Finite domain (bar), Both ends homogeneous BC

Solve the heat equation \[ u_t = u_{xx} \] For $0<x<L$ and $t>0$. The boundary conditions are \begin {align*} u(0,t) &= 0 \\ u(L,t) &= 0 \end {align*}

Mathematica ✓

ClearAll["Global`*"]; 
pde =  D[u[x, t], t] == k*D[u[x, t], {x, 2}]; 
bc  = {u[0, t] == 0, u[L, t] == 0}; 
ic  = u[x, 0] == f[x]; 
sol =  AbsoluteTiming[TimeConstrained[DSolve[{pde, ic, bc}, u[x, t], {x, t},Assumptions->{k>0,L>0}], 60*10]]; 
sol =  sol /. {K[1] -> n}

\[\left \{\left \{u(x,t)\to \sum _{n=1}^\infty \frac {2 e^{-\frac {k n^2 \pi ^2 t}{L^2}} \left (\int _0^L f(x) \sin \left (\frac {n \pi x}{L}\right ) \, dx\right ) \sin \left (\frac {n \pi x}{L}\right )}{L}\right \}\right \}\]

Maple ✓

restart; 
pde := diff(u(x,t), t) = k*diff(u(x,t), x, x); 
bc  := u(0,t) = 0, u(L,t) = 0; 
ic  := u(x,0) = f(x); 
cpu_time := timelimit(60*10,CodeTools[Usage](assign('sol', pdsolve([pde, ic, bc],u(x,t)) assuming k>0,L>0),output='realtime'));

\[u \left (x , t\right ) = \sum _{n=1}^\infty \frac {2 \left (\int _{0}^{L}f \left (x \right ) \sin \left (\frac {\pi n x}{L}\right )d x \right ) {\mathrm e}^{-\frac {\pi ^{2} k \,n^{2} t}{L^{2}}} \sin \left (\frac {\pi n x}{L}\right )}{L}\]

\[ u_{t}=ku_{xx}\] BC\begin {align*} u\left ( 0,t\right ) & =0\qquad t>0\\ u\left ( L,t\right ) & =0\qquad t>0 \end {align*}

Initial conditions\[ u\left ( x,0\right ) =f\left ( x\right ) \qquad 0<x<L \] Solution

Using separation of variables, let $u\left ( x,t\right ) =X\left ( x\right ) T\left ( t\right ) $. Substituting this back into the PDE gives\begin {align*} T^{\prime }X & =kX^{\prime \prime }T\\ \frac {1}{k}\frac {T^{\prime }}{T} & =\frac {X^{\prime \prime }}{X}=-\lambda \end {align*}

Where the separation constant is some real value $-\lambda $. This gives the following two ODE’s to solve\begin {align} T^{\prime }+\lambda kT & =0\tag {1}\\ X^{\prime \prime }+\lambda X & =0 \tag {2} \end {align}

Starting with the spatial ODE in order to obtain the eigenvalues and eigenfunctions. The boundary conditions on the spatial ODE become\begin {align*} X\left ( 0\right ) & =0\\ X\left ( L\right ) & =0 \end {align*}

There are three cases to consider, depending on if $\lambda <0,\lambda =0,\lambda >0$. Each one of these cases give a diﬀerent solution.

Case 1 Assuming $\lambda <0$. Therefore $-\lambda $ is positive say $\mu $. The solution (2) can now be written as\begin {equation} X\left ( x\right ) =c_{1}\cosh \left ( \sqrt {\mu }x\right ) +c_{2}\sinh \left ( \sqrt {\mu }x\right ) \tag {3B} \end {equation} Applying left boundary conditions to (3B) gives\[ 0=c_{1}\] The solution (3B) now reduces to\[ X\left ( x\right ) =c_{2}\sinh \left ( \sqrt {\mu }x\right ) \] Applying right side boundary conditions to the above results in\[ 0=c_{2}\sinh \left ( \sqrt {\mu }L\right ) \] But $\sinh \left ( \sqrt {\mu }L\right ) \neq 0$ since it was assumed $\mu $ is not zero and $\sinh $ is only zero when its argument is zero. The only possibility then is that $c_{2}=0,$ which leads to trivial solution. Therefore $\lambda <0$ is not an eigenvalue.

