Integrand size = 19, antiderivative size = 64 \[ \int \frac {x^3}{a-b x^2+c x^4} \, dx=\frac {b \text {arctanh}\left (\frac {b-2 c x^2}{\sqrt {b^2-4 a c}}\right )}{2 c \sqrt {b^2-4 a c}}+\frac {\log \left (a-b x^2+c x^4\right )}{4 c} \] Output:
1/2*b*arctanh((-2*c*x^2+b)/(-4*a*c+b^2)^(1/2))/c/(-4*a*c+b^2)^(1/2)+1/4*ln (c*x^4-b*x^2+a)/c
Time = 0.02 (sec) , antiderivative size = 65, normalized size of antiderivative = 1.02 \[ \int \frac {x^3}{a-b x^2+c x^4} \, dx=\frac {\frac {2 b \arctan \left (\frac {-b+2 c x^2}{\sqrt {-b^2+4 a c}}\right )}{\sqrt {-b^2+4 a c}}+\log \left (a-b x^2+c x^4\right )}{4 c} \] Input:
Integrate[x^3/(a - b*x^2 + c*x^4),x]
Output:
((2*b*ArcTan[(-b + 2*c*x^2)/Sqrt[-b^2 + 4*a*c]])/Sqrt[-b^2 + 4*a*c] + Log[ a - b*x^2 + c*x^4])/(4*c)
Time = 0.39 (sec) , antiderivative size = 68, normalized size of antiderivative = 1.06, number of steps used = 7, number of rules used = 6, \(\frac {\text {number of rules}}{\text {integrand size}}\) = 0.316, Rules used = {1434, 1142, 25, 1083, 219, 1103}
Below are the steps used by Rubi to obtain the solution. The rule number used for the transformation is given above next to the arrow. The rules definitions used are listed below.
\(\displaystyle \int \frac {x^3}{a-b x^2+c x^4} \, dx\) |
\(\Big \downarrow \) 1434 |
\(\displaystyle \frac {1}{2} \int \frac {x^2}{c x^4-b x^2+a}dx^2\) |
\(\Big \downarrow \) 1142 |
\(\displaystyle \frac {1}{2} \left (\frac {b \int \frac {1}{c x^4-b x^2+a}dx^2}{2 c}+\frac {\int -\frac {b-2 c x^2}{c x^4-b x^2+a}dx^2}{2 c}\right )\) |
\(\Big \downarrow \) 25 |
\(\displaystyle \frac {1}{2} \left (\frac {b \int \frac {1}{c x^4-b x^2+a}dx^2}{2 c}-\frac {\int \frac {b-2 c x^2}{c x^4-b x^2+a}dx^2}{2 c}\right )\) |
\(\Big \downarrow \) 1083 |
\(\displaystyle \frac {1}{2} \left (-\frac {b \int \frac {1}{-x^4+b^2-4 a c}d\left (2 c x^2-b\right )}{c}-\frac {\int \frac {b-2 c x^2}{c x^4-b x^2+a}dx^2}{2 c}\right )\) |
\(\Big \downarrow \) 219 |
\(\displaystyle \frac {1}{2} \left (-\frac {\int \frac {b-2 c x^2}{c x^4-b x^2+a}dx^2}{2 c}-\frac {b \text {arctanh}\left (\frac {2 c x^2-b}{\sqrt {b^2-4 a c}}\right )}{c \sqrt {b^2-4 a c}}\right )\) |
\(\Big \downarrow \) 1103 |
\(\displaystyle \frac {1}{2} \left (\frac {\log \left (a-b x^2+c x^4\right )}{2 c}-\frac {b \text {arctanh}\left (\frac {2 c x^2-b}{\sqrt {b^2-4 a c}}\right )}{c \sqrt {b^2-4 a c}}\right )\) |
Input:
Int[x^3/(a - b*x^2 + c*x^4),x]
Output:
(-((b*ArcTanh[(-b + 2*c*x^2)/Sqrt[b^2 - 4*a*c]])/(c*Sqrt[b^2 - 4*a*c])) + Log[a - b*x^2 + c*x^4]/(2*c))/2
Int[((a_) + (b_.)*(x_)^2)^(-1), x_Symbol] :> Simp[(1/(Rt[a, 2]*Rt[-b, 2]))* ArcTanh[Rt[-b, 2]*(x/Rt[a, 2])], x] /; FreeQ[{a, b}, x] && NegQ[a/b] && (Gt Q[a, 0] || LtQ[b, 0])
