\(\int \frac {1}{x (1+x^2+x^4)} \, dx\) [849]

Optimal result

Integrand size = 14, antiderivative size = 39 \[ \int \frac {1}{x \left (1+x^2+x^4\right )} \, dx=-\frac {\arctan \left (\frac {1+2 x^2}{\sqrt {3}}\right )}{2 \sqrt {3}}+\log (x)-\frac {1}{4} \log \left (1+x^2+x^4\right ) \] Output:

-1/6*arctan(1/3*(2*x^2+1)*3^(1/2))*3^(1/2)+ln(x)-1/4*ln(x^4+x^2+1)
 

Mathematica [C] (verified)

Result contains complex when optimal does not.

Time = 0.03 (sec) , antiderivative size = 65, normalized size of antiderivative = 1.67 \[ \int \frac {1}{x \left (1+x^2+x^4\right )} \, dx=\log (x)-\frac {1}{12} i \left (\left (-3 i+\sqrt {3}\right ) \log \left (-i+\sqrt {3}-2 i x^2\right )-\left (3 i+\sqrt {3}\right ) \log \left (i+\sqrt {3}+2 i x^2\right )\right ) \] Input:

Integrate[1/(x*(1 + x^2 + x^4)),x]
 

Output:

Log[x] - (I/12)*((-3*I + Sqrt[3])*Log[-I + Sqrt[3] - (2*I)*x^2] - (3*I + S 
qrt[3])*Log[I + Sqrt[3] + (2*I)*x^2])
 

Rubi [A] (verified)

Time = 0.35 (sec) , antiderivative size = 43, normalized size of antiderivative = 1.10, number of steps used = 8, number of rules used = 7, \(\frac {\text {number of rules}}{\text {integrand size}}\) = 0.500, Rules used = {1434, 1144, 25, 1142, 1083, 217, 1103}

Below are the steps used by Rubi to obtain the solution. The rule number used for the transformation is given above next to the arrow. The rules definitions used are listed below.

\(\displaystyle \int \frac {1}{x \left (x^4+x^2+1\right )} \, dx\)

\(\Big \downarrow \) 1434

\(\displaystyle \frac {1}{2} \int \frac {1}{x^2 \left (x^4+x^2+1\right )}dx^2\)

\(\Big \downarrow \) 1144

\(\displaystyle \frac {1}{2} \left (\int -\frac {x^2+1}{x^4+x^2+1}dx^2+\log \left (x^2\right )\right )\)

\(\Big \downarrow \) 25

\(\displaystyle \frac {1}{2} \left (\log \left (x^2\right )-\int \frac {x^2+1}{x^4+x^2+1}dx^2\right )\)

\(\Big \downarrow \) 1142

\(\displaystyle \frac {1}{2} \left (-\frac {1}{2} \int \frac {1}{x^4+x^2+1}dx^2-\frac {1}{2} \int \frac {2 x^2+1}{x^4+x^2+1}dx^2+\log \left (x^2\right )\right )\)

\(\Big \downarrow \) 1083

\(\displaystyle \frac {1}{2} \left (\int \frac {1}{-x^4-3}d\left (2 x^2+1\right )-\frac {1}{2} \int \frac {2 x^2+1}{x^4+x^2+1}dx^2+\log \left (x^2\right )\right )\)

\(\Big \downarrow \) 217

\(\displaystyle \frac {1}{2} \left (-\frac {1}{2} \int \frac {2 x^2+1}{x^4+x^2+1}dx^2-\frac {\arctan \left (\frac {2 x^2+1}{\sqrt {3}}\right )}{\sqrt {3}}+\log \left (x^2\right )\right )\)

\(\Big \downarrow \) 1103

\(\displaystyle \frac {1}{2} \left (-\frac {\arctan \left (\frac {2 x^2+1}{\sqrt {3}}\right )}{\sqrt {3}}+\log \left (x^2\right )-\frac {1}{2} \log \left (x^4+x^2+1\right )\right )\)

Input:

Int[1/(x*(1 + x^2 + x^4)),x]
 

Output:

(-(ArcTan[(1 + 2*x^2)/Sqrt[3]]/Sqrt[3]) + Log[x^2] - Log[1 + x^2 + x^4]/2) 
/2
 

Defintions of rubi rules used

rule 25

Int[-(Fx_), x_Symbol] :> Simp[Identity[-1]   Int[Fx, x], x]
 

rule 217

Int[((a_) + (b_.)*(x_)^2)^(-1), x_Symbol] :> Simp[(-(Rt[-a, 2]*Rt[-b, 2])^( 
-1))*ArcTan[Rt[-b, 2]*(x/Rt[-a, 2])], x] /; FreeQ[{a, b}, x] && PosQ[a/b] & 
& (LtQ[a, 0] || LtQ[b, 0])
 

rule 1083

Int[((a_) + (b_.)*(x_) + (c_.)*(x_)^2)^(-1), x_Symbol] :> Simp[-2   Subst[I 
nt[1/Simp[b^2 - 4*a*c - x^2, x], x], x, b + 2*c*x], x] /; FreeQ[{a, b, c}, 
x]
 

rule 1103

Int[((d_) + (e_.)*(x_))/((a_.) + (b_.)*(x_) + (c_.)*(x_)^2), x_Symbol] :> S 
imp[d*(Log[RemoveContent[a + b*x + c*x^2, x]]/b), x] /; FreeQ[{a, b, c, d, 
e}, x] && EqQ[2*c*d - b*e, 0]
 

rule 1142

Int[((d_.) + (e_.)*(x_))/((a_) + (b_.)*(x_) + (c_.)*(x_)^2), x_Symbol] :> S 
imp[(2*c*d - b*e)/(2*c)   Int[1/(a + b*x + c*x^2), x], x] + Simp[e/(2*c) 
Int[(b + 2*c*x)/(a + b*x + c*x^2), x], x] /; FreeQ[{a, b, c, d, e}, x]
 

rule 1144

Int[1/(((d_.) + (e_.)*(x_))*((a_.) + (b_.)*(x_) + (c_.)*(x_)^2)), x_Symbol] 
 :> Simp[e*(Log[RemoveContent[d + e*x, x]]/(c*d^2 - b*d*e + a*e^2)), x] + S 
imp[1/(c*d^2 - b*d*e + a*e^2)   Int[(c*d - b*e - c*e*x)/(a + b*x + c*x^2), 
x], x] /; FreeQ[{a, b, c, d, e}, x]
 

rule 1434

Int[(x_)^(m_)*((a_) + (b_.)*(x_)^2 + (c_.)*(x_)^4)^(p_.), x_Symbol] :> Simp 
[1/2   Subst[Int[x^((m - 1)/2)*(a + b*x + c*x^2)^p, x], x, x^2], x] /; Free 
Q[{a, b, c, p}, x] && IntegerQ[(m - 1)/2]
 

Maple [A] (verified)

Time = 0.07 (sec) , antiderivative size = 31, normalized size of antiderivative = 0.79

method	result	size
risch	\(\ln \left (x \right )-\frac {\ln \left (x^{4}+x^{2}+1\right )}{4}-\frac {\sqrt {3}\, \arctan \left (\frac {2 \left (x^{2}+\frac {1}{2}\right ) \sqrt {3}}{3}\right )}{6}\)	\(31\)
default	\(-\frac {\ln \left (x^{2}+x +1\right )}{4}+\frac {\arctan \left (\frac {\left (1+2 x \right ) \sqrt {3}}{3}\right ) \sqrt {3}}{6}-\frac {\ln \left (x^{2}-x +1\right )}{4}-\frac {\sqrt {3}\, \arctan \left (\frac {\left (2 x -1\right ) \sqrt {3}}{3}\right )}{6}+\ln \left (x \right )\)	\(56\)

Input:

int(1/x/(x^4+x^2+1),x,method=_RETURNVERBOSE)
 

Output:

ln(x)-1/4*ln(x^4+x^2+1)-1/6*3^(1/2)*arctan(2/3*(x^2+1/2)*3^(1/2))
 

Fricas [A] (verification not implemented)

Time = 0.07 (sec) , antiderivative size = 32, normalized size of antiderivative = 0.82 \[ \int \frac {1}{x \left (1+x^2+x^4\right )} \, dx=-\frac {1}{6} \, \sqrt {3} \arctan \left (\frac {1}{3} \, \sqrt {3} {\left (2 \, x^{2} + 1\right )}\right ) - \frac {1}{4} \, \log \left (x^{4} + x^{2} + 1\right ) + \log \left (x\right ) \] Input:

integrate(1/x/(x^4+x^2+1),x, algorithm="fricas")
 

Output:

-1/6*sqrt(3)*arctan(1/3*sqrt(3)*(2*x^2 + 1)) - 1/4*log(x^4 + x^2 + 1) + lo 
g(x)
 