Case 2. Assuming $\lambda =0$. The ODE becomes $X^{\prime \prime }=0$, which has the solution \[ X\left ( x\right ) =c_{1}x+c_{2}\] Applying left side B.C. gives\[ 0=c_{2}\] The solution now reduces to \[ X\left ( x\right ) =c_{1}x \] Applying right side B.C. gives\[ 0=c_{1}L \] Leading to the trivial solution. Therefore $\lambda =0$ is not an eigenvalue.

Case 3 Assuming $\lambda >0$. In this case equation $\sqrt {-\lambda }$ is complex and solution to equation (2) can be expressed in terms of trig functions using Euler relation which results in\begin {equation} X\left ( x\right ) =c_{1}\cos \left ( \sqrt {\lambda }x\right ) +c_{2}\sin \left ( \sqrt {\lambda }x\right ) \tag {4} \end {equation} Applying left side B.C. gives\[ 0=c_{1}\] Solution (4) now reduces to\begin {equation} X\left ( x\right ) =C_{2}\sin \left ( \sqrt {\lambda }x\right ) \tag {5} \end {equation} Applying right side B.C. gives\[ 0=C_{2}\sin \left ( \sqrt {\lambda }L\right ) \] Non-trivial solution implies $\sin \left ( \sqrt {\lambda }L\right ) =0$ or $\sqrt {\lambda }L=n\pi $ for $n=1,2,3,\cdots $. Therefore the eigenvalues are\[ \lambda _{n}=\left ( \frac {n\pi }{L}\right ) ^{2}\qquad n=1,2,3,\cdots \] And the corresponding eigenfunctions from (5) are\begin {equation} X_{n}\left ( x\right ) =C_{n}\sin \left ( \sqrt {\lambda _{n}}x\right ) \tag {6} \end {equation} Now that the eigenvalues are known, the solution to the time ODE (1) can be found.\[ T^{\prime }+\lambda _{n}kT=0 \] This has the solution (using an integrating factor method)\begin {equation} T_{n}\left ( t\right ) =e^{-\lambda _{n}kt} \tag {7} \end {equation} The constant of integration is not needed for (7) since it will be absorbed with the constant of integration coming from solution of the spatial ODE (6) when these solutions are multiplied with each others below. Therefore the fundamental solution is\[ u_{n}\left ( x,t\right ) =T_{n}\left ( t\right ) X_{n}\left ( x\right ) \] Linear combination of fundamental solutions is also a solution (since this is a linear PDE). Therefore the general solution is given by\begin {align} u\left ( x,t\right ) & =\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }u_{n}\nonumber \\ & =\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }T_{n}\left ( t\right ) X_{n}\left ( x\right ) \nonumber \\ & =\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }C_{n}e^{-k\lambda _{n}t}\sin \left ( \sqrt {\lambda _{n}}x\right ) \tag {8} \end {align}

The initial condition is now used to determine $c_{n}$, . At $t=0$, $u\left ( x,0\right ) =f\left ( x\right ) $ and the above becomes\[ f\left ( x\right ) =\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }C_{n}\sin \left ( \sqrt {\lambda _{n}}x\right ) \] Multiplying both sides of the above equation by eigenfunction $\sin \left ( \sqrt {\lambda _{m}}x\right ) $ and integrating over the domain of $f\left ( x\right ) $ gives\[ \int _{0}^{L}f\left ( x\right ) \sin \left ( \sqrt {\lambda _{m}}x\right ) dx=\int _{0}^{L}\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }C_{n}\sin \left ( \sqrt {\lambda _{n}}x\right ) \sin \left ( \sqrt {\lambda _{m}}x\right ) dx \] Interchanging the order of summation and integration gives\[ \int _{0}^{L}f\left ( x\right ) \sin \left ( \sqrt {\lambda _{m}}x\right ) dx=\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }C_{n}\int _{0}^{L}\sin \left ( \sqrt {\lambda _{n}}x\right ) \sin \left ( \sqrt {\lambda _{m}}x\right ) dx \] By the orthogonality of the sine functions, all terms in the right side vanish except when $n=m$, leading to\begin {align*} \int _{0}^{L}f\left ( x\right ) \sin \left ( \sqrt {\lambda _{m}}x\right ) dx & =C_{m}\int _{0}^{L}\sin ^{2}\left ( \sqrt {\lambda _{m}}x\right ) dx\\ & =C_{m}\frac {L}{2} \end {align*}

