Integrand size = 40, antiderivative size = 71 \[ \int \frac {-b+a x^2}{\left (-b+a x^2+x^4\right ) \sqrt [4]{-b x^2+a x^4}} \, dx=-\frac {1}{2} \text {RootSum}\left [b+a \text {$\#$1}^4-\text {$\#$1}^8\&,\frac {-\log (x) \text {$\#$1}^3+\log \left (\sqrt [4]{-b x^2+a x^4}-x \text {$\#$1}\right ) \text {$\#$1}^3}{-a+2 \text {$\#$1}^4}\&\right ] \]
Time = 0.42 (sec) , antiderivative size = 110, normalized size of antiderivative = 1.55 \[ \int \frac {-b+a x^2}{\left (-b+a x^2+x^4\right ) \sqrt [4]{-b x^2+a x^4}} \, dx=-\frac {\left (-b x^2+a x^4\right )^{3/4} \text {RootSum}\left [b+a \text {$\#$1}^4-\text {$\#$1}^8\&,\frac {-\log \left (\sqrt {x}\right ) \text {$\#$1}^3+\log \left (\sqrt [4]{-b+a x^2}-\sqrt {x} \text {$\#$1}\right ) \text {$\#$1}^3}{-a+2 \text {$\#$1}^4}\&\right ]}{2 x^{3/2} \left (-b+a x^2\right )^{3/4}} \]
-1/2*((-(b*x^2) + a*x^4)^(3/4)*RootSum[b + a*#1^4 - #1^8 & , (-(Log[Sqrt[x ]]*#1^3) + Log[(-b + a*x^2)^(1/4) - Sqrt[x]*#1]*#1^3)/(-a + 2*#1^4) & ])/( x^(3/2)*(-b + a*x^2)^(3/4))
Leaf count is larger than twice the leaf count of optimal. \(699\) vs. \(2(71)=142\).
Time = 1.24 (sec) , antiderivative size = 699, normalized size of antiderivative = 9.85, number of steps used = 15, number of rules used = 14, \(\frac {\text {number of rules}}{\text {integrand size}}\) = 0.350, Rules used = {2467, 25, 1592, 1758, 25, 916, 770, 756, 216, 219, 902, 756, 218, 221}
Below are the steps used by Rubi to obtain the solution. The rule number used for the transformation is given above next to the arrow. The rules definitions used are listed below.
| \(\displaystyle \int \frac {a x^2-b}{\left (a x^2-b+x^4\right ) \sqrt [4]{a x^4-b x^2}} \, dx\) |
| \(\Big \downarrow \) 2467 |
| \(\displaystyle \frac {\sqrt {x} \sqrt [4]{a x^2-b} \int -\frac {\left (a x^2-b\right )^{3/4}}{\sqrt {x} \left (-x^4-a x^2+b\right )}dx}{\sqrt [4]{a x^4-b x^2}}\) |
| \(\Big \downarrow \) 25 |
| \(\displaystyle -\frac {\sqrt {x} \sqrt [4]{a x^2-b} \int \frac {\left (a x^2-b\right )^{3/4}}{\sqrt {x} \left (-x^4-a x^2+b\right )}dx}{\sqrt [4]{a x^4-b x^2}}\) |
| \(\Big \downarrow \) 1592 |
| \(\displaystyle -\frac {2 \sqrt {x} \sqrt [4]{a x^2-b} \int \frac {\left (a x^2-b\right )^{3/4}}{-x^4-a x^2+b}d\sqrt {x}}{\sqrt [4]{a x^4-b x^2}}\) |
| \(\Big \downarrow \) 1758 |
