Integrand size = 21, antiderivative size = 16 \[ \int \frac {-1+x^4}{x^2 \sqrt {1+x^2+x^4}} \, dx=\frac {\sqrt {1+x^2+x^4}}{x} \]
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Time = 0.01 (sec) , antiderivative size = 16, normalized size of antiderivative = 1.00, number of steps used = 1, number of rules used = 1, \(\frac {\text {number of rules}}{\text {integrand size}}\) = 0.048, Rules used = {1604} \[ \int \frac {-1+x^4}{x^2 \sqrt {1+x^2+x^4}} \, dx=\frac {\sqrt {x^4+x^2+1}}{x} \]
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Rule 1604
Rubi steps \begin{align*} \text {integral}& = \frac {\sqrt {1+x^2+x^4}}{x} \\ \end{align*}
Time = 0.45 (sec) , antiderivative size = 16, normalized size of antiderivative = 1.00 \[ \int \frac {-1+x^4}{x^2 \sqrt {1+x^2+x^4}} \, dx=\frac {\sqrt {1+x^2+x^4}}{x} \]
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Time = 0.31 (sec) , antiderivative size = 15, normalized size of antiderivative = 0.94
method | result | size |
default | \(\frac {\sqrt {x^{4}+x^{2}+1}}{x}\) | \(15\) |
trager | \(\frac {\sqrt {x^{4}+x^{2}+1}}{x}\) | \(15\) |
risch | \(\frac {\sqrt {x^{4}+x^{2}+1}}{x}\) | \(15\) |
elliptic | \(\frac {\sqrt {x^{4}+x^{2}+1}}{x}\) | \(15\) |
gosper | \(\frac {\left (x^{2}+x +1\right ) \left (x^{2}-x +1\right )}{\sqrt {x^{4}+x^{2}+1}\, x}\) | \(29\) |
pseudoelliptic | \(\frac {\left (x^{2}+x +1\right ) \left (x^{2}-x +1\right )}{\sqrt {x^{4}+x^{2}+1}\, x}\) | \(29\) |
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none
Time = 0.26 (sec) , antiderivative size = 14, normalized size of antiderivative = 0.88 \[ \int \frac {-1+x^4}{x^2 \sqrt {1+x^2+x^4}} \, dx=\frac {\sqrt {x^{4} + x^{2} + 1}}{x} \]
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\[ \int \frac {-1+x^4}{x^2 \sqrt {1+x^2+x^4}} \, dx=\int \frac {\left (x - 1\right ) \left (x + 1\right ) \left (x^{2} + 1\right )}{x^{2} \sqrt {\left (x^{2} - x + 1\right ) \left (x^{2} + x + 1\right )}}\, dx \]
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none
Time = 0.24 (sec) , antiderivative size = 22, normalized size of antiderivative = 1.38 \[ \int \frac {-1+x^4}{x^2 \sqrt {1+x^2+x^4}} \, dx=\frac {\sqrt {x^{2} + x + 1} \sqrt {x^{2} - x + 1}}{x} \]
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\[ \int \frac {-1+x^4}{x^2 \sqrt {1+x^2+x^4}} \, dx=\int { \frac {x^{4} - 1}{\sqrt {x^{4} + x^{2} + 1} x^{2}} \,d x } \]
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Time = 0.06 (sec) , antiderivative size = 14, normalized size of antiderivative = 0.88 \[ \int \frac {-1+x^4}{x^2 \sqrt {1+x^2+x^4}} \, dx=\frac {\sqrt {x^4+x^2+1}}{x} \]
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