Therefore (replacing $m$ back to $n$ now, since it is arbitrary)\[ C_{n}=\frac {2}{L}\int _{0}^{L}f\left ( x\right ) \sin \left ( \sqrt {\lambda _{n}}x\right ) dx\qquad n=1,2,3,\cdots \]

Summary of solution \[ u\left ( x,t\right ) =\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }C_{n}e^{-\left ( \frac {n\pi }{L}\right ) ^{2}\lambda _{n}t}\sin \left ( \frac {n\pi }{L}x\right ) \]

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4.1.1.2 [152] Speciﬁc initial condition

Solve the heat equation \[ u_t = k u_{xx} \] For $0<x<L$ and $t>0$. The boundary conditions are \begin {align*} u(0,t) &= 0 \\ u(L,t) &= 0 \end {align*}

Initial condition is $u(x,0)=f(x)$ using the following speciﬁc values \begin {align*} f(x) &= 100\\ k&=\frac {1}{100}\\ L&=10 \end {align*}

Mathematica ✓

ClearAll["Global`*"]; 
k=1/100; 
 L=10; 
 f=100; 
pde =  D[u[x, t], t] == k*D[u[x, t], {x, 2}]; 
bc  = {u[0, t] == 0, u[L, t] == 0}; 
ic  = u[x, 0] == f; 
sol =  AbsoluteTiming[TimeConstrained[DSolve[{pde, ic, bc}, u[x, t], {x, t}], 60*10]]; 
sol =  sol /. {K[1] -> n}

\[\left \{\left \{u(x,t)\to \sum _{n=1}^\infty -\frac {200 \left (-1+(-1)^n\right ) e^{-\frac {n^2 \pi ^2 t}{10000}} \sin \left (\frac {n \pi x}{10}\right )}{n \pi }\right \}\right \}\]

Maple ✓

restart; 
k:=1/100; 
L:=10; 
f:=100; 
pde := diff(u(x,t), t) = k*diff(u(x,t), x, x); 
bc  := u(0,t) = 0, u(L,t) = 0; 
ic  := u(x,0) = f; 
cpu_time := timelimit(60*10,CodeTools[Usage](assign('sol', pdsolve([pde, ic, bc],u(x,t))),output='realtime'));

\[u \left (x , t\right ) = \sum _{n=1}^\infty \left (-\frac {200 \left (\left (-1\right )^{n}-1\right ) {\mathrm e}^{-\frac {\pi ^{2} n^{2} t}{10000}} \sin \left (\frac {\pi n x}{10}\right )}{\pi n}\right )\]

The basic solution for this type of PDE was already given in problem 4.1.1.1 on page 405 as\begin {align*} u\left ( x,t\right ) & =\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }C_{n}e^{-\left ( \frac {n\pi }{L}\right ) ^{2}\lambda _{n}t}\sin \left ( \frac {n\pi }{L}x\right ) \\ C_{n} & =\frac {2}{L}\int _{0}^{L}f\left ( x\right ) \sin \left ( \frac {n\pi }{L}x\right ) dx\qquad n=1,2,3,\cdots \end {align*}

In this case $L=10,k=\frac {1}{100},f\left ( x\right ) =100$. Hence the solution becomes\begin {align*} C_{n} & =\frac {2}{10}\int _{0}^{10}100\sin \left ( \frac {n\pi }{10}x\right ) dx\\ & =\frac {200}{\pi n}\left ( 1-\cos \left ( n\pi \right ) \right ) \\ & =\frac {200}{\pi n}\left ( 1+\left ( -1\right ) ^{n+1}\right ) \end {align*}