| \(\displaystyle -\frac {2 \sqrt {x} \sqrt [4]{a x^2-b} \left (\frac {2 \int -\frac {\left (a x^2-b\right )^{3/4}}{2 x^2+a-\sqrt {a^2+4 b}}d\sqrt {x}}{\sqrt {a^2+4 b}}-\frac {2 \int -\frac {\left (a x^2-b\right )^{3/4}}{2 x^2+a+\sqrt {a^2+4 b}}d\sqrt {x}}{\sqrt {a^2+4 b}}\right )}{\sqrt [4]{a x^4-b x^2}}\) |
| \(\Big \downarrow \) 25 |
| \(\displaystyle -\frac {2 \sqrt {x} \sqrt [4]{a x^2-b} \left (\frac {2 \int \frac {\left (a x^2-b\right )^{3/4}}{2 x^2+a+\sqrt {a^2+4 b}}d\sqrt {x}}{\sqrt {a^2+4 b}}-\frac {2 \int \frac {\left (a x^2-b\right )^{3/4}}{2 x^2+a-\sqrt {a^2+4 b}}d\sqrt {x}}{\sqrt {a^2+4 b}}\right )}{\sqrt [4]{a x^4-b x^2}}\) |
| \(\Big \downarrow \) 916 |
| \(\displaystyle -\frac {2 \sqrt {x} \sqrt [4]{a x^2-b} \left (\frac {2 \left (\frac {1}{2} a \int \frac {1}{\sqrt [4]{a x^2-b}}d\sqrt {x}-\frac {1}{2} \left (a \left (\sqrt {a^2+4 b}+a\right )+2 b\right ) \int \frac {1}{\left (2 x^2+a+\sqrt {a^2+4 b}\right ) \sqrt [4]{a x^2-b}}d\sqrt {x}\right )}{\sqrt {a^2+4 b}}-\frac {2 \left (\frac {1}{2} a \int \frac {1}{\sqrt [4]{a x^2-b}}d\sqrt {x}-\frac {1}{2} \left (-a \sqrt {a^2+4 b}+a^2+2 b\right ) \int \frac {1}{\left (2 x^2+a-\sqrt {a^2+4 b}\right ) \sqrt [4]{a x^2-b}}d\sqrt {x}\right )}{\sqrt {a^2+4 b}}\right )}{\sqrt [4]{a x^4-b x^2}}\) |
| \(\Big \downarrow \) 770 |
| \(\displaystyle -\frac {2 \sqrt {x} \sqrt [4]{a x^2-b} \left (\frac {2 \left (\frac {1}{2} a \int \frac {1}{1-a x^2}d\frac {\sqrt {x}}{\sqrt [4]{a x^2-b}}-\frac {1}{2} \left (a \left (\sqrt {a^2+4 b}+a\right )+2 b\right ) \int \frac {1}{\left (2 x^2+a+\sqrt {a^2+4 b}\right ) \sqrt [4]{a x^2-b}}d\sqrt {x}\right )}{\sqrt {a^2+4 b}}-\frac {2 \left (\frac {1}{2} a \int \frac {1}{1-a x^2}d\frac {\sqrt {x}}{\sqrt [4]{a x^2-b}}-\frac {1}{2} \left (-a \sqrt {a^2+4 b}+a^2+2 b\right ) \int \frac {1}{\left (2 x^2+a-\sqrt {a^2+4 b}\right ) \sqrt [4]{a x^2-b}}d\sqrt {x}\right )}{\sqrt {a^2+4 b}}\right )}{\sqrt [4]{a x^4-b x^2}}\) |
| \(\Big \downarrow \) 756 |
| \(\displaystyle -\frac {2 \sqrt {x} \sqrt [4]{a x^2-b} \left (\frac {2 \left (\frac {1}{2} a \left (\frac {1}{2} \int \frac {1}{1-\sqrt {a} x}d\frac {\sqrt {x}}{\sqrt [4]{a x^2-b}}+\frac {1}{2} \int \frac {1}{\sqrt {a} x+1}d\frac {\sqrt {x}}{\sqrt [4]{a x^2-b}}\right )-\frac {1}{2} \left (a \left (\sqrt {a^2+4 b}+a\right )+2 b\right ) \int \frac {1}{\left (2 x^2+a+\sqrt {a^2+4 b}\right ) \sqrt [4]{a x^2-b}}d\sqrt {x}\right )}{\sqrt {a^2+4 b}}-\frac {2 \left (\frac {1}{2} a \left (\frac {1}{2} \int \frac {1}{1-\sqrt {a} x}d\frac {\sqrt {x}}{\sqrt [4]{a x^2-b}}+\frac {1}{2} \int \frac {1}{\sqrt {a} x+1}d\frac {\sqrt {x}}{\sqrt [4]{a x^2-b}}\right )-\frac {1}{2} \left (-a \sqrt {a^2+4 b}+a^2+2 b\right ) \int \frac {1}{\left (2 x^2+a-\sqrt {a^2+4 b}\right ) \sqrt [4]{a x^2-b}}d\sqrt {x}\right )}{\sqrt {a^2+4 b}}\right )}{\sqrt [4]{a x^4-b x^2}}\) |
| \(\Big \downarrow \) 216 |
| \(\displaystyle -\frac {2 \sqrt {x} \sqrt [4]{a x^2-b} \left (\frac {2 \left (\frac {1}{2} a \left (\frac {1}{2} \int \frac {1}{1-\sqrt {a} x}d\frac {\sqrt {x}}{\sqrt [4]{a x^2-b}}+\frac {\arctan \left (\frac {\sqrt [4]{a} \sqrt {x}}{\sqrt [4]{a x^2-b}}\right )}{2 \sqrt [4]{a}}\right )-\frac {1}{2} \left (a \left (\sqrt {a^2+4 b}+a\right )+2 b\right ) \int \frac {1}{\left (2 x^2+a+\sqrt {a^2+4 b}\right ) \sqrt [4]{a x^2-b}}d\sqrt {x}\right )}{\sqrt {a^2+4 b}}-\frac {2 \left (\frac {1}{2} a \left (\frac {1}{2} \int \frac {1}{1-\sqrt {a} x}d\frac {\sqrt {x}}{\sqrt [4]{a x^2-b}}+\frac {\arctan \left (\frac {\sqrt [4]{a} \sqrt {x}}{\sqrt [4]{a x^2-b}}\right )}{2 \sqrt [4]{a}}\right )-\frac {1}{2} \left (-a \sqrt {a^2+4 b}+a^2+2 b\right ) \int \frac {1}{\left (2 x^2+a-\sqrt {a^2+4 b}\right ) \sqrt [4]{a x^2-b}}d\sqrt {x}\right )}{\sqrt {a^2+4 b}}\right )}{\sqrt [4]{a x^4-b x^2}}\) |
| \(\Big \downarrow \) 219 |
| \(\displaystyle -\frac {2 \sqrt {x} \sqrt [4]{a x^2-b} \left (\frac {2 \left (\frac {1}{2} a \left (\frac {\arctan \left (\frac {\sqrt [4]{a} \sqrt {x}}{\sqrt [4]{a x^2-b}}\right )}{2 \sqrt [4]{a}}+\frac {\text {arctanh}\left (\frac {\sqrt [4]{a} \sqrt {x}}{\sqrt [4]{a x^2-b}}\right )}{2 \sqrt [4]{a}}\right )-\frac {1}{2} \left (a \left (\sqrt {a^2+4 b}+a\right )+2 b\right ) \int \frac {1}{\left (2 x^2+a+\sqrt {a^2+4 b}\right ) \sqrt [4]{a x^2-b}}d\sqrt {x}\right )}{\sqrt {a^2+4 b}}-\frac {2 \left (\frac {1}{2} a \left (\frac {\arctan \left (\frac {\sqrt [4]{a} \sqrt {x}}{\sqrt [4]{a x^2-b}}\right )}{2 \sqrt [4]{a}}+\frac {\text {arctanh}\left (\frac {\sqrt [4]{a} \sqrt {x}}{\sqrt [4]{a x^2-b}}\right )}{2 \sqrt [4]{a}}\right )-\frac {1}{2} \left (-a \sqrt {a^2+4 b}+a^2+2 b\right ) \int \frac {1}{\left (2 x^2+a-\sqrt {a^2+4 b}\right ) \sqrt [4]{a x^2-b}}d\sqrt {x}\right )}{\sqrt {a^2+4 b}}\right )}{\sqrt [4]{a x^4-b x^2}}\) |