Sympy [A] (verification not implemented)

Time = 0.06 (sec) , antiderivative size = 41, normalized size of antiderivative = 1.05 \[ \int \frac {1}{x \left (1+x^2+x^4\right )} \, dx=\log {\left (x \right )} - \frac {\log {\left (x^{4} + x^{2} + 1 \right )}}{4} - \frac {\sqrt {3} \operatorname {atan}{\left (\frac {2 \sqrt {3} x^{2}}{3} + \frac {\sqrt {3}}{3} \right )}}{6} \] Input:

integrate(1/x/(x**4+x**2+1),x)
 

Output:

log(x) - log(x**4 + x**2 + 1)/4 - sqrt(3)*atan(2*sqrt(3)*x**2/3 + sqrt(3)/ 
3)/6
 

Maxima [A] (verification not implemented)

Time = 0.11 (sec) , antiderivative size = 36, normalized size of antiderivative = 0.92 \[ \int \frac {1}{x \left (1+x^2+x^4\right )} \, dx=-\frac {1}{6} \, \sqrt {3} \arctan \left (\frac {1}{3} \, \sqrt {3} {\left (2 \, x^{2} + 1\right )}\right ) - \frac {1}{4} \, \log \left (x^{4} + x^{2} + 1\right ) + \frac {1}{2} \, \log \left (x^{2}\right ) \] Input:

integrate(1/x/(x^4+x^2+1),x, algorithm="maxima")
 

Output:

-1/6*sqrt(3)*arctan(1/3*sqrt(3)*(2*x^2 + 1)) - 1/4*log(x^4 + x^2 + 1) + 1/ 
2*log(x^2)
 

Giac [A] (verification not implemented)

Time = 0.11 (sec) , antiderivative size = 36, normalized size of antiderivative = 0.92 \[ \int \frac {1}{x \left (1+x^2+x^4\right )} \, dx=-\frac {1}{6} \, \sqrt {3} \arctan \left (\frac {1}{3} \, \sqrt {3} {\left (2 \, x^{2} + 1\right )}\right ) - \frac {1}{4} \, \log \left (x^{4} + x^{2} + 1\right ) + \frac {1}{2} \, \log \left (x^{2}\right ) \] Input:

integrate(1/x/(x^4+x^2+1),x, algorithm="giac")
 

Output:

-1/6*sqrt(3)*arctan(1/3*sqrt(3)*(2*x^2 + 1)) - 1/4*log(x^4 + x^2 + 1) + 1/ 
2*log(x^2)
 

Mupad [B] (verification not implemented)

Time = 18.52 (sec) , antiderivative size = 34, normalized size of antiderivative = 0.87 \[ \int \frac {1}{x \left (1+x^2+x^4\right )} \, dx=\ln \left (x\right )-\frac {\ln \left (x^4+x^2+1\right )}{4}-\frac {\sqrt {3}\,\mathrm {atan}\left (\frac {2\,\sqrt {3}\,x^2}{3}+\frac {\sqrt {3}}{3}\right )}{6} \] Input:

int(1/(x*(x^2 + x^4 + 1)),x)
                                                                                    
                                                                                    
 

Output:

log(x) - log(x^2 + x^4 + 1)/4 - (3^(1/2)*atan(3^(1/2)/3 + (2*3^(1/2)*x^2)/ 
3))/6
 

Reduce [B] (verification not implemented)

Time = 0.15 (sec) , antiderivative size = 53, normalized size of antiderivative = 1.36 \[ \int \frac {1}{x \left (1+x^2+x^4\right )} \, dx=-\frac {\sqrt {3}\, \mathit {atan} \left (\frac {2 x -1}{\sqrt {3}}\right )}{6}+\frac {\sqrt {3}\, \mathit {atan} \left (\frac {2 x +1}{\sqrt {3}}\right )}{6}-\frac {\mathrm {log}\left (x^{2}-x +1\right )}{4}-\frac {\mathrm {log}\left (x^{2}+x +1\right )}{4}+\mathrm {log}\left (x \right ) \] Input:

int(1/x/(x^4+x^2+1),x)
 

Output:

( - 2*sqrt(3)*atan((2*x - 1)/sqrt(3)) + 2*sqrt(3)*atan((2*x + 1)/sqrt(3)) 
- 3*log(x**2 - x + 1) - 3*log(x**2 + x + 1) + 12*log(x))/12