Integrand size = 34, antiderivative size = 132 \[ \int \frac {\sqrt {x^2+\sqrt {1+x^4}}}{\left (-1+x^2\right ) \sqrt {1+x^4}} \, dx=\sqrt {\frac {1}{2} \left (-1+\sqrt {2}\right )} \arctan \left (\frac {\sqrt {2 \left (-1+\sqrt {2}\right )} x \sqrt {x^2+\sqrt {1+x^4}}}{1+x^2+\sqrt {1+x^4}}\right )-\sqrt {\frac {1}{2} \left (1+\sqrt {2}\right )} \text {arctanh}\left (\frac {\sqrt {2 \left (1+\sqrt {2}\right )} x \sqrt {x^2+\sqrt {1+x^4}}}{1+x^2+\sqrt {1+x^4}}\right ) \]
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Result contains complex when optimal does not.
Time = 0.47 (sec) , antiderivative size = 161, normalized size of antiderivative = 1.22, number of steps used = 12, number of rules used = 4, \(\frac {\text {number of rules}}{\text {integrand size}}\) = 0.118, Rules used = {6857, 2158, 739, 212} \[ \int \frac {\sqrt {x^2+\sqrt {1+x^4}}}{\left (-1+x^2\right ) \sqrt {1+x^4}} \, dx=-\frac {1}{4} \sqrt {1-i} \text {arctanh}\left (\frac {1-i x}{\sqrt {1-i} \sqrt {1-i x^2}}\right )+\frac {1}{4} \sqrt {1-i} \text {arctanh}\left (\frac {1+i x}{\sqrt {1-i} \sqrt {1-i x^2}}\right )+\frac {1}{4} \sqrt {1+i} \text {arctanh}\left (\frac {1-i x}{\sqrt {1+i} \sqrt {1+i x^2}}\right )-\frac {1}{4} \sqrt {1+i} \text {arctanh}\left (\frac {1+i x}{\sqrt {1+i} \sqrt {1+i x^2}}\right ) \]
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Rule 212
Rule 739
Rule 2158
Rule 6857
Rubi steps \begin{align*} \text {integral}& = \int \left (-\frac {\sqrt {x^2+\sqrt {1+x^4}}}{2 (1-x) \sqrt {1+x^4}}-\frac {\sqrt {x^2+\sqrt {1+x^4}}}{2 (1+x) \sqrt {1+x^4}}\right ) \, dx \\ & = -\left (\frac {1}{2} \int \frac {\sqrt {x^2+\sqrt {1+x^4}}}{(1-x) \sqrt {1+x^4}} \, dx\right )-\frac {1}{2} \int \frac {\sqrt {x^2+\sqrt {1+x^4}}}{(1+x) \sqrt {1+x^4}} \, dx \\ & = -\left (\left (\frac {1}{4}-\frac {i}{4}\right ) \int \frac {1}{(1-x) \sqrt {1-i x^2}} \, dx\right )-\left (\frac {1}{4}-\frac {i}{4}\right ) \int \frac {1}{(1+x) \sqrt {1-i x^2}} \, dx-\left (\frac {1}{4}+\frac {i}{4}\right ) \int \frac {1}{(1-x) \sqrt {1+i x^2}} \, dx-\left (\frac {1}{4}+\frac {i}{4}\right ) \int \frac {1}{(1+x) \sqrt {1+i x^2}} \, dx \\ & = -\left (\left (-\frac {1}{4}-\frac {i}{4}\right ) \text {Subst}\left (\int \frac {1}{(1+i)-x^2} \, dx,x,\frac {-1-i x}{\sqrt {1+i x^2}}\right )\right )-\left (-\frac {1}{4}-\frac {i}{4}\right ) \text {Subst}\left (\int \frac {1}{(1+i)-x^2} \, dx,x,\frac {1-i x}{\sqrt {1+i x^2}}\right )-\left (-\frac {1}{4}+\frac {i}{4}\right ) \text {Subst}\left (\int \frac {1}{(1-i)-x^2} \, dx,x,\frac {-1+i x}{\sqrt {1-i x^2}}\right )-\left (-\frac {1}{4}+\frac {i}{4}\right ) \text {Subst}\left (\int \frac {1}{(1-i)-x^2} \, dx,x,\frac {1+i x}{\sqrt {1-i x^2}}\right ) \\ & = -\frac {1}{4} \sqrt {1-i} \text {arctanh}\left (\frac {1-i x}{\sqrt {1-i} \sqrt {1-i x^2}}\right )+\frac {1}{4} \sqrt {1-i} \text {arctanh}\left (\frac {1+i x}{\sqrt {1-i} \sqrt {1-i x^2}}\right )+\frac {1}{4} \sqrt {1+i} \text {arctanh}\left (\frac {1-i x}{\sqrt {1+i} \sqrt {1+i x^2}}\right )-\frac {1}{4} \sqrt {1+i} \text {arctanh}\left (\frac {1+i x}{\sqrt {1+i} \sqrt {1+i x^2}}\right ) \\ \end{align*}
Time = 0.43 (sec) , antiderivative size = 130, normalized size of antiderivative = 0.98 \[ \int \frac {\sqrt {x^2+\sqrt {1+x^4}}}{\left (-1+x^2\right ) \sqrt {1+x^4}} \, dx=\frac {\sqrt {-1+\sqrt {2}} \arctan \left (\frac {-1+x^2+\sqrt {1+x^4}}{\sqrt {2 \left (1+\sqrt {2}\right )} x \sqrt {x^2+\sqrt {1+x^4}}}\right )-\sqrt {1+\sqrt {2}} \text {arctanh}\left (\frac {\sqrt {\frac {1}{2}+\frac {1}{\sqrt {2}}} \left (-1+x^2+\sqrt {1+x^4}\right )}{x \sqrt {x^2+\sqrt {1+x^4}}}\right )}{\sqrt {2}} \]
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\[\int \frac {\sqrt {x^{2}+\sqrt {x^{4}+1}}}{\left (x^{2}-1\right ) \sqrt {x^{4}+1}}d x\]
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Leaf count of result is larger than twice the leaf count of optimal. 397 vs. \(2 (101) = 202\).
