Integrand size = 9, antiderivative size = 185 \[ \int \frac {1}{a+c x^4} \, dx=-\frac {\arctan \left (1-\frac {\sqrt {2} \sqrt [4]{c} x}{\sqrt [4]{a}}\right )}{2 \sqrt {2} a^{3/4} \sqrt [4]{c}}+\frac {\arctan \left (1+\frac {\sqrt {2} \sqrt [4]{c} x}{\sqrt [4]{a}}\right )}{2 \sqrt {2} a^{3/4} \sqrt [4]{c}}-\frac {\log \left (\sqrt {a}-\sqrt {2} \sqrt [4]{a} \sqrt [4]{c} x+\sqrt {c} x^2\right )}{4 \sqrt {2} a^{3/4} \sqrt [4]{c}}+\frac {\log \left (\sqrt {a}+\sqrt {2} \sqrt [4]{a} \sqrt [4]{c} x+\sqrt {c} x^2\right )}{4 \sqrt {2} a^{3/4} \sqrt [4]{c}} \]
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Time = 0.07 (sec) , antiderivative size = 185, normalized size of antiderivative = 1.00, number of steps used = 9, number of rules used = 6, \(\frac {\text {number of rules}}{\text {integrand size}}\) = 0.667, Rules used = {217, 1179, 642, 1176, 631, 210} \[ \int \frac {1}{a+c x^4} \, dx=-\frac {\arctan \left (1-\frac {\sqrt {2} \sqrt [4]{c} x}{\sqrt [4]{a}}\right )}{2 \sqrt {2} a^{3/4} \sqrt [4]{c}}+\frac {\arctan \left (\frac {\sqrt {2} \sqrt [4]{c} x}{\sqrt [4]{a}}+1\right )}{2 \sqrt {2} a^{3/4} \sqrt [4]{c}}-\frac {\log \left (-\sqrt {2} \sqrt [4]{a} \sqrt [4]{c} x+\sqrt {a}+\sqrt {c} x^2\right )}{4 \sqrt {2} a^{3/4} \sqrt [4]{c}}+\frac {\log \left (\sqrt {2} \sqrt [4]{a} \sqrt [4]{c} x+\sqrt {a}+\sqrt {c} x^2\right )}{4 \sqrt {2} a^{3/4} \sqrt [4]{c}} \]
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Rule 210
Rule 217
Rule 631
Rule 642
Rule 1176
Rule 1179
Rubi steps \begin{align*} \text {integral}& = \frac {\int \frac {\sqrt {a}-\sqrt {c} x^2}{a+c x^4} \, dx}{2 \sqrt {a}}+\frac {\int \frac {\sqrt {a}+\sqrt {c} x^2}{a+c x^4} \, dx}{2 \sqrt {a}} \\ & = \frac {\int \frac {1}{\frac {\sqrt {a}}{\sqrt {c}}-\frac {\sqrt {2} \sqrt [4]{a} x}{\sqrt [4]{c}}+x^2} \, dx}{4 \sqrt {a} \sqrt {c}}+\frac {\int \frac {1}{\frac {\sqrt {a}}{\sqrt {c}}+\frac {\sqrt {2} \sqrt [4]{a} x}{\sqrt [4]{c}}+x^2} \, dx}{4 \sqrt {a} \sqrt {c}}-\frac {\int \frac {\frac {\sqrt {2} \sqrt [4]{a}}{\sqrt [4]{c}}+2 x}{-\frac {\sqrt {a}}{\sqrt {c}}-\frac {\sqrt {2} \sqrt [4]{a} x}{\sqrt [4]{c}}-x^2} \, dx}{4 \sqrt {2} a^{3/4} \sqrt [4]{c}}-\frac {\int \frac {\frac {\sqrt {2} \sqrt [4]{a}}{\sqrt [4]{c}}-2 x}{-\frac {\sqrt {a}}{\sqrt {c}}+\frac {\sqrt {2} \sqrt [4]{a} x}{\sqrt [4]{c}}-x^2} \, dx}{4 \sqrt {2} a^{3/4} \sqrt [4]{c}} \\ & = -\frac {\log \left (\sqrt {a}-\sqrt {2} \sqrt [4]{a} \sqrt [4]{c} x+\sqrt {c} x^2\right )}{4 \sqrt {2} a^{3/4} \sqrt [4]{c}}+\frac {\log \left (\sqrt {a}+\sqrt {2} \sqrt [4]{a} \sqrt [4]{c} x+\sqrt {c} x^2\right )}{4 \sqrt {2} a^{3/4} \sqrt [4]{c}}+\frac {\text {Subst}\left (\int \frac {1}{-1-x^2} \, dx,x,1-\frac {\sqrt {2} \sqrt [4]{c} x}{\sqrt [4]{a}}\right )}{2 \sqrt {2} a^{3/4} \sqrt [4]{c}}-\frac {\text {Subst}\left (\int \frac {1}{-1-x^2} \, dx,x,1+\frac {\sqrt {2} \sqrt [4]{c} x}{\sqrt [4]{a}}\right )}{2 \sqrt {2} a^{3/4} \sqrt [4]{c}} \\ & = -\frac {\tan ^{-1}\left (1-\frac {\sqrt {2} \sqrt [4]{c} x}{\sqrt [4]{a}}\right )}{2 \sqrt {2} a^{3/4} \sqrt [4]{c}}+\frac {\tan ^{-1}\left (1+\frac {\sqrt {2} \sqrt [4]{c} x}{\sqrt [4]{a}}\right )}{2 \sqrt {2} a^{3/4} \sqrt [4]{c}}-\frac {\log \left (\sqrt {a}-\sqrt {2} \sqrt [4]{a} \sqrt [4]{c} x+\sqrt {c} x^2\right )}{4 \sqrt {2} a^{3/4} \sqrt [4]{c}}+\frac {\log \left (\sqrt {a}+\sqrt {2} \sqrt [4]{a} \sqrt [4]{c} x+\sqrt {c} x^2\right )}{4 \sqrt {2} a^{3/4} \sqrt [4]{c}} \\ \end{align*}
Time = 0.01 (sec) , antiderivative size = 134, normalized size of antiderivative = 0.72 \[ \int \frac {1}{a+c x^4} \, dx=\frac {-2 \arctan \left (1-\frac {\sqrt {2} \sqrt [4]{c} x}{\sqrt [4]{a}}\right )+2 \arctan \left (1+\frac {\sqrt {2} \sqrt [4]{c} x}{\sqrt [4]{a}}\right )-\log \left (\sqrt {a}-\sqrt {2} \sqrt [4]{a} \sqrt [4]{c} x+\sqrt {c} x^2\right )+\log \left (\sqrt {a}+\sqrt {2} \sqrt [4]{a} \sqrt [4]{c} x+\sqrt {c} x^2\right )}{4 \sqrt {2} a^{3/4} \sqrt [4]{c}} \]
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Result contains higher order function than in optimal. Order 9 vs. order 3.
Time = 0.80 (sec) , antiderivative size = 27, normalized size of antiderivative = 0.15
method | result | size |
risch | \(\frac {\munderset {\textit {\_R} =\operatorname {RootOf}\left (c \,\textit {\_Z}^{4}+a \right )}{\sum }\frac {\ln \left (x -\textit {\_R} \right )}{\textit {\_R}^{3}}}{4 c}\) | \(27\) |
default | \(\frac {\left (\frac {a}{c}\right )^{\frac {1}{4}} \sqrt {2}\, \left (\ln \left (\frac {x^{2}+\left (\frac {a}{c}\right )^{\frac {1}{4}} x \sqrt {2}+\sqrt {\frac {a}{c}}}{x^{2}-\left (\frac {a}{c}\right )^{\frac {1}{4}} x \sqrt {2}+\sqrt {\frac {a}{c}}}\right )+2 \arctan \left (\frac {\sqrt {2}\, x}{\left (\frac {a}{c}\right )^{\frac {1}{4}}}+1\right )+2 \arctan \left (\frac {\sqrt {2}\, x}{\left (\frac {a}{c}\right )^{\frac {1}{4}}}-1\right )\right )}{8 a}\) | \(102\) |
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Result contains complex when optimal does not.
