Integrand size = 11, antiderivative size = 213 \[ \int \frac {1}{a-b \cos ^8(x)} \, dx=-\frac {\arctan \left (\frac {\sqrt {\sqrt [4]{a}-\sqrt [4]{b}} \cot (x)}{\sqrt [8]{a}}\right )}{4 a^{7/8} \sqrt {\sqrt [4]{a}-\sqrt [4]{b}}}-\frac {\arctan \left (\frac {\sqrt {\sqrt [4]{a}-i \sqrt [4]{b}} \cot (x)}{\sqrt [8]{a}}\right )}{4 a^{7/8} \sqrt {\sqrt [4]{a}-i \sqrt [4]{b}}}-\frac {\arctan \left (\frac {\sqrt {\sqrt [4]{a}+i \sqrt [4]{b}} \cot (x)}{\sqrt [8]{a}}\right )}{4 a^{7/8} \sqrt {\sqrt [4]{a}+i \sqrt [4]{b}}}-\frac {\arctan \left (\frac {\sqrt {\sqrt [4]{a}+\sqrt [4]{b}} \cot (x)}{\sqrt [8]{a}}\right )}{4 a^{7/8} \sqrt {\sqrt [4]{a}+\sqrt [4]{b}}} \] Output:
-1/4*arctan((a^(1/4)-b^(1/4))^(1/2)*cot(x)/a^(1/8))/a^(7/8)/(a^(1/4)-b^(1/ 4))^(1/2)-1/4*arctan((a^(1/4)-I*b^(1/4))^(1/2)*cot(x)/a^(1/8))/a^(7/8)/(a^ (1/4)-I*b^(1/4))^(1/2)-1/4*arctan((a^(1/4)+I*b^(1/4))^(1/2)*cot(x)/a^(1/8) )/a^(7/8)/(a^(1/4)+I*b^(1/4))^(1/2)-1/4*arctan((a^(1/4)+b^(1/4))^(1/2)*cot (x)/a^(1/8))/a^(7/8)/(a^(1/4)+b^(1/4))^(1/2)
Result contains higher order function than in optimal. Order 9 vs. order 3 in optimal.
Time = 5.15 (sec) , antiderivative size = 172, normalized size of antiderivative = 0.81 \[ \int \frac {1}{a-b \cos ^8(x)} \, dx=-8 \text {RootSum}\left [b+8 b \text {$\#$1}+28 b \text {$\#$1}^2+56 b \text {$\#$1}^3-256 a \text {$\#$1}^4+70 b \text {$\#$1}^4+56 b \text {$\#$1}^5+28 b \text {$\#$1}^6+8 b \text {$\#$1}^7+b \text {$\#$1}^8\&,\frac {2 \arctan \left (\frac {\sin (2 x)}{\cos (2 x)-\text {$\#$1}}\right ) \text {$\#$1}^3-i \log \left (1-2 \cos (2 x) \text {$\#$1}+\text {$\#$1}^2\right ) \text {$\#$1}^3}{b+7 b \text {$\#$1}+21 b \text {$\#$1}^2-128 a \text {$\#$1}^3+35 b \text {$\#$1}^3+35 b \text {$\#$1}^4+21 b \text {$\#$1}^5+7 b \text {$\#$1}^6+b \text {$\#$1}^7}\&\right ] \] Input:
Integrate[(a - b*Cos[x]^8)^(-1),x]
Output:
-8*RootSum[b + 8*b*#1 + 28*b*#1^2 + 56*b*#1^3 - 256*a*#1^4 + 70*b*#1^4 + 5 6*b*#1^5 + 28*b*#1^6 + 8*b*#1^7 + b*#1^8 & , (2*ArcTan[Sin[2*x]/(Cos[2*x] - #1)]*#1^3 - I*Log[1 - 2*Cos[2*x]*#1 + #1^2]*#1^3)/(b + 7*b*#1 + 21*b*#1^ 2 - 128*a*#1^3 + 35*b*#1^3 + 35*b*#1^4 + 21*b*#1^5 + 7*b*#1^6 + b*#1^7) & ]
Time = 0.50 (sec) , antiderivative size = 213, normalized size of antiderivative = 1.00, number of steps used = 6, number of rules used = 5, \(\frac {\text {number of rules}}{\text {integrand size}}\) = 0.455, Rules used = {3042, 3690, 3042, 3660, 216}
Below are the steps used by Rubi to obtain the solution. The rule number used for the transformation is given above next to the arrow. The rules definitions used are listed below.
