Optimal. Leaf size=263 \[ -\frac {\left (\frac {1}{4}-\frac {i}{4}\right ) \left (2 a^2 b^2+i c^2\right ) \text {ArcTan}\left (\frac {(1+i) a b x}{i b^2+a^2 x^2+\sqrt {-b^4+a^4 x^4}}\right )}{a^3 b^3}+\frac {\left (\frac {1}{8}-\frac {i}{8}\right ) \left (2 a^2 b^2-i c^2\right ) \tanh ^{-1}\left (\frac {(1+i) b^2+(1-i) a^2 x^2+(1-i) \sqrt {-b^4+a^4 x^4}}{2 \sqrt {3-2 \sqrt {2}} a b x}\right )}{a^3 b^3}+\frac {\left (\frac {1}{8}+\frac {i}{8}\right ) \left (2 i a^2 b^2+c^2\right ) \tanh ^{-1}\left (\frac {(1+i) b^2+(1-i) a^2 x^2+(1-i) \sqrt {-b^4+a^4 x^4}}{2 \sqrt {3+2 \sqrt {2}} a b x}\right )}{a^3 b^3} \]
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Rubi [C] Result contains higher order function than in optimal. Order 4 vs. order 3 in
optimal.
time = 0.75, antiderivative size = 350, normalized size of antiderivative = 1.33, number of steps
used = 16, number of rules used = 7, integrand size = 51, \(\frac {\text {number of rules}}{\text {integrand size}}\) = 0.137, Rules used = {6857, 230,
227, 1225, 1713, 211, 214} \begin {gather*} \frac {b \sqrt {1-\frac {a^4 x^4}{b^4}} F\left (\left .\text {ArcSin}\left (\frac {a x}{b}\right )\right |-1\right )}{a \sqrt {a^4 x^4-b^4}}-\frac {\left (2 \sqrt {-a^4} b^2-c^2\right ) \text {ArcTan}\left (\frac {\sqrt {2} \sqrt [4]{-a^4} b x}{\sqrt {a^4 x^4-b^4}}\right )}{4 \sqrt {2} \left (-a^4\right )^{3/4} b^3}-\frac {\left (2 \sqrt {-a^4} b^2+c^2\right ) \tanh ^{-1}\left (\frac {\sqrt {2} \sqrt [4]{-a^4} b x}{\sqrt {a^4 x^4-b^4}}\right )}{4 \sqrt {2} \left (-a^4\right )^{3/4} b^3}-\frac {\left (2 a^4 b^2-\sqrt {-a^4} c^2\right ) \sqrt {1-\frac {a^4 x^4}{b^4}} F\left (\left .\text {ArcSin}\left (\frac {a x}{b}\right )\right |-1\right )}{4 a^5 b \sqrt {a^4 x^4-b^4}}-\frac {\left (2 a^4 b^2+\sqrt {-a^4} c^2\right ) \sqrt {1-\frac {a^4 x^4}{b^4}} F\left (\left .\text {ArcSin}\left (\frac {a x}{b}\right )\right |-1\right )}{4 a^5 b \sqrt {a^4 x^4-b^4}} \end {gather*}
Antiderivative was successfully verified.
