Integrand size = 19, antiderivative size = 90 \[ \int \frac {-2+x+x^2}{x^2 \left (-1+x^2\right )^{3/4}} \, dx=-\frac {2 \sqrt [4]{-1+x^2}}{x}+\frac {\arctan \left (\frac {-\frac {1}{\sqrt {2}}+\frac {\sqrt {-1+x^2}}{\sqrt {2}}}{\sqrt [4]{-1+x^2}}\right )}{\sqrt {2}}+\frac {\text {arctanh}\left (\frac {\sqrt {2} \sqrt [4]{-1+x^2}}{1+\sqrt {-1+x^2}}\right )}{\sqrt {2}} \]
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Time = 0.13 (sec) , antiderivative size = 138, normalized size of antiderivative = 1.53, number of steps used = 12, number of rules used = 9, \(\frac {\text {number of rules}}{\text {integrand size}}\) = 0.474, Rules used = {1821, 272, 65, 217, 1179, 642, 1176, 631, 210} \[ \int \frac {-2+x+x^2}{x^2 \left (-1+x^2\right )^{3/4}} \, dx=-\frac {\arctan \left (1-\sqrt {2} \sqrt [4]{x^2-1}\right )}{\sqrt {2}}+\frac {\arctan \left (\sqrt {2} \sqrt [4]{x^2-1}+1\right )}{\sqrt {2}}-\frac {2 \sqrt [4]{x^2-1}}{x}-\frac {\log \left (\sqrt {x^2-1}-\sqrt {2} \sqrt [4]{x^2-1}+1\right )}{2 \sqrt {2}}+\frac {\log \left (\sqrt {x^2-1}+\sqrt {2} \sqrt [4]{x^2-1}+1\right )}{2 \sqrt {2}} \]
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Rule 65
Rule 210
Rule 217
Rule 272
Rule 631
Rule 642
Rule 1176
Rule 1179
Rule 1821
Rubi steps \begin{align*} \text {integral}& = -\frac {2 \sqrt [4]{-1+x^2}}{x}+\int \frac {1}{x \left (-1+x^2\right )^{3/4}} \, dx \\ & = -\frac {2 \sqrt [4]{-1+x^2}}{x}+\frac {1}{2} \text {Subst}\left (\int \frac {1}{(-1+x)^{3/4} x} \, dx,x,x^2\right ) \\ & = -\frac {2 \sqrt [4]{-1+x^2}}{x}+2 \text {Subst}\left (\int \frac {1}{1+x^4} \, dx,x,\sqrt [4]{-1+x^2}\right ) \\ & = -\frac {2 \sqrt [4]{-1+x^2}}{x}+\text {Subst}\left (\int \frac {1-x^2}{1+x^4} \, dx,x,\sqrt [4]{-1+x^2}\right )+\text {Subst}\left (\int \frac {1+x^2}{1+x^4} \, dx,x,\sqrt [4]{-1+x^2}\right ) \\ & = -\frac {2 \sqrt [4]{-1+x^2}}{x}+\frac {1}{2} \text {Subst}\left (\int \frac {1}{1-\sqrt {2} x+x^2} \, dx,x,\sqrt [4]{-1+x^2}\right )+\frac {1}{2} \text {Subst}\left (\int \frac {1}{1+\sqrt {2} x+x^2} \, dx,x,\sqrt [4]{-1+x^2}\right )-\frac {\text {Subst}\left (\int \frac {\sqrt {2}+2 x}{-1-\sqrt {2} x-x^2} \, dx,x,\sqrt [4]{-1+x^2}\right )}{2 \sqrt {2}}-\frac {\text {Subst}\left (\int \frac {\sqrt {2}-2 x}{-1+\sqrt {2} x-x^2} \, dx,x,\sqrt [4]{-1+x^2}\right )}{2 \sqrt {2}} \\ & = -\frac {2 \sqrt [4]{-1+x^2}}{x}-\frac {\log \left (1-\sqrt {2} \sqrt [4]{-1+x^2}+\sqrt {-1+x^2}\right )}{2 \sqrt {2}}+\frac {\log \left (1+\sqrt {2} \sqrt [4]{-1+x^2}+\sqrt {-1+x^2}\right )}{2 \sqrt {2}}+\frac {\text {Subst}\left (\int \frac {1}{-1-x^2} \, dx,x,1-\sqrt {2} \sqrt [4]{-1+x^2}\right )}{\sqrt {2}}-\frac {\text {Subst}\left (\int \frac {1}{-1-x^2} \, dx,x,1+\sqrt {2} \sqrt [4]{-1+x^2}\right )}{\sqrt {2}} \\ & = -\frac {2 \sqrt [4]{-1+x^2}}{x}-\frac {\arctan \left (1-\sqrt {2} \sqrt [4]{-1+x^2}\right )}{\sqrt {2}}+\frac {\arctan \left (1+\sqrt {2} \sqrt [4]{-1+x^2}\right )}{\sqrt {2}}-\frac {\log \left (1-\sqrt {2} \sqrt [4]{-1+x^2}+\sqrt {-1+x^2}\right )}{2 \sqrt {2}}+\frac {\log \left (1+\sqrt {2} \sqrt [4]{-1+x^2}+\sqrt {-1+x^2}\right )}{2 \sqrt {2}} \\ \end{align*}
Time = 10.04 (sec) , antiderivative size = 138, normalized size of antiderivative = 1.53 \[ \int \frac {-2+x+x^2}{x^2 \left (-1+x^2\right )^{3/4}} \, dx=-\frac {2 \sqrt [4]{-1+x^2}}{x}-\frac {\arctan \left (1-\sqrt {2} \sqrt [4]{-1+x^2}\right )}{\sqrt {2}}+\frac {\arctan \left (1+\sqrt {2} \sqrt [4]{-1+x^2}\right )}{\sqrt {2}}-\frac {\log \left (1-\sqrt {2} \sqrt [4]{-1+x^2}+\sqrt {-1+x^2}\right )}{2 \sqrt {2}}+\frac {\log \left (1+\sqrt {2} \sqrt [4]{-1+x^2}+\sqrt {-1+x^2}\right )}{2 \sqrt {2}} \]
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Result contains higher order function than in optimal. Order 9 vs. order 3.
Time = 3.00 (sec) , antiderivative size = 76, normalized size of antiderivative = 0.84
method | result | size |
risch | \(-\frac {2 \left (x^{2}-1\right )^{\frac {1}{4}}}{x}+\frac {{\left (-\operatorname {signum}\left (x^{2}-1\right )\right )}^{\frac {3}{4}} \left (\frac {3 \Gamma \left (\frac {3}{4}\right ) x^{2} \operatorname {hypergeom}\left (\left [1, 1, \frac {7}{4}\right ], \left [2, 2\right ], x^{2}\right )}{4}+\left (-3 \ln \left (2\right )+\frac {\pi }{2}+2 \ln \left (x \right )+i \pi \right ) \Gamma \left (\frac {3}{4}\right )\right )}{2 \Gamma \left (\frac {3}{4}\right ) \operatorname {signum}\left (x^{2}-1\right )^{\frac {3}{4}}}\) | \(76\) |
meijerg | \(\frac {{\left (-\operatorname {signum}\left (x^{2}-1\right )\right )}^{\frac {3}{4}} x \operatorname {hypergeom}\left (\left [\frac {1}{2}, \frac {3}{4}\right ], \left [\frac {3}{2}\right ], x^{2}\right )}{\operatorname {signum}\left (x^{2}-1\right )^{\frac {3}{4}}}+\frac {{\left (-\operatorname {signum}\left (x^{2}-1\right )\right )}^{\frac {3}{4}} \left (\frac {3 \Gamma \left (\frac {3}{4}\right ) x^{2} \operatorname {hypergeom}\left (\left [1, 1, \frac {7}{4}\right ], \left [2, 2\right ], x^{2}\right )}{4}+\left (-3 \ln \left (2\right )+\frac {\pi }{2}+2 \ln \left (x \right )+i \pi \right ) \Gamma \left (\frac {3}{4}\right )\right )}{2 \Gamma \left (\frac {3}{4}\right ) \operatorname {signum}\left (x^{2}-1\right )^{\frac {3}{4}}}+\frac {2 {\left (-\operatorname {signum}\left (x^{2}-1\right )\right )}^{\frac {3}{4}} \operatorname {hypergeom}\left (\left [-\frac {1}{2}, \frac {3}{4}\right ], \left [\frac {1}{2}\right ], x^{2}\right )}{\operatorname {signum}\left (x^{2}-1\right )^{\frac {3}{4}} x}\) | \(125\) |