Hence\[ u\left ( x,t\right ) =\frac {200}{\pi }\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }\frac {1}{n}\left ( 1+\left ( -1\right ) ^{n+1}\right ) e^{-\left ( \frac {n\pi }{10}\right ) ^{2}\lambda _{n}t}\sin \left ( \frac {n\pi }{10}x\right ) \] The following is an animation of the solution

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4.1.1.3 [153] IC $u=x(1-x)$

Solve the heat equation \[ u_t = \frac {1}{100} u_{xx} \] For $0<x<1$ and $t>0$. The boundary conditions are \begin {align*} u(0,t) &= 0 \\ u(L,t) &= 0 \end {align*}

Mathematica ✓

ClearAll["Global`*"]; 
pde =  D[u[x, t], t] == 1/100*D[u[x, t], {x, 2}]; 
bc  = {u[0, t] == 0, u[1, t] == 0}; 
ic  = u[x, 0] == x*(1-x); 
sol =  AbsoluteTiming[TimeConstrained[DSolve[{pde, ic, bc}, u[x, t], {x, t},Assumptions->{k>0,L>0}], 60*10]]; 
sol =  sol /. {K[1] -> n}

\[\left \{\left \{u(x,t)\to \sum _{n=1}^\infty -\frac {4 \left (-1+(-1)^n\right ) e^{-\frac {1}{100} n^2 \pi ^2 t} \sin (n \pi x)}{n^3 \pi ^3}\right \}\right \}\]

Maple ✓

restart; 
pde := diff(u(x,t), t) = 1/100*diff(u(x,t), x, x); 
bc  := u(0,t) = 0, u(1,t) = 0; 
ic  := u(x,0) = x*(1-x); 
cpu_time := timelimit(60*10,CodeTools[Usage](assign('sol', pdsolve([pde, ic, bc],u(x,t))),output='realtime'));

\[u \left (x , t\right ) = \sum _{n=1}^\infty \left (-\frac {4 \left (\left (-1\right )^{n}-1\right ) {\mathrm e}^{-\frac {\pi ^{2} n^{2} t}{100}} \sin \left (\pi n x \right )}{\pi ^{3} n^{3}}\right )\]

Solve $u_{t}=\frac {1}{100}u_{xx}$ with $0<x<1$ and initial conditions $u\left ( x,0\right ) =x\left ( 1-x\right ) $

But $\int _{0}^{1}x\left ( 1-x\right ) \sin \left ( n\pi x\right ) dx=\frac {2\left ( 1+\left ( -1\right ) ^{n+1}\right ) }{n^{3}\pi ^{3}}$. Hence\[ B_{n}=\frac {4\left ( 1+\left ( -1\right ) ^{n+1}\right ) }{n^{3}\pi ^{3}}\] And the solution becomes\[ u\left ( x,t\right ) =\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }\frac {4\left ( 1+\left ( -1\right ) ^{n+1}\right ) }{n^{3}\pi ^{3}}e^{-k\left ( n\pi \right ) ^{2}t}\sin \left ( n\pi x\right ) \] This is animation of the solution for $30$ seconds. (Animation will only show in the HTML version)

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4.1.1.4 [154] Haberman 2.3.3 (a)

This is problem 2.3.3, part (a) from Richard Haberman applied partial diﬀerential equations, 5th edition.

