^2(c+d x),\frac {b^2 \cos ^2(c+d x)}{b^2-a^2}\right ) \cos ^{\frac {3}{2}}(c+d x)}{3 \left (a^2-b^2\right )}+\frac {\left (\frac {1}{8}+\frac {i}{8}\right ) \left (2 \tan ^{-1}\left (1-\frac {(1+i) \sqrt {b} \sqrt {\cos (c+d x)}}{\sqrt [4]{b^2-a^2}}\right )-2 \tan ^{-1}\left (\frac {(1+i) \sqrt {b} \sqrt {\cos (c+d x)}}{\sqrt [4]{b^2-a^2}}+1\right )-\log \left (i b \cos (c+d x)-(1+i) \sqrt {b} \sqrt [4]{b^2-a^2} \sqrt {\cos (c+d x)}+\sqrt {b^2-a^2}\right )+\log \left (i b \cos (c+d x)+(1+i) \sqrt {b} \sqrt [4]{b^2-a^2} \sqrt {\cos (c+d x)}+\sqrt {b^2-a^2}\right )\right )}{\sqrt {b} \sqrt [4]{b^2-a^2}}\right ) \sin (c+d x)}{\sqrt {1-\cos ^2(c+d x)} (a+b \sin (c+d x))}\right )}{16 (a-b)^4 (a+b)^4 d (e \cos (c+d x))^{3/2}} \]
Warning: Unable to verify antiderivative.
[In]
[Out]
________________________________________________________________________________________
fricas [F(-1)] time = 0.00, size = 0, normalized size = 0.00 \[ \text {Timed out} \]
Verification of antiderivative is not currently implemented for this CAS.
[In]
[Out]
________________________________________________________________________________________
giac [F] time = 0.00, size = 0, normalized size = 0.00 \[ \int \frac {1}{\left (e \cos \left (d x + c\right )\right )^{\frac {3}{2}} {\left (b \sin \left (d x + c\right ) + a\right )}^{4}}\,{d x} \]
Verification of antiderivative is not currently implemented for this CAS.
[In]
[Out]
________________________________________________________________________________________
maple [C] time = 184.06, size = 150599, normalized size = 223.44 \[ \text {output too large to display} \]
Verification of antiderivative is not currently implemented for this CAS.
[In]
[Out]
________________________________________________________________________________________
maxima [F(-1)] time = 0.00, size = 0, normalized size = 0.00 \[ \text {Timed out} \]
Verification of antiderivative is not currently implemented for this CAS.
[In]
[Out]
________________________________________________________________________________________
mupad [F] time = 0.00, size = -1, normalized size = -0.00 \[ \int \frac {1}{{\left (e\,\cos \left (c+d\,x\right )\right )}^{3/2}\,{\left (a+b\,\sin \left (c+d\,x\right )\right )}^4} \,d x \]
Verification of antiderivative is not currently implemented for this CAS.
[In]
[Out]
________________________________________________________________________________________
sympy [F(-1)] time = 0.00, size = 0, normalized size = 0.00 \[ \text {Timed out} \]
Verification of antiderivative is not currently implemented for this CAS.
[In]
[Out]
________________________________________________________________________________________