trager | \(-\frac {2 \left (x^{2}-1\right )^{\frac {1}{4}}}{x}-\frac {\operatorname {RootOf}\left (\textit {\_Z}^{4}+1\right ) \ln \left (-\frac {\operatorname {RootOf}\left (\textit {\_Z}^{4}+1\right )^{3} x^{2}+2 \left (x^{2}-1\right )^{\frac {3}{4}}-2 \sqrt {x^{2}-1}\, \operatorname {RootOf}\left (\textit {\_Z}^{4}+1\right )+2 \left (x^{2}-1\right )^{\frac {1}{4}} \operatorname {RootOf}\left (\textit {\_Z}^{4}+1\right )^{2}-2 \operatorname {RootOf}\left (\textit {\_Z}^{4}+1\right )^{3}}{x^{2}}\right )}{2}-\frac {\operatorname {RootOf}\left (\textit {\_Z}^{4}+1\right )^{3} \ln \left (-\frac {-2 \sqrt {x^{2}-1}\, \operatorname {RootOf}\left (\textit {\_Z}^{4}+1\right )^{3}+2 \left (x^{2}-1\right )^{\frac {3}{4}}-2 \left (x^{2}-1\right )^{\frac {1}{4}} \operatorname {RootOf}\left (\textit {\_Z}^{4}+1\right )^{2}+\operatorname {RootOf}\left (\textit {\_Z}^{4}+1\right ) x^{2}-2 \operatorname {RootOf}\left (\textit {\_Z}^{4}+1\right )}{x^{2}}\right )}{2}\) | \(170\) |
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Result contains complex when optimal does not.
Time = 0.85 (sec) , antiderivative size = 227, normalized size of antiderivative = 2.52 \[ \int \frac {-2+x+x^2}{x^2 \left (-1+x^2\right )^{3/4}} \, dx=\frac {\left (i - 1\right ) \, \sqrt {2} x \log \left (\frac {\sqrt {2} {\left (\left (i + 1\right ) \, x^{2} - 2 i - 2\right )} - \left (2 i - 2\right ) \, \sqrt {2} \sqrt {x^{2} - 1} - 4 \, {\left (x^{2} - 1\right )}^{\frac {3}{4}} + 4 i \, {\left (x^{2} - 1\right )}^{\frac {1}{4}}}{x^{2}}\right ) - \left (i + 1\right ) \, \sqrt {2} x \log \left (\frac {\sqrt {2} {\left (-\left (i - 1\right ) \, x^{2} + 2 i - 2\right )} + \left (2 i + 2\right ) \, \sqrt {2} \sqrt {x^{2} - 1} - 4 \, {\left (x^{2} - 1\right )}^{\frac {3}{4}} - 4 i \, {\left (x^{2} - 1\right )}^{\frac {1}{4}}}{x^{2}}\right ) + \left (i + 1\right ) \, \sqrt {2} x \log \left (\frac {\sqrt {2} {\left (\left (i - 1\right ) \, x^{2} - 2 i + 2\right )} - \left (2 i + 2\right ) \, \sqrt {2} \sqrt {x^{2} - 1} - 4 \, {\left (x^{2} - 1\right )}^{\frac {3}{4}} - 4 i \, {\left (x^{2} - 1\right )}^{\frac {1}{4}}}{x^{2}}\right ) - \left (i - 1\right ) \, \sqrt {2} x \log \left (\frac {\sqrt {2} {\left (-\left (i + 1\right ) \, x^{2} + 2 i + 2\right )} + \left (2 i - 2\right ) \, \sqrt {2} \sqrt {x^{2} - 1} - 4 \, {\left (x^{2} - 1\right )}^{\frac {3}{4}} + 4 i \, {\left (x^{2} - 1\right )}^{\frac {1}{4}}}{x^{2}}\right ) - 16 \, {\left (x^{2} - 1\right )}^{\frac {1}{4}}}{8 \, x} \]
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Result contains complex when optimal does not.