Time = 0.27 (sec) , antiderivative size = 112, normalized size of antiderivative = 0.61 \[ \int \frac {1}{a+c x^4} \, dx=\frac {1}{4} \, \left (-\frac {1}{a^{3} c}\right )^{\frac {1}{4}} \log \left (a \left (-\frac {1}{a^{3} c}\right )^{\frac {1}{4}} + x\right ) + \frac {1}{4} i \, \left (-\frac {1}{a^{3} c}\right )^{\frac {1}{4}} \log \left (i \, a \left (-\frac {1}{a^{3} c}\right )^{\frac {1}{4}} + x\right ) - \frac {1}{4} i \, \left (-\frac {1}{a^{3} c}\right )^{\frac {1}{4}} \log \left (-i \, a \left (-\frac {1}{a^{3} c}\right )^{\frac {1}{4}} + x\right ) - \frac {1}{4} \, \left (-\frac {1}{a^{3} c}\right )^{\frac {1}{4}} \log \left (-a \left (-\frac {1}{a^{3} c}\right )^{\frac {1}{4}} + x\right ) \]
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Time = 0.08 (sec) , antiderivative size = 20, normalized size of antiderivative = 0.11 \[ \int \frac {1}{a+c x^4} \, dx=\operatorname {RootSum} {\left (256 t^{4} a^{3} c + 1, \left ( t \mapsto t \log {\left (4 t a + x \right )} \right )\right )} \]
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Time = 0.27 (sec) , antiderivative size = 169, normalized size of antiderivative = 0.91 \[ \int \frac {1}{a+c x^4} \, dx=\frac {\sqrt {2} \arctan \left (\frac {\sqrt {2} {\left (2 \, \sqrt {c} x + \sqrt {2} a^{\frac {1}{4}} c^{\frac {1}{4}}\right )}}{2 \, \sqrt {\sqrt {a} \sqrt {c}}}\right )}{4 \, \sqrt {a} \sqrt {\sqrt {a} \sqrt {c}}} + \frac {\sqrt {2} \arctan \left (\frac {\sqrt {2} {\left (2 \, \sqrt {c} x - \sqrt {2} a^{\frac {1}{4}} c^{\frac {1}{4}}\right )}}{2 \, \sqrt {\sqrt {a} \sqrt {c}}}\right )}{4 \, \sqrt {a} \sqrt {\sqrt {a} \sqrt {c}}} + \frac {\sqrt {2} \log \left (\sqrt {c} x^{2} + \sqrt {2} a^{\frac {1}{4}} c^{\frac {1}{4}} x + \sqrt {a}\right )}{8 \, a^{\frac {3}{4}} c^{\frac {1}{4}}} - \frac {\sqrt {2} \log \left (\sqrt {c} x^{2} - \sqrt {2} a^{\frac {1}{4}} c^{\frac {1}{4}} x + \sqrt {a}\right )}{8 \, a^{\frac {3}{4}} c^{\frac {1}{4}}} \]
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Time = 0.27 (sec) , antiderivative size = 179, normalized size of antiderivative = 0.97 \[ \int \frac {1}{a+c x^4} \, dx=\frac {\sqrt {2} \left (a c^{3}\right )^{\frac {1}{4}} \arctan \left (\frac {\sqrt {2} {\left (2 \, x + \sqrt {2} \left (\frac {a}{c}\right )^{\frac {1}{4}}\right )}}{2 \, \left (\frac {a}{c}\right )^{\frac {1}{4}}}\right )}{4 \, a c} + \frac {\sqrt {2} \left (a c^{3}\right )^{\frac {1}{4}} \arctan \left (\frac {\sqrt {2} {\left (2 \, x - \sqrt {2} \left (\frac {a}{c}\right )^{\frac {1}{4}}\right )}}{2 \, \left (\frac {a}{c}\right )^{\frac {1}{4}}}\right )}{4 \, a c} + \frac {\sqrt {2} \left (a c^{3}\right )^{\frac {1}{4}} \log \left (x^{2} + \sqrt {2} x \left (\frac {a}{c}\right )^{\frac {1}{4}} + \sqrt {\frac {a}{c}}\right )}{8 \, a c} - \frac {\sqrt {2} \left (a c^{3}\right )^{\frac {1}{4}} \log \left (x^{2} - \sqrt {2} x \left (\frac {a}{c}\right )^{\frac {1}{4}} + \sqrt {\frac {a}{c}}\right )}{8 \, a c} \]
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Time = 0.05 (sec) , antiderivative size = 33, normalized size of antiderivative = 0.18 \[ \int \frac {1}{a+c x^4} \, dx=-\frac {\mathrm {atan}\left (\frac {c^{1/4}\,x}{{\left (-a\right )}^{1/4}}\right )+\mathrm {atanh}\left (\frac {c^{1/4}\,x}{{\left (-a\right )}^{1/4}}\right )}{2\,{\left (-a\right )}^{3/4}\,c^{1/4}} \]
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