Consider the heat equation \[ u_t = k u_{xx} \] Subject to boundary conditions $u(0,t)=0$ and $u(L,t)=0$ with the temperature initially $u(x,0)=6 \sin \left ( \frac {9 \pi x}{L} \right )$

Mathematica ✓

ClearAll["Global`*"]; 
pde =  D[u[x, t], t] == k*D[u[x, t], {x, 2}]; 
bc  = {u[0, t] == 0, u[L, t] == 0}; 
ic  = u[x, 0] == 6*Sin[(9*Pi*x)/L]; 
sol =  AbsoluteTiming[TimeConstrained[DSolve[{pde, bc, ic}, u[x, t], {x, t}], 60*10]];

\[\left \{\left \{u(x,t)\to 6 e^{-\frac {81 \pi ^2 k t}{L^2}} \sin \left (\frac {9 \pi x}{L}\right )\right \}\right \}\]

Maple ✓

restart; 
interface(showassumed=0); 
pde := diff(u(x,t),t)=k*diff(u(x,t),x$2); 
bc  := u(0,t)=0,u(L,t)=0; 
ic  := u(x,0)=6*sin(9*Pi*x/L); 
cpu_time := timelimit(60*10,CodeTools[Usage](assign('sol',pdsolve([pde,bc,ic],u(x,t)) assuming k>0,L>0),output='realtime'));

\[u \left (x , t\right ) = 6 \,{\mathrm e}^{-\frac {81 \pi ^{2} k t}{L^{2}}} \sin \left (\frac {9 \pi x}{L}\right )\]

Solve $u_{t}=ku_{xx}$ with $0<x<L$ and initial conditions $u\left ( x,0\right ) =6\sin \left ( \frac {9\pi x}{L}\right ) $.

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4.1.1.5 [155] IC hat function

For $0<x<L$ and $t>0$. The boundary conditions are \begin {align*} u(0,t) &= 0 \\ u(40,t) &= 0 \end {align*}

$u\left (x,0\right ) =\left \{ \begin {array} [c]{ccc}x & 0 \leq x < 20\\ 40-x & 20 \geq x \leq 40 \end {array} \right . $

Mathematica ✓

ClearAll["Global`*"]; 
f = Piecewise[{{x, Inequality[0, LessEqual, x, Less, 20]}, {40 - x, 20 <= x <= 40}}]; 
pde =  D[u[x, t], t] == D[u[x, t], {x, 2}]; 
bc  = {u[0, t] == 0, u[40, t] == 0}; 
ic  = u[x, 0] == f; 
sol =  AbsoluteTiming[TimeConstrained[DSolve[{pde, ic, bc}, u[x, t], x, t], 60*10]]; 
sol =  sol /. K[1] -> n;

\[\left \{\left \{u(x,t)\to \sum _{n=1}^\infty \frac {640 e^{-\frac {n^2 \pi ^2 t}{1600}} \cos \left (\frac {n \pi }{4}\right ) \sin ^3\left (\frac {n \pi }{4}\right ) \sin \left (\frac {n \pi x}{40}\right )}{n^2 \pi ^2}\right \}\right \}\]

Maple ✓

restart; 
interface(showassumed=0); 
f:=piecewise(0<x and x<20,x,20<x and x<40,(40-x)); 
pde := diff(u(x,t),t)=diff(u(x,t),x$2); 
ic  := u(x,0)=f; 
bc  := u(0,t)=0,u(40,t)=0; 
cpu_time := timelimit(60*10,CodeTools[Usage](assign('sol',pdsolve([pde,ic,bc],u(x,t))),output='realtime'));

\[u \left (x , t\right ) = \sum _{n=1}^\infty \frac {160 \,{\mathrm e}^{-\frac {\pi ^{2} n^{2} t}{1600}} \sin \left (\frac {\pi n}{2}\right ) \sin \left (\frac {\pi n x}{40}\right )}{\pi ^{2} n^{2}}\]

Solve $u_{t}=ku_{xx}$ with $0<x<40$ and initial conditions $u\left ( x,0\right ) =f\left ( x\right ) $ as hat function.

\[ u\left ( x,t\right ) =\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }B_{n}e^{-\left ( \frac {n\pi }{40}\right ) ^{2}t}\sin \left ( \frac {n\pi }{40}x\right ) \]

\[ f\left ( x\right ) =\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }B_{n}\sin \left ( \frac {n\pi }{40}x\right ) \]