| \(\Big \downarrow \) 902 |
| \(\displaystyle -\frac {2 \sqrt {x} \sqrt [4]{a x^2-b} \left (\frac {2 \left (\frac {1}{2} a \left (\frac {\arctan \left (\frac {\sqrt [4]{a} \sqrt {x}}{\sqrt [4]{a x^2-b}}\right )}{2 \sqrt [4]{a}}+\frac {\text {arctanh}\left (\frac {\sqrt [4]{a} \sqrt {x}}{\sqrt [4]{a x^2-b}}\right )}{2 \sqrt [4]{a}}\right )-\frac {1}{2} \left (a \left (\sqrt {a^2+4 b}+a\right )+2 b\right ) \int \frac {1}{-\left (\left (2 b+a \left (a+\sqrt {a^2+4 b}\right )\right ) x^2\right )+a+\sqrt {a^2+4 b}}d\frac {\sqrt {x}}{\sqrt [4]{a x^2-b}}\right )}{\sqrt {a^2+4 b}}-\frac {2 \left (\frac {1}{2} a \left (\frac {\arctan \left (\frac {\sqrt [4]{a} \sqrt {x}}{\sqrt [4]{a x^2-b}}\right )}{2 \sqrt [4]{a}}+\frac {\text {arctanh}\left (\frac {\sqrt [4]{a} \sqrt {x}}{\sqrt [4]{a x^2-b}}\right )}{2 \sqrt [4]{a}}\right )-\frac {1}{2} \left (-a \sqrt {a^2+4 b}+a^2+2 b\right ) \int \frac {1}{-\left (\left (2 b+a \left (a-\sqrt {a^2+4 b}\right )\right ) x^2\right )+a-\sqrt {a^2+4 b}}d\frac {\sqrt {x}}{\sqrt [4]{a x^2-b}}\right )}{\sqrt {a^2+4 b}}\right )}{\sqrt [4]{a x^4-b x^2}}\) |
| \(\Big \downarrow \) 756 |
| \(\displaystyle -\frac {2 \sqrt {x} \sqrt [4]{a x^2-b} \left (\frac {2 \left (\frac {1}{2} a \left (\frac {\arctan \left (\frac {\sqrt [4]{a} \sqrt {x}}{\sqrt [4]{a x^2-b}}\right )}{2 \sqrt [4]{a}}+\frac {\text {arctanh}\left (\frac {\sqrt [4]{a} \sqrt {x}}{\sqrt [4]{a x^2-b}}\right )}{2 \sqrt [4]{a}}\right )-\frac {1}{2} \left (a \left (\sqrt {a^2+4 b}+a\right )+2 b\right ) \left (\frac {\int \frac {1}{\sqrt {a+\sqrt {a^2+4 b}}-\sqrt {a^2+\sqrt {a^2+4 b} a+2 b} x}d\frac {\sqrt {x}}{\sqrt [4]{a x^2-b}}}{2 \sqrt {\sqrt {a^2+4 b}+a}}+\frac {\int \frac {1}{\sqrt {a^2+\sqrt {a^2+4 b} a+2 b} x+\sqrt {a+\sqrt {a^2+4 b}}}d\frac {\sqrt {x}}{\sqrt [4]{a x^2-b}}}{2 \sqrt {\sqrt {a^2+4 b}+a}}\right )\right )}{\sqrt {a^2+4 b}}-\frac {2 \left (\frac {1}{2} a \left (\frac {\arctan \left (\frac {\sqrt [4]{a} \sqrt {x}}{\sqrt [4]{a x^2-b}}\right )}{2 \sqrt [4]{a}}+\frac {\text {arctanh}\left (\frac {\sqrt [4]{a} \sqrt {x}}{\sqrt [4]{a x^2-b}}\right )}{2 \sqrt [4]{a}}\right )-\frac {1}{2} \left (-a \sqrt {a^2+4 b}+a^2+2 b\right ) \left (\frac {\int \frac {1}{\sqrt {a-\sqrt {a^2+4 b}}-\sqrt {a^2-\sqrt {a^2+4 b} a+2 b} x}d\frac {\sqrt {x}}{\sqrt [4]{a x^2-b}}}{2 \sqrt {a-\sqrt {a^2+4 b}}}+\frac {\int \frac {1}{\sqrt {a^2-\sqrt {a^2+4 b} a+2 b} x+\sqrt {a-\sqrt {a^2+4 b}}}d\frac {\sqrt {x}}{\sqrt [4]{a x^2-b}}}{2 \sqrt {a-\sqrt {a^2+4 b}}}\right )\right )}{\sqrt {a^2+4 b}}\right )}{\sqrt [4]{a x^4-b x^2}}\) |
| \(\Big \downarrow \) 218 |
| \(\displaystyle -\frac {2 \sqrt {x} \sqrt [4]{a x^2-b} \left (\frac {2 \left (\frac {1}{2} a \left (\frac {\arctan \left (\frac {\sqrt [4]{a} \sqrt {x}}{\sqrt [4]{a x^2-b}}\right )}{2 \sqrt [4]{a}}+\frac {\text {arctanh}\left (\frac {\sqrt [4]{a} \sqrt {x}}{\sqrt [4]{a x^2-b}}\right )}{2 \sqrt [4]{a}}\right )-\frac {1}{2} \left (a \left (\sqrt {a^2+4 b}+a\right )+2 b\right ) \left (\frac {\int \frac {1}{\sqrt {a+\sqrt {a^2+4 b}}-\sqrt {a^2+\sqrt {a^2+4 b} a+2 b} x}d\frac {\sqrt {x}}{\sqrt [4]{a x^2-b}}}{2 \sqrt {\sqrt {a^2+4 b}+a}}+\frac {\arctan \left (\frac {\sqrt {x} \sqrt [4]{a \sqrt {a^2+4 b}+a^2+2 b}}{\sqrt [4]{\sqrt {a^2+4 b}+a} \sqrt [4]{a x^2-b}}\right )}{2 \left (\sqrt {a^2+4 b}+a\right )^{3/4} \sqrt [4]{a \sqrt {a^2+4 b}+a^2+2 b}}\right )\right )}{\sqrt {a^2+4 b}}-\frac {2 \left (\frac {1}{2} a \left (\frac {\arctan \left (\frac {\sqrt [4]{a} \sqrt {x}}{\sqrt [4]{a x^2-b}}\right )}{2 \sqrt [4]{a}}+\frac {\text {arctanh}\left (\frac {\sqrt [4]{a} \sqrt {x}}{\sqrt [4]{a x^2-b}}\right )}{2 \sqrt [4]{a}}\right )-\frac {1}{2} \left (-a \sqrt {a^2+4 b}+a^2+2 b\right ) \left (\frac {\int \frac {1}{\sqrt {a-\sqrt {a^2+4 b}}-\sqrt {a^2-\sqrt {a^2+4 b} a+2 b} x}d\frac {\sqrt {x}}{\sqrt [4]{a x^2-b}}}{2 \sqrt {a-\sqrt {a^2+4 b}}}+\frac {\arctan \left (\frac {\sqrt {x} \sqrt [4]{-a \sqrt {a^2+4 b}+a^2+2 b}}{\sqrt [4]{a-\sqrt {a^2+4 b}} \sqrt [4]{a x^2-b}}\right )}{2 \left (a-\sqrt {a^2+4 b}\right )^{3/4} \sqrt [4]{-a \sqrt {a^2+4 b}+a^2+2 b}}\right )\right )}{\sqrt {a^2+4 b}}\right )}{\sqrt [4]{a x^4-b x^2}}\) |
| \(\Big \downarrow \) 221 |
