Integrand size = 22, antiderivative size = 53 \[ \int \frac {-1+x^8}{\sqrt {1+x^4} \left (1+x^8\right )} \, dx=-\frac {\arctan \left (\frac {\sqrt [4]{2} x}{\sqrt {1+x^4}}\right )}{2 \sqrt [4]{2}}-\frac {\text {arctanh}\left (\frac {\sqrt [4]{2} x}{\sqrt {1+x^4}}\right )}{2 \sqrt [4]{2}} \]
Time = 0.24 (sec) , antiderivative size = 44, normalized size of antiderivative = 0.83 \[ \int \frac {-1+x^8}{\sqrt {1+x^4} \left (1+x^8\right )} \, dx=-\frac {\arctan \left (\frac {\sqrt [4]{2} x}{\sqrt {1+x^4}}\right )+\text {arctanh}\left (\frac {\sqrt [4]{2} x}{\sqrt {1+x^4}}\right )}{2 \sqrt [4]{2}} \]
Result contains higher order function than in optimal. Order 4 vs. order 3 in optimal.
Time = 0.79 (sec) , antiderivative size = 314, normalized size of antiderivative = 5.92, number of steps used = 3, number of rules used = 3, \(\frac {\text {number of rules}}{\text {integrand size}}\) = 0.136, Rules used = {1388, 7276, 2009}
Below are the steps used by Rubi to obtain the solution. The rule number used for the transformation is given above next to the arrow. The rules definitions used are listed below.
\(\displaystyle \int \frac {x^8-1}{\sqrt {x^4+1} \left (x^8+1\right )} \, dx\) |
\(\Big \downarrow \) 1388 |
\(\displaystyle \int \frac {\left (x^4-1\right ) \sqrt {x^4+1}}{x^8+1}dx\) |
\(\Big \downarrow \) 7276 |
\(\displaystyle \int \left (\frac {\left (\frac {1}{2}-\frac {i}{2}\right ) \sqrt {x^4+1}}{x^4+i}-\frac {\left (\frac {1}{2}+\frac {i}{2}\right ) \sqrt {x^4+1}}{-x^4+i}\right )dx\) |
\(\Big \downarrow \) 2009 |
\(\displaystyle -\frac {\arctan \left (\frac {\sqrt [4]{2} x}{\sqrt {x^4+1}}\right )}{2 \sqrt [4]{2}}+\frac {i \left (\sqrt {2}+(1+i)\right ) \left (x^2+1\right ) \sqrt {\frac {x^4+1}{\left (x^2+1\right )^2}} \operatorname {EllipticF}\left (2 \arctan (x),\frac {1}{2}\right )}{8 \sqrt {x^4+1}}+\frac {i \left (\sqrt {2}+(-1+i)\right ) \left (x^2+1\right ) \sqrt {\frac {x^4+1}{\left (x^2+1\right )^2}} \operatorname {EllipticF}\left (2 \arctan (x),\frac {1}{2}\right )}{8 \sqrt {x^4+1}}-\frac {i \left (\sqrt {2}+(-1-i)\right ) \left (x^2+1\right ) \sqrt {\frac {x^4+1}{\left (x^2+1\right )^2}} \operatorname {EllipticF}\left (2 \arctan (x),\frac {1}{2}\right )}{8 \sqrt {x^4+1}}+\frac {\left ((-1-i)-i \sqrt {2}\right ) \left (x^2+1\right ) \sqrt {\frac {x^4+1}{\left (x^2+1\right )^2}} \operatorname {EllipticF}\left (2 \arctan (x),\frac {1}{2}\right )}{8 \sqrt {x^4+1}}+\frac {\left (x^2+1\right ) \sqrt {\frac {x^4+1}{\left (x^2+1\right )^2}} \operatorname {EllipticF}\left (2 \arctan (x),\frac {1}{2}\right )}{2 \sqrt {x^4+1}}-\frac {\text {arctanh}\left (\frac {\sqrt [4]{2} x}{\sqrt {x^4+1}}\right )}{2 \sqrt [4]{2}}\) |