Multiplying both sides by $\sin \left ( m\pi x\right ) $ and integrating gives

\[ \int _{0}^{40}f\left ( x\right ) \sin \left ( \frac {m\pi }{40}x\right ) dx=\int _{0}^{40}\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }B_{n}\sin \left ( \frac {n\pi }{40}x\right ) \sin \left ( \frac {m\pi }{40}x\right ) dx \]

\begin {align*} \int _{0}^{40}f\left ( x\right ) \sin \left ( \frac {n\pi }{40}x\right ) dx & =B_{n}\int _{0}^{40}\sin ^{2}\left ( \frac {n\pi }{40}x\right ) dx\\ \int _{0}^{20}x\sin \left ( \frac {n\pi }{40}x\right ) dx+\int _{20}^{40}\left ( 40-x\right ) \sin \left ( \frac {n\pi }{40}x\right ) dx & =20B_{n} \end {align*}

But $\int _{0}^{20}x\sin \left ( \frac {n\pi }{40}x\right ) dx+\int _{20}^{40}\left ( 40-x\right ) \sin \left ( \frac {n\pi }{40}x\right ) dx=\frac {3200}{n^{2}\pi ^{2}}\sin \left ( \frac {n\pi }{2}\right ) $. Hence

\[ u\left ( x,t\right ) =\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }\frac {160}{n^{2}\pi ^{2}}\sin \left ( \frac {n\pi }{2}\right ) e^{-\left ( \frac {n\pi }{40}\right ) ^{2}t}\sin \left ( \frac {n\pi }{40}x\right ) \]

\[ u\left ( x,t\right ) =\sum _{n=1,3,5,\cdots }^{\infty }\frac {160}{n^{2}\pi ^{2}}\sin \left ( \frac {n\pi }{2}\right ) e^{-\left ( \frac {n\pi }{40}\right ) ^{2}t}\sin \left ( \frac {n\pi }{40}x\right ) \]

\[ u\left ( x,t\right ) =\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }\frac {160}{\left ( 2n-1\right ) ^{2}\pi ^{2}}\sin \left ( \frac {\left ( 2n-1\right ) \pi }{2}\right ) e^{-\left ( \frac {\left ( 2n-1\right ) \pi }{40}\right ) ^{2}t}\sin \left ( \frac {\left ( 2n-1\right ) \pi }{40}x\right ) \]

This is animation of the solution for $400$ seconds. (Animation will only show in the HTML version)

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4.1.1.6 [156] Haberman 2.3.3 (b)

This is problem 2.3.3, part (b) from Richard Haberman applied partial diﬀerential equations, 5th edition.

Subject to boundary conditions $u(0,t)=0$ and $u(L,t)=0$ with the temperature initially $u(x,0)=3 \sin \frac {\pi x}{L} - \sin \frac {3 \pi x}{L}$

Mathematica ✓

ClearAll["Global`*"]; 
pde =  D[u[x, t], t] == k*D[u[x, t], {x, 2}]; 
bc  = {u[0, t] == 0, u[L, t] == 0}; 
ic  = u[x, 0] == 3*Sin[(Pi*x)/L] - Sin[(3*Pi*x)/L]; 
sol =  AbsoluteTiming[TimeConstrained[DSolve[{pde, bc, ic}, u[x, t], {x, t}], 60*10]];

\[\left \{\left \{u(x,t)\to e^{-\frac {9 \pi ^2 k t}{L^2}} \sin \left (\frac {\pi x}{L}\right ) \left (3 e^{\frac {8 \pi ^2 k t}{L^2}}-2 \cos \left (\frac {2 \pi x}{L}\right )-1\right )\right \}\right \}\]

Maple ✓

restart; 
interface(showassumed=0); 
assume(L>0); 
pde := diff(u(x,t),t)=k*diff(u(x,t),x$2); 
bc  := u(0,t)=0,u(L,t)=0; 
ic  := u(x,0)=3*sin(Pi*x/L)-sin(3*Pi*x/L); 
cpu_time := timelimit(60*10,CodeTools[Usage](assign('sol',pdsolve([pde,bc,ic],u(x,t))),output='realtime'));

\[u \left (x , t\right ) = -{\mathrm e}^{-\frac {9 \pi ^{2} k t}{L^{2}}} \sin \left (\frac {3 \pi x}{L}\right )+3 \,{\mathrm e}^{-\frac {\pi ^{2} k t}{L^{2}}} \sin \left (\frac {\pi x}{L}\right )\]