| \(\displaystyle -\frac {2 \sqrt {x} \sqrt [4]{a x^2-b} \left (\frac {2 \left (\frac {1}{2} a \left (\frac {\arctan \left (\frac {\sqrt [4]{a} \sqrt {x}}{\sqrt [4]{a x^2-b}}\right )}{2 \sqrt [4]{a}}+\frac {\text {arctanh}\left (\frac {\sqrt [4]{a} \sqrt {x}}{\sqrt [4]{a x^2-b}}\right )}{2 \sqrt [4]{a}}\right )-\frac {1}{2} \left (a \left (\sqrt {a^2+4 b}+a\right )+2 b\right ) \left (\frac {\arctan \left (\frac {\sqrt {x} \sqrt [4]{a \sqrt {a^2+4 b}+a^2+2 b}}{\sqrt [4]{\sqrt {a^2+4 b}+a} \sqrt [4]{a x^2-b}}\right )}{2 \left (\sqrt {a^2+4 b}+a\right )^{3/4} \sqrt [4]{a \sqrt {a^2+4 b}+a^2+2 b}}+\frac {\text {arctanh}\left (\frac {\sqrt {x} \sqrt [4]{a \sqrt {a^2+4 b}+a^2+2 b}}{\sqrt [4]{\sqrt {a^2+4 b}+a} \sqrt [4]{a x^2-b}}\right )}{2 \left (\sqrt {a^2+4 b}+a\right )^{3/4} \sqrt [4]{a \sqrt {a^2+4 b}+a^2+2 b}}\right )\right )}{\sqrt {a^2+4 b}}-\frac {2 \left (\frac {1}{2} a \left (\frac {\arctan \left (\frac {\sqrt [4]{a} \sqrt {x}}{\sqrt [4]{a x^2-b}}\right )}{2 \sqrt [4]{a}}+\frac {\text {arctanh}\left (\frac {\sqrt [4]{a} \sqrt {x}}{\sqrt [4]{a x^2-b}}\right )}{2 \sqrt [4]{a}}\right )-\frac {1}{2} \left (-a \sqrt {a^2+4 b}+a^2+2 b\right ) \left (\frac {\arctan \left (\frac {\sqrt {x} \sqrt [4]{-a \sqrt {a^2+4 b}+a^2+2 b}}{\sqrt [4]{a-\sqrt {a^2+4 b}} \sqrt [4]{a x^2-b}}\right )}{2 \left (a-\sqrt {a^2+4 b}\right )^{3/4} \sqrt [4]{-a \sqrt {a^2+4 b}+a^2+2 b}}+\frac {\text {arctanh}\left (\frac {\sqrt {x} \sqrt [4]{-a \sqrt {a^2+4 b}+a^2+2 b}}{\sqrt [4]{a-\sqrt {a^2+4 b}} \sqrt [4]{a x^2-b}}\right )}{2 \left (a-\sqrt {a^2+4 b}\right )^{3/4} \sqrt [4]{-a \sqrt {a^2+4 b}+a^2+2 b}}\right )\right )}{\sqrt {a^2+4 b}}\right )}{\sqrt [4]{a x^4-b x^2}}\) |
(-2*Sqrt[x]*(-b + a*x^2)^(1/4)*((-2*((a*(ArcTan[(a^(1/4)*Sqrt[x])/(-b + a* x^2)^(1/4)]/(2*a^(1/4)) + ArcTanh[(a^(1/4)*Sqrt[x])/(-b + a*x^2)^(1/4)]/(2 *a^(1/4))))/2 - ((a^2 + 2*b - a*Sqrt[a^2 + 4*b])*(ArcTan[((a^2 + 2*b - a*S qrt[a^2 + 4*b])^(1/4)*Sqrt[x])/((a - Sqrt[a^2 + 4*b])^(1/4)*(-b + a*x^2)^( 1/4))]/(2*(a - Sqrt[a^2 + 4*b])^(3/4)*(a^2 + 2*b - a*Sqrt[a^2 + 4*b])^(1/4 )) + ArcTanh[((a^2 + 2*b - a*Sqrt[a^2 + 4*b])^(1/4)*Sqrt[x])/((a - Sqrt[a^ 2 + 4*b])^(1/4)*(-b + a*x^2)^(1/4))]/(2*(a - Sqrt[a^2 + 4*b])^(3/4)*(a^2 + 2*b - a*Sqrt[a^2 + 4*b])^(1/4))))/2))/Sqrt[a^2 + 4*b] + (2*((a*(ArcTan[(a ^(1/4)*Sqrt[x])/(-b + a*x^2)^(1/4)]/(2*a^(1/4)) + ArcTanh[(a^(1/4)*Sqrt[x] )/(-b + a*x^2)^(1/4)]/(2*a^(1/4))))/2 - ((2*b + a*(a + Sqrt[a^2 + 4*b]))*( ArcTan[((a^2 + 2*b + a*Sqrt[a^2 + 4*b])^(1/4)*Sqrt[x])/((a + Sqrt[a^2 + 4* b])^(1/4)*(-b + a*x^2)^(1/4))]/(2*(a + Sqrt[a^2 + 4*b])^(3/4)*(a^2 + 2*b + a*Sqrt[a^2 + 4*b])^(1/4)) + ArcTanh[((a^2 + 2*b + a*Sqrt[a^2 + 4*b])^(1/4 )*Sqrt[x])/((a + Sqrt[a^2 + 4*b])^(1/4)*(-b + a*x^2)^(1/4))]/(2*(a + Sqrt[ a^2 + 4*b])^(3/4)*(a^2 + 2*b + a*Sqrt[a^2 + 4*b])^(1/4))))/2))/Sqrt[a^2 + 4*b]))/(-(b*x^2) + a*x^4)^(1/4)