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Rule 211
Rule 214
Rule 227
Rule 230
Rule 1225
Rule 1713
Rule 6857
Rubi steps
\begin {align*} \int \frac {-b^4+c^2 x^2+a^4 x^4}{\sqrt {-b^4+a^4 x^4} \left (b^4+a^4 x^4\right )} \, dx &=\int \left (\frac {1}{\sqrt {-b^4+a^4 x^4}}-\frac {2 b^4-c^2 x^2}{\sqrt {-b^4+a^4 x^4} \left (b^4+a^4 x^4\right )}\right ) \, dx\\ &=\int \frac {1}{\sqrt {-b^4+a^4 x^4}} \, dx-\int \frac {2 b^4-c^2 x^2}{\sqrt {-b^4+a^4 x^4} \left (b^4+a^4 x^4\right )} \, dx\\ &=\frac {\sqrt {1-\frac {a^4 x^4}{b^4}} \int \frac {1}{\sqrt {1-\frac {a^4 x^4}{b^4}}} \, dx}{\sqrt {-b^4+a^4 x^4}}-\int \left (-\frac {\sqrt {-a^4} \left (2 \sqrt {-a^4} b^4-b^2 c^2\right )}{2 a^4 b^2 \left (b^2-\sqrt {-a^4} x^2\right ) \sqrt {-b^4+a^4 x^4}}+\frac {\sqrt {-a^4} \left (-2 \sqrt {-a^4} b^4-b^2 c^2\right )}{2 a^4 b^2 \left (b^2+\sqrt {-a^4} x^2\right ) \sqrt {-b^4+a^4 x^4}}\right ) \, dx\\ &=\frac {b \sqrt {1-\frac {a^4 x^4}{b^4}} F\left (\left .\sin ^{-1}\left (\frac {a x}{b}\right )\right |-1\right )}{a \sqrt {-b^4+a^4 x^4}}+\frac {1}{2} \left (-2 b^2-\frac {c^2}{\sqrt {-a^4}}\right ) \int \frac {1}{\left (b^2+\sqrt {-a^4} x^2\right ) \sqrt {-b^4+a^4 x^4}} \, dx+\frac {\left (\sqrt {-a^4} \left (2 \sqrt {-a^4} b^4-b^2 c^2\right )\right ) \int \frac {1}{\left (b^2-\sqrt {-a^4} x^2\right ) \sqrt {-b^4+a^4 x^4}} \, dx}{2 a^4 b^2}\\ &=\frac {b \sqrt {1-\frac {a^4 x^4}{b^4}} F\left (\left .\sin ^{-1}\left (\frac {a x}{b}\right )\right |-1\right )}{a \sqrt {-b^4+a^4 x^4}}-\frac {\left (2 b^2+\frac {c^2}{\sqrt {-a^4}}\right ) \int \frac {1}{\sqrt {-b^4+a^4 x^4}} \, dx}{4 b^2}-\frac {\left (2 b^2+\frac {c^2}{\sqrt {-a^4}}\right ) \int \frac {b^2-\sqrt {-a^4} x^2}{\left (b^2+\sqrt {-a^4} x^2\right ) \sqrt {-b^4+a^4 x^4}} \, dx}{4 b^2}+\frac {1}{4} \left (-2+\frac {c^2}{\sqrt {-a^4} b^2}\right ) \int \frac {1}{\sqrt {-b^4+a^4 x^4}} \, dx+\frac {1}{4} \left (-2+\frac {c^2}{\sqrt {-a^4} b^2}\right ) \int \frac {b^2+\sqrt {-a^4} x^2}{\left (b^2-\sqrt {-a^4} x^2\right ) \sqrt {-b^4+a^4 x^4}} \, dx\\ &=\frac {b \sqrt {1-\frac {a^4 x^4}{b^4}} F\left (\left .\sin ^{-1}\left (\frac {a x}{b}\right )\right |-1\right )}{a \sqrt {-b^4+a^4 x^4}}-\frac {1}{4} \left (2 b^2+\frac {c^2}{\sqrt {-a^4}}\right ) \text {Subst}\left (\int \frac {1}{b^2-2 \sqrt {-a^4} b^4 x^2} \, dx,x,\frac {x}{\sqrt {-b^4+a^4 x^4}}\right )-\frac {1}{4} \left (b^2 \left (2-\frac {c^2}{\sqrt {-a^4} b^2}\right )\right ) \text {Subst}\left (\int \frac {1}{b^2+2 \sqrt {-a^4} b^4 x^2} \, dx,x,\frac {x}{\sqrt {-b^4+a^4 x^4}}\right )-\frac {\left (\left (2 b^2+\frac {c^2}{\sqrt {-a^4}}\right ) \sqrt {1-\frac {a^4 x^4}{b^4}}\right ) \int \frac {1}{\sqrt {1-\frac {a^4 x^4}{b^4}}} \, dx}{4 b^2 \sqrt {-b^4+a^4 x^4}}+\frac {\left (\left (-2+\frac {c^2}{\sqrt {-a^4} b^2}\right ) \sqrt {1-\frac {a^4 x^4}{b^4}}\right ) \int \frac {1}{\sqrt {1-\frac {a^4 x^4}{b^4}}} \, dx}{4 \sqrt {-b^4+a^4 x^4}}\\ &=-\frac {\left (2 \sqrt {-a^4} b^2-c^2\right ) \tan ^{-1}\left (\frac {\sqrt {2} \sqrt [4]{-a^4} b x}{\sqrt {-b^4+a^4 x^4}}\right )}{4 \sqrt {2} \left (-a^4\right )^{3/4} b^3}-\frac {\left (2 \sqrt {-a^4} b^2+c^2\right ) \tanh ^{-1}\left (\frac {\sqrt {2} \sqrt [4]{-a^4} b x}{\sqrt {-b^4+a^4 x^4}}\right )}{4 \sqrt {2} \left (-a^4\right )^{3/4} b^3}+\frac {b \sqrt {1-\frac {a^4 x^4}{b^4}} F\left (\left .