Solve $u_{t}=ku_{xx}$ with $0<x<L$ and initial conditions $u\left ( x,0\right ) =3\sin \left ( \frac {\pi x}{L}\right ) -\sin \left ( \frac {3\pi x}{L}\right ) $.

Initial conditions are now applied. Setting $t=0$, the above becomes\[ u\left ( x,0\right ) =3\sin \frac {\pi x}{L}-\sin \frac {3\pi x}{L}=\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }B_{n}\sin \left ( \frac {n\pi }{L}x\right ) \] As the series is unique, the terms coeﬃcients must match for those shown only, and all other $B_{n}$ terms vanish. This means that by comparing terms\[ 3\sin \left ( \frac {\pi x}{L}\right ) -\sin \left ( \frac {3\pi x}{L}\right ) =B_{1}\sin \left ( \frac {\pi x}{L}\right ) +B_{3}\sin \left ( \frac {3\pi }{L}x\right ) \] Therefore \begin {align*} B_{1} & =3\\ B_{3} & =-1 \end {align*}

And all other $B_{n}=0$. The solution is\[ u\left ( x,t\right ) =3\sin \left ( \frac {\pi }{L}x\right ) e^{-k\left ( \frac {\pi }{L}\right ) ^{2}t}-\sin \left ( \frac {3\pi }{L}x\right ) e^{-k\left ( \frac {3\pi }{L}\right ) ^{2}t}\]

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4.1.1.7 [157] Haberman 2.3.3 (c)

This is problem 2.3.3, part (c) from Richard Haberman applied partial diﬀerential equations, 5th edition.

Subject to boundary conditions $u(0,t)=0$ and $u(L,t)=0$ with the temperature initially $u(x,0)=2 \cos \frac {3 \pi x}{L}$

Mathematica ✓

ClearAll["Global`*"]; 
pde =  D[u[x, t], t] == k*D[u[x, t], {x, 2}]; 
bc  = {u[0, t] == 0, u[L, t] == 0}; 
ic  = u[x, 0] == 2*Cos[(3*Pi*x)/L]; 
sol =  AbsoluteTiming[TimeConstrained[DSolve[{pde, bc, ic}, u[x, t], {x, t}, Assumptions -> L > 0], 60*10]]; 
sol =  sol/. K[1]->n;

\[\left \{\left \{u(x,t)\to \sum _{n=1}^\infty \frac {4 \left (1+(-1)^n\right ) e^{-\frac {k n^2 \pi ^2 t}{L^2}} n \sin \left (\frac {n \pi x}{L}\right )}{\left (n^2-9\right ) \pi }\right \}\right \}\] but $n=3$ should be special case

Maple ✓

restart; 
interface(showassumed=0); 
pde := diff(u(x,t),t)=k*diff(u(x,t),x$2); 
bc  := u(0,t)=0,u(L,t)=0; 
ic  := u(x,0)=2*cos(3*Pi*x/L); 
cpu_time := timelimit(60*10,CodeTools[Usage](assign('sol',pdsolve([pde,bc,ic],u(x,t)) assuming L>0),output='realtime'));

\[u \left (x , t\right ) = -\frac {16 \,{\mathrm e}^{-\frac {4 \pi ^{2} k t}{L^{2}}} \sin \left (\frac {2 \pi x}{L}\right )}{5 \pi }+\left ( \sum _{n=4}^\infty \frac {4 \left (\left (-1\right )^{n}+1\right ) n \,{\mathrm e}^{-\frac {\pi ^{2} k \,n^{2} t}{L^{2}}} \sin \left (\frac {\pi n x}{L}\right )}{\pi \left (n^{2}-9\right )}\right )\] handled $n=3$ case correctly.