-1/2*ArcTan[(2^(1/4)*x)/Sqrt[1 + x^4]]/2^(1/4) - ArcTanh[(2^(1/4)*x)/Sqrt[ 1 + x^4]]/(2*2^(1/4)) + ((1 + x^2)*Sqrt[(1 + x^4)/(1 + x^2)^2]*EllipticF[2 *ArcTan[x], 1/2])/(2*Sqrt[1 + x^4]) + (((-1 - I) - I*Sqrt[2])*(1 + x^2)*Sq rt[(1 + x^4)/(1 + x^2)^2]*EllipticF[2*ArcTan[x], 1/2])/(8*Sqrt[1 + x^4]) - ((I/8)*((-1 - I) + Sqrt[2])*(1 + x^2)*Sqrt[(1 + x^4)/(1 + x^2)^2]*Ellipti cF[2*ArcTan[x], 1/2])/Sqrt[1 + x^4] + ((I/8)*((-1 + I) + Sqrt[2])*(1 + x^2 )*Sqrt[(1 + x^4)/(1 + x^2)^2]*EllipticF[2*ArcTan[x], 1/2])/Sqrt[1 + x^4] + ((I/8)*((1 + I) + Sqrt[2])*(1 + x^2)*Sqrt[(1 + x^4)/(1 + x^2)^2]*Elliptic F[2*ArcTan[x], 1/2])/Sqrt[1 + x^4]
3.7.83.3.1 Defintions of rubi rules used
Int[(u_.)*((a_) + (c_.)*(x_)^(n2_.))^(p_.)*((d_) + (e_.)*(x_)^(n_))^(q_.), x_Symbol] :> Int[u*(d + e*x^n)^(p + q)*(a/d + (c/e)*x^n)^p, x] /; FreeQ[{a, c, d, e, n, p, q}, x] && EqQ[n2, 2*n] && EqQ[c*d^2 + a*e^2, 0] && (Integer Q[p] || (GtQ[a, 0] && GtQ[d, 0]))
Int[(u_)/((a_) + (b_.)*(x_)^(n_)), x_Symbol] :> With[{v = RationalFunctionE xpand[u/(a + b*x^n), x]}, Int[v, x] /; SumQ[v]] /; FreeQ[{a, b}, x] && IGtQ [n, 0]
Time = 3.03 (sec) , antiderivative size = 56, normalized size of antiderivative = 1.06
method | result | size |
default | \(-\frac {2^{\frac {3}{4}} \left (-2 \arctan \left (\frac {2^{\frac {3}{4}} \sqrt {x^{4}+1}}{2 x}\right )+\ln \left (\frac {2^{\frac {1}{4}} x +\sqrt {x^{4}+1}}{-2^{\frac {1}{4}} x +\sqrt {x^{4}+1}}\right )\right )}{8}\) | \(56\) |
pseudoelliptic | \(-\frac {2^{\frac {3}{4}} \left (-2 \arctan \left (\frac {2^{\frac {3}{4}} \sqrt {x^{4}+1}}{2 x}\right )+\ln \left (\frac {2^{\frac {1}{4}} x +\sqrt {x^{4}+1}}{-2^{\frac {1}{4}} x +\sqrt {x^{4}+1}}\right )\right )}{8}\) | \(56\) |
elliptic | \(\frac {2^{\frac {3}{4}} \left (2 \arctan \left (\frac {2^{\frac {3}{4}} \sqrt {x^{4}+1}}{2 x}\right )-\ln \left (\frac {\frac {\sqrt {2}\, \sqrt {x^{4}+1}}{2 x}+\frac {2^{\frac {3}{4}}}{2}}{\frac {\sqrt {2}\, \sqrt {x^{4}+1}}{2 x}-\frac {2^{\frac {3}{4}}}{2}}\right )\right )}{8}\) | \(73\) |
trager | \(-\frac {\operatorname {RootOf}\left (\textit {\_Z}^{2}+\operatorname {RootOf}\left (\textit {\_Z}^{4}-8\right )^{2}\right ) \ln \left (\frac {\operatorname {RootOf}\left (\textit {\_Z}^{2}+\operatorname {RootOf}\left (\textit {\_Z}^{4}-8\right )^{2}\right ) x^{2} \operatorname {RootOf}\left (\textit {\_Z}^{4}-8\right )^{2}-2 \operatorname {RootOf}\left (\textit {\_Z}^{2}+\operatorname {RootOf}\left (\textit {\_Z}^{4}-8\right )^{2}\right ) x^{4}-8 \sqrt {x^{4}+1}\, x -2 \operatorname {RootOf}\left (\textit {\_Z}^{2}+\operatorname {RootOf}\left (\textit {\_Z}^{4}-8\right )^{2}\right )}{2 x^{4}+\operatorname {RootOf}\left (\textit {\_Z}^{4}-8\right )^{2} x^{2}+2}\right )}{8}+\frac {\operatorname {RootOf}\left (\textit {\_Z}^{4}-8\right ) \ln \left (\frac {\operatorname {RootOf}\left (\textit {\_Z}^{4}-8\right )^{3} x^{2}+2 x^{4} \operatorname {RootOf}\left (\textit {\_Z}^{4}-8\right )-8 \sqrt {x^{4}+1}\, x +2 \operatorname {RootOf}\left (\textit {\_Z}^{4}-8\right )}{\operatorname {RootOf}\left (\textit {\_Z}^{4}-8\right )^{2} x^{2}-2 x^{4}-2}\right )}{8}\) | \(182\) |
-1/8*2^(3/4)*(-2*arctan(1/2*2^(3/4)/x*(x^4+1)^(1/2))+ln((2^(1/4)*x+(x^4+1) ^(1/2))/(-2^(1/4)*x+(x^4+1)^(1/2))))
Result contains complex when optimal does not.