\sin ^{-1}\left (\frac {a x}{b}\right )\right |-1\right )}{a \sqrt {-b^4+a^4 x^4}}-\frac {\left (2 b^2+\frac {c^2}{\sqrt {-a^4}}\right ) \sqrt {1-\frac {a^4 x^4}{b^4}} F\left (\left .\sin ^{-1}\left (\frac {a x}{b}\right )\right |-1\right )}{4 a b \sqrt {-b^4+a^4 x^4}}-\frac {b \left (2-\frac {c^2}{\sqrt {-a^4} b^2}\right ) \sqrt {1-\frac {a^4 x^4}{b^4}} F\left (\left .\sin ^{-1}\left (\frac {a x}{b}\right )\right |-1\right )}{4 a \sqrt {-b^4+a^4 x^4}}\\ \end {align*}
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Mathematica [A]
time = 1.41, size = 125, normalized size = 0.48 \begin {gather*} \frac {\left (\frac {1}{8}+\frac {i}{8}\right ) \left (\left (2 i a^2 b^2-c^2\right ) \text {ArcTan}\left (\frac {(1+i) a b x}{\sqrt {-b^4+a^4 x^4}}\right )+2 \left (2 a^2 b^2-i c^2\right ) \text {ArcTan}\left (\frac {\left (\frac {1}{2}+\frac {i}{2}\right ) \left (-i b^2+a^2 x^2+\sqrt {-b^4+a^4 x^4}\right )}{a b x}\right )\right )}{a^3 b^3} \end {gather*}
Antiderivative was successfully verified.
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Maple [C] Result contains higher order function than in optimal. Order 9 vs. order
3.
time = 0.17, size = 267, normalized size = 1.02
method | result | size |
default | \(\frac {\sqrt {\frac {a^{2} x^{2}}{b^{2}}+1}\, \sqrt {1-\frac {a^{2} x^{2}}{b^{2}}}\, \EllipticF \left (x \sqrt {-\frac {a^{2}}{b^{2}}}, i\right )}{\sqrt {-\frac {a^{2}}{b^{2}}}\, \sqrt {a^{4} x^{4}-b^{4}}}+\frac {\munderset {\underline {\hspace {1.25 ex}}\alpha =\RootOf \left (\textit {\_Z}^{4} a^{4}+b^{4}\right )}{\sum }\frac {\left (\underline {\hspace {1.25 ex}}\alpha ^{2} c^{2}-2 b^{4}\right ) \left (-\frac {\sqrt {2}\, \arctanh \left (\frac {\underline {\hspace {1.25 ex}}\alpha ^{2} \left (\underline {\hspace {1.25 ex}}\alpha ^{2}+x^{2}\right ) a^{4}}{\sqrt {-2 b^{4}}\, \sqrt {a^{4} x^{4}-b^{4}}}\right )}{\sqrt {-b^{4}}}+\frac {4 \underline {\hspace {1.25 ex}}\alpha ^{3} a^{4} \sqrt {\frac {a^{2} x^{2}}{b^{2}}+1}\, \sqrt {1-\frac {a^{2} x^{2}}{b^{2}}}\, \EllipticPi \left (x \sqrt {-\frac {a^{2}}{b^{2}}}, \frac {\underline {\hspace {1.25 ex}}\alpha ^{2} a^{2}}{b^{2}}, \frac {\sqrt {\frac {a^{2}}{b^{2}}}}{\sqrt {-\frac {a^{2}}{b^{2}}}}\right )}{\sqrt {-\frac {a^{2}}{b^{2}}}\, b^{4} \sqrt {a^{4} x^{4}-b^{4}}}\right )}{\underline {\hspace {1.25 ex}}\alpha ^{3}}}{16 a^{4}}\) | \(267\) |
