Integrand size = 39, antiderivative size = 133 \[ \int \frac {-2 b+a x^2}{\sqrt [4]{-b+a x^2} \left (-b+a x^2+c x^4\right )} \, dx=-\frac {\arctan \left (\frac {-\frac {\sqrt [4]{c} x^2}{\sqrt {2}}+\frac {\sqrt {-b+a x^2}}{\sqrt {2} \sqrt [4]{c}}}{x \sqrt [4]{-b+a x^2}}\right )}{\sqrt {2} \sqrt [4]{c}}+\frac {\text {arctanh}\left (\frac {\sqrt {2} \sqrt [4]{c} x \sqrt [4]{-b+a x^2}}{\sqrt {c} x^2+\sqrt {-b+a x^2}}\right )}{\sqrt {2} \sqrt [4]{c}} \]
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Result contains higher order function than in optimal. Order 4 vs. order 3 in optimal.
Time = 8.50 (sec) , antiderivative size = 2670, normalized size of antiderivative = 20.08, number of steps used = 18, number of rules used = 6, \(\frac {\text {number of rules}}{\text {integrand size}}\) = 0.154, Rules used = {1706, 408, 504, 1231, 226, 1721} \[ \int \frac {-2 b+a x^2}{\sqrt [4]{-b+a x^2} \left (-b+a x^2+c x^4\right )} \, dx=-\frac {\left (a+\sqrt {a^2+4 b c}\right ) \sqrt {\frac {a x^2}{\left (\sqrt {b}+\sqrt {a x^2-b}\right )^2}} \left (\sqrt {b}+\sqrt {a x^2-b}\right ) \operatorname {EllipticPi}\left (\frac {\left (\sqrt {2} \sqrt {b} \sqrt {c}+\sqrt {-a^2-\sqrt {a^2+4 b c} a-2 b c}\right )^2}{4 \sqrt {2} \sqrt {b} \sqrt {c} \sqrt {-a^2-\sqrt {a^2+4 b c} a-2 b c}},2 \arctan \left (\frac {\sqrt [4]{a x^2-b}}{\sqrt [4]{b}}\right ),\frac {1}{2}\right ) \left (\sqrt {2} \sqrt {b} \sqrt {c}-\sqrt {-a^2-\sqrt {a^2+4 b c} a-2 b c}\right )^2}{4 \sqrt {2} \sqrt [4]{b} \sqrt {c} \sqrt {-a^2-\sqrt {a^2+4 b c} a-2 b c} \left (a^2+\sqrt {a^2+4 b c} a+4 b c\right ) x}-\frac {\sqrt {b} \sqrt {-a-\sqrt {a^2+4 b c}} \sqrt {\frac {a x^2}{b}} \arctan \left (\frac {\sqrt {a} \sqrt {-a-\sqrt {a^2+4 b c}} \sqrt [4]{a x^2-b}}{\sqrt [4]{2} \sqrt {b} \sqrt [4]{c} \sqrt [4]{-a^2-\sqrt {a^2+4 b c} a-2 b c} \sqrt {\frac {a x^2}{b}}}\right )}{2 \sqrt [4]{2} \sqrt {a} \sqrt [4]{c} \sqrt [4]{-a^2-\sqrt {a^2+4 b c} a-2 b c} x}-\frac {\sqrt {b} \sqrt {a+\sqrt {a^2+4 b c}} \sqrt {\frac {a x^2}{b}} \arctan \left (\frac {\sqrt {a} \sqrt {a+\sqrt {a^2+4 b c}} \sqrt [4]{a x^2-b}}{\sqrt [4]{2} \sqrt {b} \sqrt [4]{c} \sqrt [4]{-a^2-\sqrt {a^2+4 b c} a-2 b c} \sqrt {\frac {a x^2}{b}}}\right )}{2 \sqrt [4]{2} \sqrt {a} \sqrt [4]{c} \sqrt [4]{-a^2-\sqrt {a^2+4 b c} a-2 b c} x}-\frac {\sqrt {b} \sqrt {a-\sqrt {a^2+4 b c}} \sqrt {\frac {a x^2}{b}} \arctan \left (\frac {\sqrt {a} \sqrt {a-\sqrt {a^2+4 b c}} \sqrt [4]{a x^2-b}}{\sqrt [4]{2} \sqrt {b} \sqrt [4]{c} \sqrt [4]{-a^2+\sqrt {a^2+4 b c} a-2 b c} \sqrt {\frac {a x^2}{b}}}\right )}{2 \sqrt [4]{2} \sqrt {a} \sqrt [4]{c} \sqrt [4]{-a^2+\sqrt {a^2+4 b c} a-2 b c} x}-\frac {\sqrt {b} \sqrt {\sqrt {a^2+4 b c}-a} \sqrt {\frac {a x^2}{b}} \arctan \left (\frac {\sqrt {a} \sqrt {\sqrt {a^2+4 b c}-a} \sqrt [4]{a x^2-b}}{\sqrt [4]{2} \sqrt {b} \sqrt [4]{c} \sqrt [4]{-a^2+\sqrt {a^2+4 b c} a-2 b c} \sqrt {\frac {a x^2}{b}}}\right )}{2 \sqrt [4]{2} \sqrt {a} \sqrt [4]{c} \sqrt [4]{-a^2+\sqrt {a^2+4 b c} a-2 b c} x}-\frac {\left (a+\sqrt {a^2+4 b c}\right ) \left (2 \sqrt {b}-\frac {\sqrt {2} \sqrt {-a^2-\sqrt {a^2+4 b c} a-2 b c}}{\sqrt {c}}\right ) \sqrt {\frac {a x^2}{\left (\sqrt {b}+\sqrt {a x^2-b}\right )^2}} \left (\sqrt {b}+\sqrt {a x^2-b}\right ) \operatorname {EllipticF}\left (2 \arctan \left (\frac {\sqrt [4]{a x^2-b}}{\sqrt [4]{b}}\right ),\frac {1}{2}\right )}{4 \sqrt [4]{b} \left (a^2+\sqrt {a^2+4 b c} a+4 b c\right ) x}-\frac {\left (a+\sqrt {a^2+4 b c}\right ) \left (2 \sqrt {b}+\frac {\sqrt {2} \sqrt {-a^2-\sqrt {a^2+4 b c} a-2 b c}}{\sqrt {c}}\right ) \sqrt {\frac {a x^2}{\left (\sqrt {b}+\sqrt {a x^2-b}\right )^2}} \left (\sqrt {b}+\sqrt {a x^2-b}\right ) \operatorname {EllipticF}\left (2 \arctan \left (\frac {\sqrt [4]{a x^2-b}}{\sqrt [4]{b}}\right ),\frac {1}{2}\right )}{4 \sqrt [4]{b} \left (a^2+\sqrt {a^2+4 b c} a+4 b c\right ) x}-\frac {\left (a-\sqrt {a^2+4 b c}\right ) \left (2 \sqrt {b} \sqrt {c}-\sqrt {-2 a^2+2 \sqrt {a^2+4 b c} a-4 b c}\right ) \sqrt {\frac {a x^2}{\left (\sqrt {b}+\sqrt {a x^2-b}\right )^2}} \left (\sqrt {b}+\sqrt {a x^2-b}\right ) \operatorname {EllipticF}\left (2 \arctan \left (\frac {\sqrt [4]{a x^2-b}}{\sqrt [4]{b}}\right ),\frac {1}{2}\right )}{4 \sqrt [4]{b} \sqrt {c} \left (a^2-\sqrt {a^2+4 b c} a+4 b c\right ) x}-\frac {\left (a-\sqrt {a^2+4 b c}\right ) \left (2 \sqrt {b} \sqrt {c}+\sqrt {-2 a^2+2 \sqrt {a^2+4 b c} a-4 b c}\right ) \sqrt {\frac {a x^2}{\left (\sqrt {b}+\sqrt {a x^2-b}\right )^2}} \left (\sqrt {b}+\sqrt {a x^2-b}\right ) \operatorname {EllipticF}\left (2 \arctan \left (\frac {\sqrt [4]{a x^2-b}}{\sqrt [4]{b}}\right ),\frac {1}{2}\right )}{4 \sqrt [4]{b} \sqrt {c} \left (a^2-\sqrt {a^2+4 b c} a+4 b c\right ) x}+\frac {\left (a+\sqrt {a^2+4 b c}\right ) \left (\sqrt {2} \sqrt {b} \sqrt {c}+\sqrt {-a^2-\sqrt {a^2+4 b c} a-2 b c}\right )^2 \sqrt {\frac {a x^2}{\left (\sqrt {b}+\sqrt {a x^2-b}\right )^2}} \left (\sqrt {b}+\sqrt {a x^2-b}\right ) \operatorname {EllipticPi}\left (-\frac {\left (\sqrt {2} \sqrt {b} \sqrt {c}-\sqrt {-a^2-\sqrt {a^2+4 b c} a-2 b c}\right )^2}{4 \sqrt {2} \sqrt {b} \sqrt {c} \sqrt {-a^2-\sqrt {a^2+4 b c} a-2 b c}},2 \arctan \left (\frac {\sqrt [4]{a x^2-b}}{\sqrt [4]{b}}\right ),\frac {1}{2}\right )}{4 \sqrt {2} \sqrt [4]{b} \sqrt {c} \sqrt {-a^2-\sqrt {a^2+4 b c} a-2 b c} \left (a^2+\sqrt {a^2+4 b c} a+4 b c\right ) x}+\frac {\left (a-\sqrt {a^2+4 b c}\right ) \left (\sqrt {2} \sqrt {b} \sqrt {c}+\sqrt {-a^2+\sqrt {a^2+4 b c} a-2 b c}\right )^2 \sqrt {\frac {a x^2}{\left (\sqrt {b}+\sqrt {a x^2-b}\right )^2}} \left (\sqrt {b}+\sqrt {a x^2-b}\right ) \operatorname {EllipticPi}\left (-\frac {\left (\sqrt {2} \sqrt {b} \sqrt {c}-\sqrt {-a^2+\sqrt {a^2+4 b c} a-2 b c}\right )^2}{4 \sqrt {2} \sqrt {b} \sqrt {c} \sqrt {-a^2+\sqrt {a^2+4 b c} a-2 b c}},2 \arctan \left (\frac {\sqrt [4]{a x^2-b}}{\sqrt [4]{b}}\right ),\frac {1}{2}\right )}{4 \sqrt {2} \sqrt [4]{b} \sqrt {c} \left (a^2-\sqrt {a^2+4 b c} a+4 b c\right ) \sqrt {-a^2+\sqrt {a^2+4 b c} a-2 b c} x}-\frac {\left (a-\sqrt {a^2+4 b c}\right ) \left (\sqrt {2} \sqrt {b} \sqrt {c}-\sqrt {-a^2+\sqrt {a^2+4 b c} a-2 b c}\right )^2 \sqrt {\frac {a x^2}{\left (\sqrt {b}+\sqrt {a x^2-b}\right )^2}} \left (\sqrt {b}+\sqrt {a x^2-b}\right ) \operatorname {EllipticPi}\left (\frac {\left (\sqrt {2} \sqrt {b} \sqrt {c}+\sqrt {-a^2+\sqrt {a^2+4 b c} a-2 b c}\right )^2}{4 \sqrt {2} \sqrt {b} \sqrt {c} \sqrt {-a^2+\sqrt {a^2+4 b c} a-2 b c}},2 \arctan \left (\frac {\sqrt [4]{a x^2-b}}{\sqrt [4]{b}}\right ),\frac {1}{2}\right )}{4 \sqrt {2} \sqrt [4]{b} \sqrt {c} \left (a^2-\sqrt {a^2+4 b c} a+4 b c\right ) \sqrt {-a^2+\sqrt {a^2+4 b c} a-2 b c} x} \]
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Rule 226
Rule 408
Rule 504
Rule 1231
Rule 1706
Rule 1721