Time = 4.55 (sec) , antiderivative size = 397, normalized size of antiderivative = 3.01 \[ \int \frac {\sqrt {x^2+\sqrt {1+x^4}}}{\left (-1+x^2\right ) \sqrt {1+x^4}} \, dx=\frac {1}{8} \, \sqrt {2} \sqrt {\sqrt {2} + 1} \log \left (-\frac {\sqrt {2} x^{2} + 2 \, x^{2} + {\left (x^{3} - \sqrt {2} x - \sqrt {x^{4} + 1} x - x\right )} \sqrt {x^{2} + \sqrt {x^{4} + 1}} \sqrt {\sqrt {2} + 1} + \sqrt {x^{4} + 1} {\left (\sqrt {2} + 1\right )}}{x^{2} - 1}\right ) - \frac {1}{8} \, \sqrt {2} \sqrt {\sqrt {2} + 1} \log \left (-\frac {\sqrt {2} x^{2} + 2 \, x^{2} - {\left (x^{3} - \sqrt {2} x - \sqrt {x^{4} + 1} x - x\right )} \sqrt {x^{2} + \sqrt {x^{4} + 1}} \sqrt {\sqrt {2} + 1} + \sqrt {x^{4} + 1} {\left (\sqrt {2} + 1\right )}}{x^{2} - 1}\right ) - \frac {1}{8} \, \sqrt {2} \sqrt {-\sqrt {2} + 1} \log \left (\frac {\sqrt {2} x^{2} - 2 \, x^{2} + \sqrt {x^{2} + \sqrt {x^{4} + 1}} {\left (\sqrt {x^{4} + 1} x \sqrt {-\sqrt {2} + 1} - {\left (x^{3} + \sqrt {2} x - x\right )} \sqrt {-\sqrt {2} + 1}\right )} + \sqrt {x^{4} + 1} {\left (\sqrt {2} - 1\right )}}{x^{2} - 1}\right ) + \frac {1}{8} \, \sqrt {2} \sqrt {-\sqrt {2} + 1} \log \left (\frac {\sqrt {2} x^{2} - 2 \, x^{2} - \sqrt {x^{2} + \sqrt {x^{4} + 1}} {\left (\sqrt {x^{4} + 1} x \sqrt {-\sqrt {2} + 1} - {\left (x^{3} + \sqrt {2} x - x\right )} \sqrt {-\sqrt {2} + 1}\right )} + \sqrt {x^{4} + 1} {\left (\sqrt {2} - 1\right )}}{x^{2} - 1}\right ) \]
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\[ \int \frac {\sqrt {x^2+\sqrt {1+x^4}}}{\left (-1+x^2\right ) \sqrt {1+x^4}} \, dx=\int \frac {\sqrt {x^{2} + \sqrt {x^{4} + 1}}}{\left (x - 1\right ) \left (x + 1\right ) \sqrt {x^{4} + 1}}\, dx \]
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\[ \int \frac {\sqrt {x^2+\sqrt {1+x^4}}}{\left (-1+x^2\right ) \sqrt {1+x^4}} \, dx=\int { \frac {\sqrt {x^{2} + \sqrt {x^{4} + 1}}}{\sqrt {x^{4} + 1} {\left (x^{2} - 1\right )}} \,d x } \]
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\[ \int \frac {\sqrt {x^2+\sqrt {1+x^4}}}{\left (-1+x^2\right ) \sqrt {1+x^4}} \, dx=\int { \frac {\sqrt {x^{2} + \sqrt {x^{4} + 1}}}{\sqrt {x^{4} + 1} {\left (x^{2} - 1\right )}} \,d x } \]
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Timed out. \[ \int \frac {\sqrt {x^2+\sqrt {1+x^4}}}{\left (-1+x^2\right ) \sqrt {1+x^4}} \, dx=\int \frac {\sqrt {\sqrt {x^4+1}+x^2}}{\left (x^2-1\right )\,\sqrt {x^4+1}} \,d x \]
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