elliptic | \(\frac {\left (\frac {c^{2} \left (a^{4} b^{4}\right )^{\frac {1}{4}} \sqrt {2}\, \ln \left (\frac {\frac {a^{4} x^{4}-b^{4}}{2 x^{2}}+\frac {\left (a^{4} b^{4}\right )^{\frac {1}{4}} \sqrt {a^{4} x^{4}-b^{4}}}{x}+\sqrt {a^{4} b^{4}}}{\frac {a^{4} x^{4}-b^{4}}{2 x^{2}}-\frac {\left (a^{4} b^{4}\right )^{\frac {1}{4}} \sqrt {a^{4} x^{4}-b^{4}}}{x}+\sqrt {a^{4} b^{4}}}\right )}{16 a^{4} b^{4}}+\frac {c^{2} \left (a^{4} b^{4}\right )^{\frac {1}{4}} \sqrt {2}\, \arctan \left (\frac {\sqrt {a^{4} x^{4}-b^{4}}}{\left (a^{4} b^{4}\right )^{\frac {1}{4}} x}+1\right )}{8 a^{4} b^{4}}+\frac {c^{2} \left (a^{4} b^{4}\right )^{\frac {1}{4}} \sqrt {2}\, \arctan \left (\frac {\sqrt {a^{4} x^{4}-b^{4}}}{\left (a^{4} b^{4}\right )^{\frac {1}{4}} x}-1\right )}{8 a^{4} b^{4}}+\frac {\sqrt {2}\, \ln \left (\frac {\frac {a^{4} x^{4}-b^{4}}{2 x^{2}}-\frac {\left (a^{4} b^{4}\right )^{\frac {1}{4}} \sqrt {a^{4} x^{4}-b^{4}}}{x}+\sqrt {a^{4} b^{4}}}{\frac {a^{4} x^{4}-b^{4}}{2 x^{2}}+\frac {\left (a^{4} b^{4}\right )^{\frac {1}{4}} \sqrt {a^{4} x^{4}-b^{4}}}{x}+\sqrt {a^{4} b^{4}}}\right )}{8 \left (a^{4} b^{4}\right )^{\frac {1}{4}}}+\frac {\sqrt {2}\, \arctan \left (\frac {\sqrt {a^{4} x^{4}-b^{4}}}{\left (a^{4} b^{4}\right )^{\frac {1}{4}} x}+1\right )}{4 \left (a^{4} b^{4}\right )^{\frac {1}{4}}}+\frac {\sqrt {2}\, \arctan \left (\frac {\sqrt {a^{4} x^{4}-b^{4}}}{\left (a^{4} b^{4}\right )^{\frac {1}{4}} x}-1\right )}{4 \left (a^{4} b^{4}\right )^{\frac {1}{4}}}\right ) \sqrt {2}}{2}\) | \(476\) |
Verification of antiderivative is not currently implemented for this CAS.
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Maxima [F]
time = 0.00, size = 0, normalized size = 0.00 \begin {gather*} \text {Failed to integrate} \end {gather*}
Verification of antiderivative is not currently implemented for this CAS.
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Fricas [A]
time = 2.97, size = 131, normalized size = 0.50 \begin {gather*} \frac {2 \, {\left (2 \, a^{2} b^{2} + c^{2}\right )} \arctan \left (\frac {\sqrt {a^{4} x^{4} - b^{4}} a x}{a^{2} b x^{2} + b^{3}}\right ) - {\left (2 \, a^{2} b^{2} - c^{2}\right )} \log \left (\frac {a^{4} x^{4} + 2 \, a^{2} b^{2} x^{2} - b^{4} + 2 \, \sqrt {a^{4} x^{4} - b^{4}} a b x}{a^{4} x^{4} + b^{4}}\right )}{8 \, a^{3} b^{3}} \end {gather*}
Verification of antiderivative is not currently implemented for this CAS.
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Sympy [F]
time = 0.00, size = 0, normalized size = 0.00 \begin {gather*} \int \frac {a^{4} x^{4} - b^{4} + c^{2} x^{2}}{\sqrt {\left (a x - b\right ) \left (a x + b\right ) \left (a^{2} x^{2} + b^{2}\right )} \left (a^{4} x^{4} + b^{4}\right )}\, dx \end {gather*}
Verification of antiderivative is not currently implemented for this CAS.
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Giac [F]
time = 0.00, size = 0, normalized size = 0.00 \begin {gather*} \text {could not integrate} \end {gather*}
Verification of antiderivative is not currently implemented for this CAS.
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Mupad [F]
time = 0.00, size = -1, normalized size = -0.00 \begin {gather*} \int \frac {a^4\,x^4-b^4+c^2\,x^2}{\left (a^4\,x^4+b^4\right )\,\sqrt {a^4\,x^4-b^4}} \,d x \end {gather*}
Verification of antiderivative is not currently implemented for this CAS.
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