\(\displaystyle \int \frac {1}{a-b \cos ^8(x)} \, dx\) |
\(\Big \downarrow \) 3042 |
\(\displaystyle \int \frac {1}{a-b \sin \left (x+\frac {\pi }{2}\right )^8}dx\) |
\(\Big \downarrow \) 3690 |
\(\displaystyle \frac {\int \frac {1}{1-\frac {\sqrt [4]{b} \cos ^2(x)}{\sqrt [4]{a}}}dx}{4 a}+\frac {\int \frac {1}{1-\frac {i \sqrt [4]{b} \cos ^2(x)}{\sqrt [4]{a}}}dx}{4 a}+\frac {\int \frac {1}{\frac {i \sqrt [4]{b} \cos ^2(x)}{\sqrt [4]{a}}+1}dx}{4 a}+\frac {\int \frac {1}{\frac {\sqrt [4]{b} \cos ^2(x)}{\sqrt [4]{a}}+1}dx}{4 a}\) |
\(\Big \downarrow \) 3042 |
\(\displaystyle \frac {\int \frac {1}{1-\frac {\sqrt [4]{b} \sin \left (x+\frac {\pi }{2}\right )^2}{\sqrt [4]{a}}}dx}{4 a}+\frac {\int \frac {1}{1-\frac {i \sqrt [4]{b} \sin \left (x+\frac {\pi }{2}\right )^2}{\sqrt [4]{a}}}dx}{4 a}+\frac {\int \frac {1}{\frac {i \sqrt [4]{b} \sin \left (x+\frac {\pi }{2}\right )^2}{\sqrt [4]{a}}+1}dx}{4 a}+\frac {\int \frac {1}{\frac {\sqrt [4]{b} \sin \left (x+\frac {\pi }{2}\right )^2}{\sqrt [4]{a}}+1}dx}{4 a}\) |
\(\Big \downarrow \) 3660 |
\(\displaystyle -\frac {\int \frac {1}{\left (1-\frac {\sqrt [4]{b}}{\sqrt [4]{a}}\right ) \cot ^2(x)+1}d\cot (x)}{4 a}-\frac {\int \frac {1}{\left (1-\frac {i \sqrt [4]{b}}{\sqrt [4]{a}}\right ) \cot ^2(x)+1}d\cot (x)}{4 a}-\frac {\int \frac {1}{\left (\frac {i \sqrt [4]{b}}{\sqrt [4]{a}}+1\right ) \cot ^2(x)+1}d\cot (x)}{4 a}-\frac {\int \frac {1}{\left (\frac {\sqrt [4]{b}}{\sqrt [4]{a}}+1\right ) \cot ^2(x)+1}d\cot (x)}{4 a}\) |
\(\Big \downarrow \) 216 |
\(\displaystyle -\frac {\arctan \left (\frac {\sqrt {\sqrt [4]{a}-\sqrt [4]{b}} \cot (x)}{\sqrt [8]{a}}\right )}{4 a^{7/8} \sqrt {\sqrt [4]{a}-\sqrt [4]{b}}}-\frac {\arctan \left (\frac {\sqrt {\sqrt [4]{a}-i \sqrt [4]{b}} \cot (x)}{\sqrt [8]{a}}\right )}{4 a^{7/8} \sqrt {\sqrt [4]{a}-i \sqrt [4]{b}}}-\frac {\arctan \left (\frac {\sqrt {\sqrt [4]{a}+i \sqrt [4]{b}} \cot (x)}{\sqrt [8]{a}}\right )}{4 a^{7/8} \sqrt {\sqrt [4]{a}+i \sqrt [4]{b}}}-\frac {\arctan \left (\frac {\sqrt {\sqrt [4]{a}+\sqrt [4]{b}} \cot (x)}{\sqrt [8]{a}}\right )}{4 a^{7/8} \sqrt {\sqrt [4]{a}+\sqrt [4]{b}}}\) |
Input:
Int[(a - b*Cos[x]^8)^(-1),x]
Output:
-1/4*ArcTan[(Sqrt[a^(1/4) - b^(1/4)]*Cot[x])/a^(1/8)]/(a^(7/8)*Sqrt[a^(1/4 ) - b^(1/4)]) - ArcTan[(Sqrt[a^(1/4) - I*b^(1/4)]*Cot[x])/a^(1/8)]/(4*a^(7 /8)*Sqrt[a^(1/4) - I*b^(1/4)]) - ArcTan[(Sqrt[a^(1/4) + I*b^(1/4)]*Cot[x]) /a^(1/8)]/(4*a^(7/8)*Sqrt[a^(1/4) + I*b^(1/4)]) - ArcTan[(Sqrt[a^(1/4) + b ^(1/4)]*Cot[x])/a^(1/8)]/(4*a^(7/8)*Sqrt[a^(1/4) + b^(1/4)])