3.10.35.3.1 Defintions of rubi rules used
Int[((a_) + (b_.)*(x_)^2)^(-1), x_Symbol] :> Simp[(1/(Rt[a, 2]*Rt[b, 2]))*A rcTan[Rt[b, 2]*(x/Rt[a, 2])], x] /; FreeQ[{a, b}, x] && PosQ[a/b] && (GtQ[a , 0] || GtQ[b, 0])
Int[((a_) + (b_.)*(x_)^2)^(-1), x_Symbol] :> Simp[(Rt[a/b, 2]/a)*ArcTan[x/R t[a/b, 2]], x] /; FreeQ[{a, b}, x] && PosQ[a/b]
Int[((a_) + (b_.)*(x_)^2)^(-1), x_Symbol] :> Simp[(1/(Rt[a, 2]*Rt[-b, 2]))* ArcTanh[Rt[-b, 2]*(x/Rt[a, 2])], x] /; FreeQ[{a, b}, x] && NegQ[a/b] && (Gt Q[a, 0] || LtQ[b, 0])
Int[((a_) + (b_.)*(x_)^2)^(-1), x_Symbol] :> Simp[(Rt[-a/b, 2]/a)*ArcTanh[x /Rt[-a/b, 2]], x] /; FreeQ[{a, b}, x] && NegQ[a/b]
Int[((a_) + (b_.)*(x_)^4)^(-1), x_Symbol] :> With[{r = Numerator[Rt[-a/b, 2 ]], s = Denominator[Rt[-a/b, 2]]}, Simp[r/(2*a) Int[1/(r - s*x^2), x], x] + Simp[r/(2*a) Int[1/(r + s*x^2), x], x]] /; FreeQ[{a, b}, x] && !GtQ[a /b, 0]
Int[((a_) + (b_.)*(x_)^(n_))^(p_), x_Symbol] :> Simp[a^(p + 1/n) Subst[In t[1/(1 - b*x^n)^(p + 1/n + 1), x], x, x/(a + b*x^n)^(1/n)], x] /; FreeQ[{a, b}, x] && IGtQ[n, 0] && LtQ[-1, p, 0] && NeQ[p, -2^(-1)] && IntegerQ[p + 1 /n]
Int[((a_) + (b_.)*(x_)^(n_))^(p_)/((c_) + (d_.)*(x_)^(n_)), x_Symbol] :> Su bst[Int[1/(c - (b*c - a*d)*x^n), x], x, x/(a + b*x^n)^(1/n)] /; FreeQ[{a, b , c, d}, x] && NeQ[b*c - a*d, 0] && EqQ[n*p + 1, 0] && IntegerQ[n]
Int[((a_) + (b_.)*(x_)^(n_))^(p_)/((c_) + (d_.)*(x_)^(n_)), x_Symbol] :> Si mp[b/d Int[(a + b*x^n)^(p - 1), x], x] - Simp[(b*c - a*d)/d Int[(a + b* x^n)^(p - 1)/(c + d*x^n), x], x] /; FreeQ[{a, b, c, d, p}, x] && NeQ[b*c - a*d, 0] && EqQ[n*(p - 1) + 1, 0] && IntegerQ[n]
Int[((f_.)*(x_))^(m_)*((d_) + (e_.)*(x_)^2)^(q_.)*((a_) + (b_.)*(x_)^2 + (c _.)*(x_)^4)^(p_), x_Symbol] :> With[{k = Denominator[m]}, Simp[k/f Subst[ Int[x^(k*(m + 1) - 1)*(d + e*(x^(2*k)/f^2))^q*(a + b*(x^(2*k)/f^k) + c*(x^( 4*k)/f^4))^p, x], x, (f*x)^(1/k)], x]] /; FreeQ[{a, b, c, d, e, f, p, q}, x ] && NeQ[b^2 - 4*a*c, 0] && FractionQ[m] && IntegerQ[p]