Time = 2.33 (sec) , antiderivative size = 75, normalized size of antiderivative = 0.83 \[ \int \frac {-2+x+x^2}{x^2 \left (-1+x^2\right )^{3/4}} \, dx=x e^{- \frac {3 i \pi }{4}} {{}_{2}F_{1}\left (\begin {matrix} \frac {1}{2}, \frac {3}{4} \\ \frac {3}{2} \end {matrix}\middle | {x^{2}} \right )} - \frac {2 e^{\frac {i \pi }{4}} {{}_{2}F_{1}\left (\begin {matrix} - \frac {1}{2}, \frac {3}{4} \\ \frac {1}{2} \end {matrix}\middle | {x^{2}} \right )}}{x} - \frac {\Gamma \left (\frac {3}{4}\right ) {{}_{2}F_{1}\left (\begin {matrix} \frac {3}{4}, \frac {3}{4} \\ \frac {7}{4} \end {matrix}\middle | {\frac {e^{2 i \pi }}{x^{2}}} \right )}}{2 x^{\frac {3}{2}} \Gamma \left (\frac {7}{4}\right )} \]
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\[ \int \frac {-2+x+x^2}{x^2 \left (-1+x^2\right )^{3/4}} \, dx=\int { \frac {x^{2} + x - 2}{{\left (x^{2} - 1\right )}^{\frac {3}{4}} x^{2}} \,d x } \]
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\[ \int \frac {-2+x+x^2}{x^2 \left (-1+x^2\right )^{3/4}} \, dx=\int { \frac {x^{2} + x - 2}{{\left (x^{2} - 1\right )}^{\frac {3}{4}} x^{2}} \,d x } \]
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Time = 6.11 (sec) , antiderivative size = 89, normalized size of antiderivative = 0.99 \[ \int \frac {-2+x+x^2}{x^2 \left (-1+x^2\right )^{3/4}} \, dx=\frac {4\,{\left (\frac {1}{x^2}\right )}^{3/4}\,{{}}_2{\mathrm {F}}_1\left (\frac {3}{4},\frac {5}{4};\ \frac {9}{4};\ \frac {1}{x^2}\right )}{5\,x}+\frac {x\,{\left (1-x^2\right )}^{3/4}\,{{}}_2{\mathrm {F}}_1\left (\frac {1}{2},\frac {3}{4};\ \frac {3}{2};\ x^2\right )}{{\left (x^2-1\right )}^{3/4}}+\sqrt {2}\,\mathrm {atan}\left (\sqrt {2}\,{\left (x^2-1\right )}^{1/4}\,\left (\frac {1}{2}-\frac {1}{2}{}\mathrm {i}\right )\right )\,\left (\frac {1}{2}+\frac {1}{2}{}\mathrm {i}\right )+\sqrt {2}\,\mathrm {atan}\left (\sqrt {2}\,{\left (x^2-1\right )}^{1/4}\,\left (\frac {1}{2}+\frac {1}{2}{}\mathrm {i}\right )\right )\,\left (\frac {1}{2}-\frac {1}{2}{}\mathrm {i}\right ) \]
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