Int[((a_) + (b_.)*(x_)^2)^(-1), x_Symbol] :> Simp[(1/(Rt[a, 2]*Rt[b, 2]))*A rcTan[Rt[b, 2]*(x/Rt[a, 2])], x] /; FreeQ[{a, b}, x] && PosQ[a/b] && (GtQ[a , 0] || GtQ[b, 0])
Int[((a_) + (b_.)*sin[(e_.) + (f_.)*(x_)]^2)^(-1), x_Symbol] :> With[{ff = FreeFactors[Tan[e + f*x], x]}, Simp[ff/f Subst[Int[1/(a + (a + b)*ff^2*x^ 2), x], x, Tan[e + f*x]/ff], x]] /; FreeQ[{a, b, e, f}, x]
Int[((a_) + (b_.)*sin[(e_.) + (f_.)*(x_)]^(n_))^(-1), x_Symbol] :> Module[{ k}, Simp[2/(a*n) Sum[Int[1/(1 - Sin[e + f*x]^2/((-1)^(4*(k/n))*Rt[-a/b, n /2])), x], {k, 1, n/2}], x]] /; FreeQ[{a, b, e, f}, x] && IntegerQ[n/2]
Result contains higher order function than in optimal. Order 9 vs. order 3.
Time = 2.36 (sec) , antiderivative size = 78, normalized size of antiderivative = 0.37
method | result | size |
default | \(\frac {\munderset {\textit {\_R} =\operatorname {RootOf}\left (\textit {\_Z}^{8} a +4 \textit {\_Z}^{6} a +6 \textit {\_Z}^{4} a +4 \textit {\_Z}^{2} a +a -b \right )}{\sum }\frac {\left (\textit {\_R}^{6}+3 \textit {\_R}^{4}+3 \textit {\_R}^{2}+1\right ) \ln \left (\tan \left (x \right )-\textit {\_R} \right )}{\textit {\_R}^{7}+3 \textit {\_R}^{5}+3 \textit {\_R}^{3}+\textit {\_R}}}{8 a}\) | \(78\) |
risch | \(\munderset {\textit {\_R} =\operatorname {RootOf}\left (1+\left (16777216 a^{8}-16777216 a^{7} b \right ) \textit {\_Z}^{8}+1048576 a^{6} \textit {\_Z}^{6}+24576 a^{4} \textit {\_Z}^{4}+256 a^{2} \textit {\_Z}^{2}\right )}{\sum }\textit {\_R} \ln \left ({\mathrm e}^{2 i x}+\left (-\frac {4194304 i a^{8}}{b}+4194304 i a^{7}\right ) \textit {\_R}^{7}+\left (\frac {524288 a^{7}}{b}-524288 a^{6}\right ) \textit {\_R}^{6}+\left (-\frac {196608 i a^{6}}{b}-65536 i a^{5}\right ) \textit {\_R}^{5}+\left (\frac {24576 a^{5}}{b}+8192 a^{4}\right ) \textit {\_R}^{4}+\left (-\frac {3072 i a^{4}}{b}+1024 i a^{3}\right ) \textit {\_R}^{3}+\left (\frac {384 a^{3}}{b}-128 a^{2}\right ) \textit {\_R}^{2}+\left (-\frac {16 i a^{2}}{b}-16 i a \right ) \textit {\_R} +\frac {2 a}{b}+1\right )\) | \(193\) |
Input:
int(1/(a-b*cos(x)^8),x,method=_RETURNVERBOSE)
Output:
1/8/a*sum((_R^6+3*_R^4+3*_R^2+1)/(_R^7+3*_R^5+3*_R^3+_R)*ln(tan(x)-_R),_R= RootOf(_Z^8*a+4*_Z^6*a+6*_Z^4*a+4*_Z^2*a+a-b))
Both result and optimal contain complex but leaf count of result is larger than twice the leaf count of optimal. 643291 vs. \(2 (133) = 266\).