Rubi steps \begin{align*} \text {integral}& = \int \left (\frac {a-\sqrt {a^2+4 b c}}{\sqrt [4]{-b+a x^2} \left (a-\sqrt {a^2+4 b c}+2 c x^2\right )}+\frac {a+\sqrt {a^2+4 b c}}{\sqrt [4]{-b+a x^2} \left (a+\sqrt {a^2+4 b c}+2 c x^2\right )}\right ) \, dx \\ & = \left (a-\sqrt {a^2+4 b c}\right ) \int \frac {1}{\sqrt [4]{-b+a x^2} \left (a-\sqrt {a^2+4 b c}+2 c x^2\right )} \, dx+\left (a+\sqrt {a^2+4 b c}\right ) \int \frac {1}{\sqrt [4]{-b+a x^2} \left (a+\sqrt {a^2+4 b c}+2 c x^2\right )} \, dx \\ & = \frac {\left (2 \left (a-\sqrt {a^2+4 b c}\right ) \sqrt {\frac {a x^2}{b}}\right ) \text {Subst}\left (\int \frac {x^2}{\sqrt {1+\frac {x^4}{b}} \left (2 b c+a \left (a-\sqrt {a^2+4 b c}\right )+2 c x^4\right )} \, dx,x,\sqrt [4]{-b+a x^2}\right )}{x}+\frac {\left (2 \left (a+\sqrt {a^2+4 b c}\right ) \sqrt {\frac {a x^2}{b}}\right ) \text {Subst}\left (\int \frac {x^2}{\sqrt {1+\frac {x^4}{b}} \left (2 b c+a \left (a+\sqrt {a^2+4 b c}\right )+2 c x^4\right )} \, dx,x,\sqrt [4]{-b+a x^2}\right )}{x} \\ & = -\frac {\left (\left (a-\sqrt {a^2+4 b c}\right ) \sqrt {\frac {a x^2}{b}}\right ) \text {Subst}\left (\int \frac {1}{\left (\sqrt {-a^2-2 b c+a \sqrt {a^2+4 b c}}-\sqrt {2} \sqrt {c} x^2\right ) \sqrt {1+\frac {x^4}{b}}} \, dx,x,\sqrt [4]{-b+a x^2}\right )}{\sqrt {2} \sqrt {c} x}+\frac {\left (\left (a-\sqrt {a^2+4 b c}\right ) \sqrt {\frac {a x^2}{b}}\right ) \text {Subst}\left (\int \frac {1}{\left (\sqrt {-a^2-2 b c+a \sqrt {a^2+4 b c}}+\sqrt {2} \sqrt {c} x^2\right ) \sqrt {1+\frac {x^4}{b}}} \, dx,x,\sqrt [4]{-b+a x^2}\right )}{\sqrt {2} \sqrt {c} x}-\frac {\left (\left (a+\sqrt {a^2+4 b c}\right ) \sqrt {\frac {a x^2}{b}}\right ) \text {Subst}\left (\int \frac {1}{\left (\sqrt {-a^2-2 b c-a \sqrt {a^2+4 b c}}-\sqrt {2} \sqrt {c} x^2\right ) \sqrt {1+\frac {x^4}{b}}} \, dx,x,\sqrt [4]{-b+a x^2}\right )}{\sqrt {2} \sqrt {c} x}+\frac {\left (\left (a+\sqrt {a^2+4 b c}\right ) \sqrt {\frac {a x^2}{b}}\right ) \text {Subst}\left (\int \frac {1}{\left (\sqrt {-a^2-2 b c-a \sqrt {a^2+4 b c}}+\sqrt {2} \sqrt {c} x^2\right ) \sqrt {1+\frac {x^4}{b}}} \, dx,x,\sqrt [4]{-b+a x^2}\right )}{\sqrt {2} \sqrt {c} x} \\ & = -\frac {\left (\left (a+\sqrt {a^2+4 b c}\right ) \left (\sqrt {2} \sqrt {b} \sqrt {c}-\sqrt {-a^2-2 b c-a \sqrt {a^2+4 b c}}\right ) \sqrt {\frac {a x^2}{b}}\right ) \text {Subst}\left (\int \frac {1}{\sqrt {1+\frac {x^4}{b}}} \, dx,x,\sqrt [4]{-b+a x^2}\right )}{\sqrt {2} \sqrt {c} \left (a^2+4 b c+a \sqrt {a^2+4 b c}\right ) x}-\frac {\left (\left (a+\sqrt {a^2+4 b c}\right ) \left (\sqrt {2} \sqrt {b} \sqrt {c}+\sqrt {-a^2-2 b c-a \sqrt {a^2+4 b c}}\right ) \sqrt {\frac {a x^2}{b}}\right ) \text {Subst}\left (\int \frac {1}{\sqrt {1+\frac {x^4}{b}}} \, dx,x,\sqrt [4]{-b+a x^2}\right )}{\sqrt {2} \sqrt {c} \left (a^2+4 b c+a \sqrt {a^2+4 b c}\right ) x}-\frac {\left (\sqrt {b} \left (a+\sqrt {a^2+4 b c}\right ) \left (2 \sqrt {b} \sqrt {c}-\sqrt {2} \sqrt {-a^2-2 b c-a \sqrt {a^2+4 b c}}\right ) \sqrt {\frac {a x^2}{b}}\right ) \text {Subst}\left (\int \frac {1+\frac {x^2}{\sqrt {b}}}{\left (\sqrt {-a^2-2 b c-a \sqrt {a^2+4 b c}}-\sqrt {2} \sqrt {c} x^2\right ) \sqrt {1+\frac {x^4}{b}}} \, dx,x,\sqrt [4]{-b+a x^2}\right )}{\sqrt {2} \left (a^2+4 b c+a \sqrt {a^2+4 b c}\right ) x}+\frac {\left (\sqrt {b} \left (a+\sqrt {a^2+4 b c}\right ) \left (2 \sqrt {b} \sqrt {c}+\sqrt {2} \sqrt {-a^2-2 b c-a \sqrt {a^2+4 b c}}\right ) \sqrt {\frac {a x^2}{b}}\right ) \text {Subst}\left (\int \frac {1+\frac {x^2}{\sqrt {b}}}{\left (\sqrt {-a^2-2 b c-a \sqrt {a^2+4 b c}}+\sqrt {2} \sqrt {c} x^2\right ) \sqrt {1+\frac {x^4}{b}}} \, dx,x,\sqrt [4]{-b+a x^2}\right )}{\sqrt {2} \left (a^2+4 b c+a \sqrt {a^2+4 b c}\right ) x}-\frac {\left (\left (a-\sqrt {a^2+4 b c}\right ) \left (\sqrt {2} \sqrt {b} \sqrt {c}-\sqrt {-a^2-2 b c+a \sqrt {a^2+4 b c}}\right ) \sqrt {\frac {a x^2}{b}}\right ) \text {Subst}\left (\int \frac {1}{\sqrt {1+\frac {x^4}{b}}} \, dx,x,\sqrt [4]{-b+a x^2}\right )}{\sqrt {2} \sqrt {c} \left (a^2+4 b c-a \sqrt {a^2+4 b c}\right ) x}-\frac {\left (\left (a-\sqrt {a^2+4 b c}\right ) \left (\sqrt {2} \sqrt {b} \sqrt {c}+\sqrt {-a^2-2 b c+a \sqrt {a^2+4 b c}}\right ) \sqrt {\frac {a x^2}{b}}\right ) \text {Subst}\left (\int \frac {1}{\sqrt {1+\frac {x^4}{b}}} \, dx,x,\sqrt [4]{-b+a x^2}\right )}{\sqrt {2} \sqrt {c} \left (a^2+4 b c-a \sqrt {a^2+4 b c}\right ) x}-\frac {\left (\sqrt {b} \left (a-\sqrt {a^2+4 b c}\right ) \left (2 \sqrt {b} \sqrt {c}-\sqrt {2} \sqrt {-a^2-2 b c+a \sqrt {a^2+4 b c}}\right ) \sqrt {\frac {a x^2}{b}}\right ) \text {Subst}\left (\int \frac {1+\frac {x^2}{\sqrt {b}}}{\left (\sqrt {-a^2-2 b c+a \sqrt {a^2+4 b c}}-\sqrt {2} \sqrt {c} x^2\right ) \sqrt {1+\frac {x^4}{b}}} \, dx,x,\sqrt [4]{-b+a x^2}\right )}{\sqrt {2} \left (a^2+4 b c-a \sqrt {a^2+4 b c}\right ) x}+\frac {\left (\sqrt {b} \left (a-\sqrt {a^2+4 b c}\right ) \left (2 \sqrt {b} \sqrt {c}+\sqrt {2} \sqrt {-a^2-2 b c+a \sqrt {a^2+4 b c}}\right ) \sqrt {\frac {a x^2}{b}}\right ) \text {Subst}\left (\int \frac {1+\frac {x^2}{\sqrt {b}}}{\left (\sqrt {-a^2-2 b c+a \sqrt {a^2+4 b c}}+\sqrt {2} \sqrt {c} x^2\right ) \sqrt {1+\frac {x^4}{b}}} \, dx,x,\sqrt [4]{-b+a x^2}\right )}{\sqrt {2} \left (a^2+4 b c-a \sqrt {a^2+4 b c}\right ) x} \\ & = \text {Too large to display} \\ \end{align*}
Time = 0.29 (sec) , antiderivative size = 117, normalized size of antiderivative = 0.88 \[ \int \frac {-2 b+a x^2}{\sqrt [4]{-b+a x^2} \left (-b+a x^2+c x^4\right )} \, dx=\frac {-\arctan \left (\frac {-\sqrt {c} x^2+\sqrt {-b+a x^2}}{\sqrt {2} \sqrt [4]{c} x \sqrt [4]{-b+a x^2}}\right )+\text {arctanh}\left (\frac {\sqrt {2} \sqrt [4]{c} x \sqrt [4]{-b+a x^2}}{\sqrt {c} x^2+\sqrt {-b+a x^2}}\right )}{\sqrt {2} \sqrt [4]{c}} \]
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\[\int \frac {a \,x^{2}-2 b}{\left (a \,x^{2}-b \right )^{\frac {1}{4}} \left (c \,x^{4}+a \,x^{2}-b \right )}d x\]
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Timed out. \[ \int \frac {-2 b+a x^2}{\sqrt [4]{-b+a x^2} \left (-b+a x^2+c x^4\right )} \, dx=\text {Timed out} \]
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\[ \int \frac {-2 b+a x^2}{\sqrt [4]{-b+a x^2} \left (-b+a x^2+c x^4\right )} \, dx=\int \frac {a x^{2} - 2 b}{\sqrt [4]{a x^{2} - b} \left (a x^{2} - b + c x^{4}\right )}\, dx \]
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\[ \int \frac {-2 b+a x^2}{\sqrt [4]{-b+a x^2} \left (-b+a x^2+c x^4\right )} \, dx=\int { \frac {a x^{2} - 2 \, b}{{\left (c x^{4} + a x^{2} - b\right )} {\left (a x^{2} - b\right )}^{\frac {1}{4}}} \,d x } \]
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\[ \int \frac {-2 b+a x^2}{\sqrt [4]{-b+a x^2} \left (-b+a x^2+c x^4\right )} \, dx=\int { \frac {a x^{2} - 2 \, b}{{\left (c x^{4} + a x^{2} - b\right )} {\left (a x^{2} - b\right )}^{\frac {1}{4}}} \,d x } \]
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Timed out. \[ \int \frac {-2 b+a x^2}{\sqrt [4]{-b+a x^2} \left (-b+a x^2+c x^4\right )} \, dx=\int -\frac {2\,b-a\,x^2}{{\left (a\,x^2-b\right )}^{1/4}\,\left (c\,x^4+a\,x^2-b\right )} \,d x \]
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