Integrand size = 34, antiderivative size = 189 \[ \int \frac {\sqrt {x^2+\sqrt {1+x^4}}}{\left (1+x^2\right )^2 \sqrt {1+x^4}} \, dx=\frac {-x^2 \left (-1+x^2\right )-x^2 \sqrt {1+x^4}}{4 x \left (1+x^2\right ) \sqrt {x^2+\sqrt {1+x^4}}}+\frac {1}{4} \sqrt {-1+5 \sqrt {2}} \arctan \left (\frac {\sqrt {2 \left (1+\sqrt {2}\right )} x \sqrt {x^2+\sqrt {1+x^4}}}{1+x^2+\sqrt {1+x^4}}\right )+\frac {1}{4} \sqrt {1+5 \sqrt {2}} \text {arctanh}\left (\frac {\sqrt {2 \left (-1+\sqrt {2}\right )} x \sqrt {x^2+\sqrt {1+x^4}}}{1+x^2+\sqrt {1+x^4}}\right ) \]
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Result contains complex when optimal does not.
Time = 0.94 (sec) , antiderivative size = 405, normalized size of antiderivative = 2.14, number of steps used = 28, number of rules used = 6, \(\frac {\text {number of rules}}{\text {integrand size}}\) = 0.176, Rules used = {6874, 2158, 745, 739, 212, 6857} \[ \int \frac {\sqrt {x^2+\sqrt {1+x^4}}}{\left (1+x^2\right )^2 \sqrt {1+x^4}} \, dx=-\frac {1}{8} \sqrt {1+i} \text {arctanh}\left (\frac {1-x}{\sqrt {1+i} \sqrt {1-i x^2}}\right )+\frac {\text {arctanh}\left (\frac {1-x}{\sqrt {1+i} \sqrt {1-i x^2}}\right )}{4 (1+i)^{5/2}}+\frac {1}{8} \sqrt {1+i} \text {arctanh}\left (\frac {x+1}{\sqrt {1+i} \sqrt {1-i x^2}}\right )-\frac {\text {arctanh}\left (\frac {x+1}{\sqrt {1+i} \sqrt {1-i x^2}}\right )}{4 (1+i)^{5/2}}-\frac {1}{8} \sqrt {1-i} \text {arctanh}\left (\frac {1-x}{\sqrt {1-i} \sqrt {1+i x^2}}\right )+\frac {\text {arctanh}\left (\frac {1-x}{\sqrt {1-i} \sqrt {1+i x^2}}\right )}{4 (1-i)^{5/2}}+\frac {1}{8} \sqrt {1-i} \text {arctanh}\left (\frac {x+1}{\sqrt {1-i} \sqrt {1+i x^2}}\right )-\frac {\text {arctanh}\left (\frac {x+1}{\sqrt {1-i} \sqrt {1+i x^2}}\right )}{4 (1-i)^{5/2}}+\frac {i \sqrt {1-i x^2}}{8 (-x+i)}-\frac {i \sqrt {1-i x^2}}{8 (x+i)}-\frac {i \sqrt {1+i x^2}}{8 (-x+i)}+\frac {i \sqrt {1+i x^2}}{8 (x+i)} \]
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Rule 212
Rule 739
Rule 745
Rule 2158
Rule 6857
Rule 6874
Rubi steps \begin{align*} \text {integral}& = \int \left (-\frac {\sqrt {x^2+\sqrt {1+x^4}}}{4 (i-x)^2 \sqrt {1+x^4}}-\frac {\sqrt {x^2+\sqrt {1+x^4}}}{4 (i+x)^2 \sqrt {1+x^4}}-\frac {\sqrt {x^2+\sqrt {1+x^4}}}{2 \left (-1-x^2\right ) \sqrt {1+x^4}}\right ) \, dx \\ & = -\left (\frac {1}{4} \int \frac {\sqrt {x^2+\sqrt {1+x^4}}}{(i-x)^2 \sqrt {1+x^4}} \, dx\right )-\frac {1}{4} \int \frac {\sqrt {x^2+\sqrt {1+x^4}}}{(i+x)^2 \sqrt {1+x^4}} \, dx-\frac {1}{2} \int \frac {\sqrt {x^2+\sqrt {1+x^4}}}{\left (-1-x^2\right ) \sqrt {1+x^4}} \, dx \\ & = -\left (\left (\frac {1}{8}-\frac {i}{8}\right ) \int \frac {1}{(i-x)^2 \sqrt {1-i x^2}} \, dx\right )-\left (\frac {1}{8}-\frac {i}{8}\right ) \int \frac {1}{(i+x)^2 \sqrt {1-i x^2}} \, dx-\left (\frac {1}{8}+\frac {i}{8}\right ) \int \frac {1}{(i-x)^2 \sqrt {1+i x^2}} \, dx-\left (\frac {1}{8}+\frac {i}{8}\right ) \int \frac {1}{(i+x)^2 \sqrt {1+i x^2}} \, dx-\frac {1}{2} \int \left (-\frac {i \sqrt {x^2+\sqrt {1+x^4}}}{2 (i-x) \sqrt {1+x^4}}-\frac {i \sqrt {x^2+\sqrt {1+x^4}}}{2 (i+x) \sqrt {1+x^4}}\right ) \, dx \\ & = \frac {i \sqrt {1-i x^2}}{8 (i-x)}-\frac {i \sqrt {1-i x^2}}{8 (i+x)}-\frac {i \sqrt {1+i x^2}}{8 (i-x)}+\frac {i \sqrt {1+i x^2}}{8 (i+x)}+\frac {1}{8} i \int \frac {1}{(i-x) \sqrt {1-i x^2}} \, dx+\frac {1}{8} i \int \frac {1}{(i+x) \sqrt {1-i x^2}} \, dx+\frac {1}{8} i \int \frac {1}{(i-x) \sqrt {1+i x^2}} \, dx+\frac {1}{8} i \int \frac {1}{(i+x) \sqrt {1+i x^2}} \, dx+\frac {1}{4} i \int \frac {\sqrt {x^2+\sqrt {1+x^4}}}{(i-x) \sqrt {1+x^4}} \, dx+\frac {1}{4} i \int \frac {\sqrt {x^2+\sqrt {1+x^4}}}{(i+x) \sqrt {1+x^4}} \, dx \\ & = \frac {i \sqrt {1-i x^2}}{8 (i-x)}-\frac {i \sqrt {1-i x^2}}{8 (i+x)}-\frac {i \sqrt {1+i x^2}}{8 (i-x)}+\frac {i \sqrt {1+i x^2}}{8 (i+x)}+\left (-\frac {1}{8}+\frac {i}{8}\right ) \int \frac {1}{(i-x) \sqrt {1+i x^2}} \, dx+\left (-\frac {1}{8}+\frac {i}{8}\right ) \int \frac {1}{(i+x) \sqrt {1+i x^2}} \, dx-\frac {1}{8} i \text {Subst}\left (\int \frac {1}{(1-i)-x^2} \, dx,x,\frac {-1+x}{\sqrt {1+i x^2}}\right )-\frac {1}{8} i \text {Subst}\left (\int \frac {1}{(1-i)-x^2} \, dx,x,\frac {1+x}{\sqrt {1+i x^2}}\right )-\frac {1}{8} i \text {Subst}\left (\int \frac {1}{(1+i)-x^2} \, dx,x,\frac {-1-x}{\sqrt {1-i x^2}}\right )-\frac {1}{8} i \text {Subst}\left (\int \frac {1}{(1+i)-x^2} \, dx,x,\frac {1-x}{\sqrt {1-i x^2}}\right )+\left (\frac {1}{8}+\frac {i}{8}\right ) \int \frac {1}{(i-x) \sqrt {1-i x^2}} \, dx+\left (\frac {1}{8}+\frac {i}{8}\right ) \int \frac {1}{(i+x) \sqrt {1-i x^2}} \, dx \\ & = \frac {i \sqrt {1-i x^2}}{8 (i-x)}-\frac {i \sqrt {1-i x^2}}{8 (i+x)}-\frac {i \sqrt {1+i x^2}}{8 (i-x)}+\frac {i \sqrt {1+i x^2}}{8 (i+x)}-\frac {1}{16} (1+i)^{3/2} \text {arctanh}\left (\frac {1-x}{\sqrt {1+i} \sqrt {1-i x^2}}\right )+\frac {1}{16} (1+i)^{3/2} \text {arctanh}\left (\frac {1+x}{\sqrt {1+i} \sqrt {1-i x^2}}\right )-\frac {1}{16} (1-i)^{3/2} \text {arctanh}\left (\frac {1-x}{\sqrt {1-i} \sqrt {1+i