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Kovacic Algorithm Outline

Nasser M. Abbasi

February 8, 2026 Compiled on February 8, 2026 at 7:45pm

1 Kovacic Algorithm for solving second order ode
2 Examples of ODE’s for each case
3 Algorithm implementation based on original Kovacic 1985 paper
4 Algorithm implementation based on modiﬁed Saunders and Smith algorithm
5 Notation mapping between Saunders/Smith algorithm and original Kovacis algorithm
6 References