Time = 6.51 (sec) , antiderivative size = 643291, normalized size of antiderivative = 3020.15 \[ \int \frac {1}{a-b \cos ^8(x)} \, dx=\text {Too large to display} \] Input:
integrate(1/(a-b*cos(x)^8),x, algorithm="fricas")
Output:
Too large to include
\[ \int \frac {1}{a-b \cos ^8(x)} \, dx=\int \frac {1}{a - b \cos ^{8}{\left (x \right )}}\, dx \] Input:
integrate(1/(a-b*cos(x)**8),x)
Output:
Integral(1/(a - b*cos(x)**8), x)
\[ \int \frac {1}{a-b \cos ^8(x)} \, dx=\int { -\frac {1}{b \cos \left (x\right )^{8} - a} \,d x } \] Input:
integrate(1/(a-b*cos(x)^8),x, algorithm="maxima")
Output:
-integrate(1/(b*cos(x)^8 - a), x)
\[ \int \frac {1}{a-b \cos ^8(x)} \, dx=\int { -\frac {1}{b \cos \left (x\right )^{8} - a} \,d x } \] Input:
integrate(1/(a-b*cos(x)^8),x, algorithm="giac")
Output:
integrate(-1/(b*cos(x)^8 - a), x)
Time = 1.66 (sec) , antiderivative size = 216, normalized size of antiderivative = 1.01 \[ \int \frac {1}{a-b \cos ^8(x)} \, dx=\sum _{k=1}^8\ln \left (-{\mathrm {root}\left (16777216\,a^7\,b\,d^8-16777216\,a^8\,d^8-1048576\,a^6\,d^6-24576\,a^4\,d^4-256\,a^2\,d^2-1,d,k\right )}^4\,a^5\,b^5\,\left ({\mathrm {root}\left (16777216\,a^7\,b\,d^8-16777216\,a^8\,d^8-1048576\,a^6\,d^6-24576\,a^4\,d^4-256\,a^2\,d^2-1,d,k\right )}^2\,a^2\,64+1\right )\,\left (\mathrm {root}\left (16777216\,a^7\,b\,d^8-16777216\,a^8\,d^8-1048576\,a^6\,d^6-24576\,a^4\,d^4-256\,a^2\,d^2-1,d,k\right )\,a\,\mathrm {tan}\left (x\right )\,8-1\right )\,4096\right )\,\mathrm {root}\left (16777216\,a^7\,b\,d^8-16777216\,a^8\,d^8-1048576\,a^6\,d^6-24576\,a^4\,d^4-256\,a^2\,d^2-1,d,k\right ) \] Input:
int(1/(a - b*cos(x)^8),x)
Output:
symsum(log(-4096*root(16777216*a^7*b*d^8 - 16777216*a^8*d^8 - 1048576*a^6* d^6 - 24576*a^4*d^4 - 256*a^2*d^2 - 1, d, k)^4*a^5*b^5*(64*root(16777216*a ^7*b*d^8 - 16777216*a^8*d^8 - 1048576*a^6*d^6 - 24576*a^4*d^4 - 256*a^2*d^ 2 - 1, d, k)^2*a^2 + 1)*(8*root(16777216*a^7*b*d^8 - 16777216*a^8*d^8 - 10 48576*a^6*d^6 - 24576*a^4*d^4 - 256*a^2*d^2 - 1, d, k)*a*tan(x) - 1))*root (16777216*a^7*b*d^8 - 16777216*a^8*d^8 - 1048576*a^6*d^6 - 24576*a^4*d^4 - 256*a^2*d^2 - 1, d, k), k, 1, 8)
\[ \int \frac {1}{a-b \cos ^8(x)} \, dx=-\left (\int \frac {1}{\cos \left (x \right )^{8} b -a}d x \right ) \] Input:
int(1/(a-b*cos(x)^8),x)
Output:
- int(1/(cos(x)**8*b - a),x)