Int[((a_) + (b_.)*(x_) + (c_.)*(x_)^2)^(-1), x_Symbol] :> Simp[-2 Subst[I nt[1/Simp[b^2 - 4*a*c - x^2, x], x], x, b + 2*c*x], x] /; FreeQ[{a, b, c}, x]
Int[((d_) + (e_.)*(x_))/((a_.) + (b_.)*(x_) + (c_.)*(x_)^2), x_Symbol] :> S imp[d*(Log[RemoveContent[a + b*x + c*x^2, x]]/b), x] /; FreeQ[{a, b, c, d, e}, x] && EqQ[2*c*d - b*e, 0]
Int[((d_.) + (e_.)*(x_))/((a_) + (b_.)*(x_) + (c_.)*(x_)^2), x_Symbol] :> S imp[(2*c*d - b*e)/(2*c) Int[1/(a + b*x + c*x^2), x], x] + Simp[e/(2*c) Int[(b + 2*c*x)/(a + b*x + c*x^2), x], x] /; FreeQ[{a, b, c, d, e}, x]
Int[(x_)^(m_)*((a_) + (b_.)*(x_)^2 + (c_.)*(x_)^4)^(p_.), x_Symbol] :> Simp [1/2 Subst[Int[x^((m - 1)/2)*(a + b*x + c*x^2)^p, x], x, x^2], x] /; Free Q[{a, b, c, p}, x] && IntegerQ[(m - 1)/2]
Time = 0.08 (sec) , antiderivative size = 63, normalized size of antiderivative = 0.98
method | result | size |
default | \(\frac {\ln \left (c \,x^{4}-b \,x^{2}+a \right )}{4 c}+\frac {b \arctan \left (\frac {2 c \,x^{2}-b}{\sqrt {4 a c -b^{2}}}\right )}{2 c \sqrt {4 a c -b^{2}}}\) | \(63\) |
risch | \(\frac {\ln \left (\left (4 a b c -b^{3}-\sqrt {-b^{2} \left (4 a c -b^{2}\right )}\, b \right ) x^{2}+2 \sqrt {-b^{2} \left (4 a c -b^{2}\right )}\, a \right ) a}{4 a c -b^{2}}-\frac {\ln \left (\left (4 a b c -b^{3}-\sqrt {-b^{2} \left (4 a c -b^{2}\right )}\, b \right ) x^{2}+2 \sqrt {-b^{2} \left (4 a c -b^{2}\right )}\, a \right ) b^{2}}{4 c \left (4 a c -b^{2}\right )}+\frac {\ln \left (\left (4 a b c -b^{3}-\sqrt {-b^{2} \left (4 a c -b^{2}\right )}\, b \right ) x^{2}+2 \sqrt {-b^{2} \left (4 a c -b^{2}\right )}\, a \right ) \sqrt {-b^{2} \left (4 a c -b^{2}\right )}}{4 c \left (4 a c -b^{2}\right )}+\frac {\ln \left (\left (4 a b c -b^{3}+\sqrt {-b^{2} \left (4 a c -b^{2}\right )}\, b \right ) x^{2}-2 \sqrt {-b^{2} \left (4 a c -b^{2}\right )}\, a \right ) a}{4 a c -b^{2}}-\frac {\ln \left (\left (4 a b c -b^{3}+\sqrt {-b^{2} \left (4 a c -b^{2}\right )}\, b \right ) x^{2}-2 \sqrt {-b^{2} \left (4 a c -b^{2}\right )}\, a \right ) b^{2}}{4 c \left (4 a c -b^{2}\right )}-\frac {\ln \left (\left (4 a b c -b^{3}+\sqrt {-b^{2} \left (4 a c -b^{2}\right )}\, b \right ) x^{2}-2 \sqrt {-b^{2} \left (4 a c -b^{2}\right )}\, a \right ) \sqrt {-b^{2} \left (4 a c -b^{2}\right )}}{4 c \left (4 a c -b^{2}\right )}\) | \(477\) |
Input:
int(x^3/(c*x^4-b*x^2+a),x,method=_RETURNVERBOSE)
Output:
1/4*ln(c*x^4-b*x^2+a)/c+1/2/c*b/(4*a*c-b^2)^(1/2)*arctan((2*c*x^2-b)/(4*a* c-b^2)^(1/2))