Int[((d_) + (e_.)*(x_)^(n_))^(q_)/((a_) + (b_.)*(x_)^(n_) + (c_.)*(x_)^(n2_ )), x_Symbol] :> With[{r = Rt[b^2 - 4*a*c, 2]}, Simp[2*(c/r) Int[(d + e*x ^n)^q/(b - r + 2*c*x^n), x], x] - Simp[2*(c/r) Int[(d + e*x^n)^q/(b + r + 2*c*x^n), x], x]] /; FreeQ[{a, b, c, d, e, n, q}, x] && EqQ[n2, 2*n] && Ne Q[b^2 - 4*a*c, 0] && NeQ[c*d^2 - b*d*e + a*e^2, 0] && !IntegerQ[q]
Int[(Fx_.)*(Px_)^(p_), x_Symbol] :> With[{r = Expon[Px, x, Min]}, Simp[Px^F racPart[p]/(x^(r*FracPart[p])*ExpandToSum[Px/x^r, x]^FracPart[p]) Int[x^( p*r)*ExpandToSum[Px/x^r, x]^p*Fx, x], x] /; IGtQ[r, 0]] /; FreeQ[p, x] && P olyQ[Px, x] && !IntegerQ[p] && !MonomialQ[Px, x] && !PolyQ[Fx, x]
Time = 1.30 (sec) , antiderivative size = 59, normalized size of antiderivative = 0.83
| method | result | size |
| pseudoelliptic | \(-\frac {\left (\munderset {\textit {\_R} =\operatorname {RootOf}\left (\textit {\_Z}^{8}-\textit {\_Z}^{4} a -b \right )}{\sum }\left (-\frac {\textit {\_R}^{3} \ln \left (\frac {-\textit {\_R} x +\left (x^{2} \left (a \,x^{2}-b \right )\right )^{\frac {1}{4}}}{x}\right )}{-2 \textit {\_R}^{4}+a}\right )\right )}{2}\) | \(59\) |
Timed out. \[ \int \frac {-b+a x^2}{\left (-b+a x^2+x^4\right ) \sqrt [4]{-b x^2+a x^4}} \, dx=\text {Timed out} \]
Not integrable
Time = 7.21 (sec) , antiderivative size = 31, normalized size of antiderivative = 0.44 \[ \int \frac {-b+a x^2}{\left (-b+a x^2+x^4\right ) \sqrt [4]{-b x^2+a x^4}} \, dx=\int \frac {a x^{2} - b}{\sqrt [4]{x^{2} \left (a x^{2} - b\right )} \left (a x^{2} - b + x^{4}\right )}\, dx \]
Not integrable
Time = 0.25 (sec) , antiderivative size = 40, normalized size of antiderivative = 0.56 \[ \int \frac {-b+a x^2}{\left (-b+a x^2+x^4\right ) \sqrt [4]{-b x^2+a x^4}} \, dx=\int { \frac {a x^{2} - b}{{\left (a x^{4} - b x^{2}\right )}^{\frac {1}{4}} {\left (x^{4} + a x^{2} - b\right )}} \,d x } \]
Not integrable
Time = 3.08 (sec) , antiderivative size = 40, normalized size of antiderivative = 0.56 \[ \int \frac {-b+a x^2}{\left (-b+a x^2+x^4\right ) \sqrt [4]{-b x^2+a x^4}} \, dx=\int { \frac {a x^{2} - b}{{\left (a x^{4} - b x^{2}\right )}^{\frac {1}{4}} {\left (x^{4} + a x^{2} - b\right )}} \,d x } \]
Not integrable
Time = 5.77 (sec) , antiderivative size = 40, normalized size of antiderivative = 0.56 \[ \int \frac {-b+a x^2}{\left (-b+a x^2+x^4\right ) \sqrt [4]{-b x^2+a x^4}} \, dx=\int -\frac {b-a\,x^2}{{\left (a\,x^4-b\,x^2\right )}^{1/4}\,\left (x^4+a\,x^2-b\right )} \,d x \]