Time = 0.37 (sec) , antiderivative size = 264, normalized size of antiderivative = 4.98 \[ \int \frac {-1+x^8}{\sqrt {1+x^4} \left (1+x^8\right )} \, dx=-\frac {1}{16} \cdot 2^{\frac {3}{4}} \log \left (-\frac {2^{\frac {3}{4}} {\left (x^{8} + 4 \, x^{4} + 1\right )} + 4 \, {\left (x^{5} + \sqrt {2} x^{3} + x\right )} \sqrt {x^{4} + 1} + 4 \cdot 2^{\frac {1}{4}} {\left (x^{6} + x^{2}\right )}}{x^{8} + 1}\right ) + \frac {1}{16} \cdot 2^{\frac {3}{4}} \log \left (\frac {2^{\frac {3}{4}} {\left (x^{8} + 4 \, x^{4} + 1\right )} - 4 \, {\left (x^{5} + \sqrt {2} x^{3} + x\right )} \sqrt {x^{4} + 1} + 4 \cdot 2^{\frac {1}{4}} {\left (x^{6} + x^{2}\right )}}{x^{8} + 1}\right ) + \frac {1}{16} i \cdot 2^{\frac {3}{4}} \log \left (\frac {2^{\frac {3}{4}} {\left (i \, x^{8} + 4 i \, x^{4} + i\right )} - 4 \, {\left (x^{5} - \sqrt {2} x^{3} + x\right )} \sqrt {x^{4} + 1} - 4 \cdot 2^{\frac {1}{4}} {\left (i \, x^{6} + i \, x^{2}\right )}}{x^{8} + 1}\right ) - \frac {1}{16} i \cdot 2^{\frac {3}{4}} \log \left (\frac {2^{\frac {3}{4}} {\left (-i \, x^{8} - 4 i \, x^{4} - i\right )} - 4 \, {\left (x^{5} - \sqrt {2} x^{3} + x\right )} \sqrt {x^{4} + 1} - 4 \cdot 2^{\frac {1}{4}} {\left (-i \, x^{6} - i \, x^{2}\right )}}{x^{8} + 1}\right ) \]
-1/16*2^(3/4)*log(-(2^(3/4)*(x^8 + 4*x^4 + 1) + 4*(x^5 + sqrt(2)*x^3 + x)* sqrt(x^4 + 1) + 4*2^(1/4)*(x^6 + x^2))/(x^8 + 1)) + 1/16*2^(3/4)*log((2^(3 /4)*(x^8 + 4*x^4 + 1) - 4*(x^5 + sqrt(2)*x^3 + x)*sqrt(x^4 + 1) + 4*2^(1/4 )*(x^6 + x^2))/(x^8 + 1)) + 1/16*I*2^(3/4)*log((2^(3/4)*(I*x^8 + 4*I*x^4 + I) - 4*(x^5 - sqrt(2)*x^3 + x)*sqrt(x^4 + 1) - 4*2^(1/4)*(I*x^6 + I*x^2)) /(x^8 + 1)) - 1/16*I*2^(3/4)*log((2^(3/4)*(-I*x^8 - 4*I*x^4 - I) - 4*(x^5 - sqrt(2)*x^3 + x)*sqrt(x^4 + 1) - 4*2^(1/4)*(-I*x^6 - I*x^2))/(x^8 + 1))
\[ \int \frac {-1+x^8}{\sqrt {1+x^4} \left (1+x^8\right )} \, dx=\int \frac {\left (x - 1\right ) \left (x + 1\right ) \left (x^{2} + 1\right ) \sqrt {x^{4} + 1}}{x^{8} + 1}\, dx \]
\[ \int \frac {-1+x^8}{\sqrt {1+x^4} \left (1+x^8\right )} \, dx=\int { \frac {x^{8} - 1}{{\left (x^{8} + 1\right )} \sqrt {x^{4} + 1}} \,d x } \]
\[ \int \frac {-1+x^8}{\sqrt {1+x^4} \left (1+x^8\right )} \, dx=\int { \frac {x^{8} - 1}{{\left (x^{8} + 1\right )} \sqrt {x^{4} + 1}} \,d x } \]
Timed out. \[ \int \frac {-1+x^8}{\sqrt {1+x^4} \left (1+x^8\right )} \, dx=\int \frac {x^8-1}{\sqrt {x^4+1}\,\left (x^8+1\right )} \,d x \]