Time = 0.08 (sec) , antiderivative size = 206, normalized size of antiderivative = 3.22 \[ \int \frac {x^3}{a-b x^2+c x^4} \, dx=\left [\frac {\sqrt {b^{2} - 4 \, a c} b \log \left (\frac {2 \, c^{2} x^{4} - 2 \, b c x^{2} + b^{2} - 2 \, a c - {\left (2 \, c x^{2} - b\right )} \sqrt {b^{2} - 4 \, a c}}{c x^{4} - b x^{2} + a}\right ) + {\left (b^{2} - 4 \, a c\right )} \log \left (c x^{4} - b x^{2} + a\right )}{4 \, {\left (b^{2} c - 4 \, a c^{2}\right )}}, -\frac {2 \, \sqrt {-b^{2} + 4 \, a c} b \arctan \left (-\frac {{\left (2 \, c x^{2} - b\right )} \sqrt {-b^{2} + 4 \, a c}}{b^{2} - 4 \, a c}\right ) - {\left (b^{2} - 4 \, a c\right )} \log \left (c x^{4} - b x^{2} + a\right )}{4 \, {\left (b^{2} c - 4 \, a c^{2}\right )}}\right ] \] Input:
integrate(x^3/(c*x^4-b*x^2+a),x, algorithm="fricas")
Output:
[1/4*(sqrt(b^2 - 4*a*c)*b*log((2*c^2*x^4 - 2*b*c*x^2 + b^2 - 2*a*c - (2*c* x^2 - b)*sqrt(b^2 - 4*a*c))/(c*x^4 - b*x^2 + a)) + (b^2 - 4*a*c)*log(c*x^4 - b*x^2 + a))/(b^2*c - 4*a*c^2), -1/4*(2*sqrt(-b^2 + 4*a*c)*b*arctan(-(2* c*x^2 - b)*sqrt(-b^2 + 4*a*c)/(b^2 - 4*a*c)) - (b^2 - 4*a*c)*log(c*x^4 - b *x^2 + a))/(b^2*c - 4*a*c^2)]
Leaf count of result is larger than twice the leaf count of optimal. 223 vs. \(2 (54) = 108\).
Time = 0.48 (sec) , antiderivative size = 223, normalized size of antiderivative = 3.48 \[ \int \frac {x^3}{a-b x^2+c x^4} \, dx=\left (- \frac {b \sqrt {- 4 a c + b^{2}}}{4 c \left (4 a c - b^{2}\right )} + \frac {1}{4 c}\right ) \log {\left (x^{2} + \frac {8 a c \left (- \frac {b \sqrt {- 4 a c + b^{2}}}{4 c \left (4 a c - b^{2}\right )} + \frac {1}{4 c}\right ) - 2 a - 2 b^{2} \left (- \frac {b \sqrt {- 4 a c + b^{2}}}{4 c \left (4 a c - b^{2}\right )} + \frac {1}{4 c}\right )}{b} \right )} + \left (\frac {b \sqrt {- 4 a c + b^{2}}}{4 c \left (4 a c - b^{2}\right )} + \frac {1}{4 c}\right ) \log {\left (x^{2} + \frac {8 a c \left (\frac {b \sqrt {- 4 a c + b^{2}}}{4 c \left (4 a c - b^{2}\right )} + \frac {1}{4 c}\right ) - 2 a - 2 b^{2} \left (\frac {b \sqrt {- 4 a c + b^{2}}}{4 c \left (4 a c - b^{2}\right )} + \frac {1}{4 c}\right )}{b} \right )} \] Input:
integrate(x**3/(c*x**4-b*x**2+a),x)
Output:
(-b*sqrt(-4*a*c + b**2)/(4*c*(4*a*c - b**2)) + 1/(4*c))*log(x**2 + (8*a*c* (-b*sqrt(-4*a*c + b**2)/(4*c*(4*a*c - b**2)) + 1/(4*c)) - 2*a - 2*b**2*(-b *sqrt(-4*a*c + b**2)/(4*c*(4*a*c - b**2)) + 1/(4*c)))/b) + (b*sqrt(-4*a*c + b**2)/(4*c*(4*a*c - b**2)) + 1/(4*c))*log(x**2 + (8*a*c*(b*sqrt(-4*a*c + b**2)/(4*c*(4*a*c - b**2)) + 1/(4*c)) - 2*a - 2*b**2*(b*sqrt(-4*a*c + b** 2)/(4*c*(4*a*c - b**2)) + 1/(4*c)))/b)
Exception generated. \[ \int \frac {x^3}{a-b x^2+c x^4} \, dx=\text {Exception raised: ValueError} \] Input:
integrate(x^3/(c*x^4-b*x^2+a),x, algorithm="maxima")
Output:
Exception raised: ValueError >> Computation failed since Maxima requested additional constraints; using the 'assume' command before evaluation *may* help (example of legal syntax is 'assume(4*a*c-b^2>0)', see `assume?` for more deta