x^2}}\right )+\frac {1}{16} (1-i)^{3/2} \text {arctanh}\left (\frac {1+x}{\sqrt {1-i} \sqrt {1+i x^2}}\right )+\left (-\frac {1}{8}-\frac {i}{8}\right ) \text {Subst}\left (\int \frac {1}{(1+i)-x^2} \, dx,x,\frac {-1-x}{\sqrt {1-i x^2}}\right )+\left (-\frac {1}{8}-\frac {i}{8}\right ) \text {Subst}\left (\int \frac {1}{(1+i)-x^2} \, dx,x,\frac {1-x}{\sqrt {1-i x^2}}\right )+\left (\frac {1}{8}-\frac {i}{8}\right ) \text {Subst}\left (\int \frac {1}{(1-i)-x^2} \, dx,x,\frac {-1+x}{\sqrt {1+i x^2}}\right )+\left (\frac {1}{8}-\frac {i}{8}\right ) \text {Subst}\left (\int \frac {1}{(1-i)-x^2} \, dx,x,\frac {1+x}{\sqrt {1+i x^2}}\right ) \\ & = \frac {i \sqrt {1-i x^2}}{8 (i-x)}-\frac {i \sqrt {1-i x^2}}{8 (i+x)}-\frac {i \sqrt {1+i x^2}}{8 (i-x)}+\frac {i \sqrt {1+i x^2}}{8 (i+x)}-\frac {1}{8} \sqrt {1+i} \text {arctanh}\left (\frac {1-x}{\sqrt {1+i} \sqrt {1-i x^2}}\right )-\frac {1}{16} (1+i)^{3/2} \text {arctanh}\left (\frac {1-x}{\sqrt {1+i} \sqrt {1-i x^2}}\right )+\frac {1}{8} \sqrt {1+i} \text {arctanh}\left (\frac {1+x}{\sqrt {1+i} \sqrt {1-i x^2}}\right )+\frac {1}{16} (1+i)^{3/2} \text {arctanh}\left (\frac {1+x}{\sqrt {1+i} \sqrt {1-i x^2}}\right )-\frac {1}{8} \sqrt {1-i} \text {arctanh}\left (\frac {1-x}{\sqrt {1-i} \sqrt {1+i x^2}}\right )-\frac {1}{16} (1-i)^{3/2} \text {arctanh}\left (\frac {1-x}{\sqrt {1-i} \sqrt {1+i x^2}}\right )+\frac {1}{8} \sqrt {1-i} \text {arctanh}\left (\frac {1+x}{\sqrt {1-i} \sqrt {1+i x^2}}\right )+\frac {1}{16} (1-i)^{3/2} \text {arctanh}\left (\frac {1+x}{\sqrt {1-i} \sqrt {1+i x^2}}\right ) \\ \end{align*}
Time = 1.09 (sec) , antiderivative size = 172, normalized size of antiderivative = 0.91 \[ \int \frac {\sqrt {x^2+\sqrt {1+x^4}}}{\left (1+x^2\right )^2 \sqrt {1+x^4}} \, dx=\frac {1}{4} \left (-\frac {x \left (-1+x^2+\sqrt {1+x^4}\right )}{\left (1+x^2\right ) \sqrt {x^2+\sqrt {1+x^4}}}+\sqrt {-1+5 \sqrt {2}} \arctan \left (\frac {\sqrt {\frac {1}{2}+\frac {1}{\sqrt {2}}} \left (-1+x^2+\sqrt {1+x^4}\right )}{x \sqrt {x^2+\sqrt {1+x^4}}}\right )+\sqrt {1+5 \sqrt {2}} \text {arctanh}\left (\frac {-1+x^2+\sqrt {1+x^4}}{\sqrt {2 \left (1+\sqrt {2}\right )} x \sqrt {x^2+\sqrt {1+x^4}}}\right )\right ) \]
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\[\int \frac {\sqrt {x^{2}+\sqrt {x^{4}+1}}}{\left (x^{2}+1\right )^{2} \sqrt {x^{4}+1}}d x\]
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Leaf count of result is larger than twice the leaf count of optimal. 520 vs. \(2 (147) = 294\).