Time = 0.33 (sec) , antiderivative size = 62, normalized size of antiderivative = 0.97 \[ \int \frac {x^3}{a-b x^2+c x^4} \, dx=\frac {b \arctan \left (\frac {2 \, c x^{2} - b}{\sqrt {-b^{2} + 4 \, a c}}\right )}{2 \, \sqrt {-b^{2} + 4 \, a c} c} + \frac {\log \left (c x^{4} - b x^{2} + a\right )}{4 \, c} \] Input:
integrate(x^3/(c*x^4-b*x^2+a),x, algorithm="giac")
Output:
1/2*b*arctan((2*c*x^2 - b)/sqrt(-b^2 + 4*a*c))/(sqrt(-b^2 + 4*a*c)*c) + 1/ 4*log(c*x^4 - b*x^2 + a)/c
Time = 18.57 (sec) , antiderivative size = 120, normalized size of antiderivative = 1.88 \[ \int \frac {x^3}{a-b x^2+c x^4} \, dx=\frac {4\,a\,c\,\ln \left (c\,x^4-b\,x^2+a\right )}{16\,a\,c^2-4\,b^2\,c}-\frac {b^2\,\ln \left (c\,x^4-b\,x^2+a\right )}{16\,a\,c^2-4\,b^2\,c}-\frac {b\,\mathrm {atan}\left (\frac {b}{\sqrt {4\,a\,c-b^2}}-\frac {2\,c\,x^2}{\sqrt {4\,a\,c-b^2}}\right )}{2\,c\,\sqrt {4\,a\,c-b^2}} \] Input:
int(x^3/(a - b*x^2 + c*x^4),x)
Output:
(4*a*c*log(a - b*x^2 + c*x^4))/(16*a*c^2 - 4*b^2*c) - (b^2*log(a - b*x^2 + c*x^4))/(16*a*c^2 - 4*b^2*c) - (b*atan(b/(4*a*c - b^2)^(1/2) - (2*c*x^2)/ (4*a*c - b^2)^(1/2)))/(2*c*(4*a*c - b^2)^(1/2))
Time = 0.16 (sec) , antiderivative size = 228, normalized size of antiderivative = 3.56 \[ \int \frac {x^3}{a-b x^2+c x^4} \, dx=\frac {-2 \sqrt {2 \sqrt {c}\, \sqrt {a}+b}\, \sqrt {2 \sqrt {c}\, \sqrt {a}-b}\, \mathit {atan} \left (\frac {\sqrt {2 \sqrt {c}\, \sqrt {a}+b}-2 \sqrt {c}\, x}{\sqrt {2 \sqrt {c}\, \sqrt {a}-b}}\right ) b -2 \sqrt {2 \sqrt {c}\, \sqrt {a}+b}\, \sqrt {2 \sqrt {c}\, \sqrt {a}-b}\, \mathit {atan} \left (\frac {\sqrt {2 \sqrt {c}\, \sqrt {a}+b}+2 \sqrt {c}\, x}{\sqrt {2 \sqrt {c}\, \sqrt {a}-b}}\right ) b +4 \,\mathrm {log}\left (-\sqrt {2 \sqrt {c}\, \sqrt {a}+b}\, x +\sqrt {a}+\sqrt {c}\, x^{2}\right ) a c -\mathrm {log}\left (-\sqrt {2 \sqrt {c}\, \sqrt {a}+b}\, x +\sqrt {a}+\sqrt {c}\, x^{2}\right ) b^{2}+4 \,\mathrm {log}\left (\sqrt {2 \sqrt {c}\, \sqrt {a}+b}\, x +\sqrt {a}+\sqrt {c}\, x^{2}\right ) a c -\mathrm {log}\left (\sqrt {2 \sqrt {c}\, \sqrt {a}+b}\, x +\sqrt {a}+\sqrt {c}\, x^{2}\right ) b^{2}}{4 c \left (4 a c -b^{2}\right )} \] Input:
int(x^3/(c*x^4-b*x^2+a),x)
Output:
( - 2*sqrt(2*sqrt(c)*sqrt(a) + b)*sqrt(2*sqrt(c)*sqrt(a) - b)*atan((sqrt(2 *sqrt(c)*sqrt(a) + b) - 2*sqrt(c)*x)/sqrt(2*sqrt(c)*sqrt(a) - b))*b - 2*sq rt(2*sqrt(c)*sqrt(a) + b)*sqrt(2*sqrt(c)*sqrt(a) - b)*atan((sqrt(2*sqrt(c) *sqrt(a) + b) + 2*sqrt(c)*x)/sqrt(2*sqrt(c)*sqrt(a) - b))*b + 4*log( - sqr t(2*sqrt(c)*sqrt(a) + b)*x + sqrt(a) + sqrt(c)*x**2)*a*c - log( - sqrt(2*s qrt(c)*sqrt(a) + b)*x + sqrt(a) + sqrt(c)*x**2)*b**2 + 4*log(sqrt(2*sqrt(c )*sqrt(a) + b)*x + sqrt(a) + sqrt(c)*x**2)*a*c - log(sqrt(2*sqrt(c)*sqrt(a ) + b)*x + sqrt(a) + sqrt(c)*x**2)*b**2)/(4*c*(4*a*c - b**2))