Time = 4.09 (sec) , antiderivative size = 520, normalized size of antiderivative = 2.75 \[ \int \frac {\sqrt {x^2+\sqrt {1+x^4}}}{\left (1+x^2\right )^2 \sqrt {1+x^4}} \, dx=\frac {{\left (x^{2} + 1\right )} \sqrt {5 \, \sqrt {2} + 1} \log \left (\frac {7 \, \sqrt {2} x^{2} + 14 \, x^{2} + {\left (x^{3} + \sqrt {2} {\left (2 \, x^{3} + 3 \, x\right )} - \sqrt {x^{4} + 1} {\left (2 \, \sqrt {2} x + x\right )} + 5 \, x\right )} \sqrt {x^{2} + \sqrt {x^{4} + 1}} \sqrt {5 \, \sqrt {2} + 1} + 7 \, \sqrt {x^{4} + 1} {\left (\sqrt {2} + 1\right )}}{x^{2} + 1}\right ) - {\left (x^{2} + 1\right )} \sqrt {5 \, \sqrt {2} + 1} \log \left (\frac {7 \, \sqrt {2} x^{2} + 14 \, x^{2} - {\left (x^{3} + \sqrt {2} {\left (2 \, x^{3} + 3 \, x\right )} - \sqrt {x^{4} + 1} {\left (2 \, \sqrt {2} x + x\right )} + 5 \, x\right )} \sqrt {x^{2} + \sqrt {x^{4} + 1}} \sqrt {5 \, \sqrt {2} + 1} + 7 \, \sqrt {x^{4} + 1} {\left (\sqrt {2} + 1\right )}}{x^{2} + 1}\right ) - {\left (x^{2} + 1\right )} \sqrt {-5 \, \sqrt {2} + 1} \log \left (-\frac {7 \, \sqrt {2} x^{2} - 14 \, x^{2} + \sqrt {x^{2} + \sqrt {x^{4} + 1}} {\left (\sqrt {x^{4} + 1} {\left (2 \, \sqrt {2} x - x\right )} \sqrt {-5 \, \sqrt {2} + 1} + {\left (x^{3} - \sqrt {2} {\left (2 \, x^{3} + 3 \, x\right )} + 5 \, x\right )} \sqrt {-5 \, \sqrt {2} + 1}\right )} + 7 \, \sqrt {x^{4} + 1} {\left (\sqrt {2} - 1\right )}}{x^{2} + 1}\right ) + {\left (x^{2} + 1\right )} \sqrt {-5 \, \sqrt {2} + 1} \log \left (-\frac {7 \, \sqrt {2} x^{2} - 14 \, x^{2} - \sqrt {x^{2} + \sqrt {x^{4} + 1}} {\left (\sqrt {x^{4} + 1} {\left (2 \, \sqrt {2} x - x\right )} \sqrt {-5 \, \sqrt {2} + 1} + {\left (x^{3} - \sqrt {2} {\left (2 \, x^{3} + 3 \, x\right )} + 5 \, x\right )} \sqrt {-5 \, \sqrt {2} + 1}\right )} + 7 \, \sqrt {x^{4} + 1} {\left (\sqrt {2} - 1\right )}}{x^{2} + 1}\right ) - 4 \, {\left (x^{3} - \sqrt {x^{4} + 1} x + x\right )} \sqrt {x^{2} + \sqrt {x^{4} + 1}}}{16 \, {\left (x^{2} + 1\right )}} \]
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\[ \int \frac {\sqrt {x^2+\sqrt {1+x^4}}}{\left (1+x^2\right )^2 \sqrt {1+x^4}} \, dx=\int \frac {\sqrt {x^{2} + \sqrt {x^{4} + 1}}}{\left (x^{2} + 1\right )^{2} \sqrt {x^{4} + 1}}\, dx \]
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\[ \int \frac {\sqrt {x^2+\sqrt {1+x^4}}}{\left (1+x^2\right )^2 \sqrt {1+x^4}} \, dx=\int { \frac {\sqrt {x^{2} + \sqrt {x^{4} + 1}}}{\sqrt {x^{4} + 1} {\left (x^{2} + 1\right )}^{2}} \,d x } \]
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\[ \int \frac {\sqrt {x^2+\sqrt {1+x^4}}}{\left (1+x^2\right )^2 \sqrt {1+x^4}} \, dx=\int { \frac {\sqrt {x^{2} + \sqrt {x^{4} + 1}}}{\sqrt {x^{4} + 1} {\left (x^{2} + 1\right )}^{2}} \,d x } \]
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Timed out. \[ \int \frac {\sqrt {x^2+\sqrt {1+x^4}}}{\left (1+x^2\right )^2 \sqrt {1+x^4}} \, dx=\int \frac {\sqrt {\sqrt {x^4+1}+x^2}}{{\left (x^2+1\right )}^2\,\sqrt {x^4+1}} \,d x \]
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