Solve $u_{t}=ku_{xx}$ with $0<x<L$ and initial conditions $u\left ( x,0\right ) =2\cos \left ( \frac {3\pi x}{L}\right ) $.

By orthogonality of $\sin $ functions the above simpliﬁes to\begin {align*} \int _{0}^{L}2\cos \left ( \frac {3\pi }{L}x\right ) \sin \left ( \frac {m\pi }{L}x\right ) dx & =B_{m}\int _{0}^{L}\sin ^{2}\left ( \frac {m\pi }{L}x\right ) dx\\ & =B_{m}\frac {L}{2}\\ B_{m} & =\frac {4}{L}\int _{0}^{L}\cos \left ( \frac {3\pi }{L}x\right ) \sin \left ( \frac {m\pi }{L}x\right ) dx \end {align*}

For $m=3,B_{3}=0$. For $m\neq 3$\begin {align*} B_{m} & =\frac {4}{L}\left ( \frac {1+\left ( -1\right ) ^{m}}{m^{2}-9}\frac {nL}{\pi }\right ) \\ & =\frac {4n}{\pi }\left ( \frac {1+\left ( -1\right ) ^{m}}{m^{2}-9}\right ) \end {align*}

Hence the solution becomes\begin {align*} u\left ( x,t\right ) & =\sum _{n=1,n\neq 3}^{\infty }\frac {4n}{\pi }\left ( \frac {1+\left ( -1\right ) ^{n}}{n^{2}-9}\right ) \sin \left ( \frac {n\pi }{L}x\right ) e^{-k\left ( \frac {n\pi }{L}\right ) ^{2}t}\\ & =\frac {4}{\pi }\sum _{n=1,n\neq 3}^{\infty }n\left ( \frac {1+\left ( -1\right ) ^{n}}{n^{2}-9}\right ) \sin \left ( \frac {n\pi }{L}x\right ) e^{-k\left ( \frac {n\pi }{L}\right ) ^{2}t} \end {align*}

When $n$ is odd, all terms become zero, hence the above can be also be written as\[ u\left ( x,t\right ) =\frac {8}{\pi }\sum _{n=2,4,6,\cdots }^{\infty }\left ( \frac {n}{n^{2}-9}\right ) \sin \left ( \frac {n\pi }{L}x\right ) e^{-k\left ( \frac {n\pi }{L}\right ) ^{2}t}\]

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4.1.1.8 [158] Haberman 2.3.3 (d)

This is problem 2.3.3, part (d) from Richard Haberman applied partial diﬀerential equations, 5th edition.

Subject to boundary conditions $u(0,t)=0$ and $u(L,t)=0$ with the temperature initially $u\left ( x,0\right ) =\left \{ \begin {array} [c]{ccc}1 & & 0<x\leq \frac {L}{2}\\ 2 & & \frac {L}{2}<x\leq L \end {array} \right . $

Mathematica ✓

ClearAll["Global`*"]; 
pde =  D[u[x, t], t] == k*D[u[x, t], {x, 2}]; 
bc  = {u[0, t] == 0, u[L, t] == 0}; 
ic  = u[x, 0] == Piecewise[{{1, Inequality[0, Less, x, LessEqual, L/2]}, {2, L/2 < x < L}}]; 
sol =  AbsoluteTiming[TimeConstrained[DSolve[{pde, bc, ic}, u[x, t], {x, t}, Assumptions -> L > 0], 60*10]]; 
sol =  sol /. K[1] -> n;

\[\{\{u(x,t)\to 0\}\}\]

Maple ✓

restart; 
interface(showassumed=0); 
pde := diff(u(x,t),t)=k*diff(u(x,t),x$2); 
bc  := u(0,t)=0,u(L,t)=0; 
ic  := u(x,0)=piecewise(0<x and x<=L/2,1,L/2<x and x<L,2); 
cpu_time := timelimit(60*10,CodeTools[Usage](assign('sol',pdsolve([pde,bc,ic],u(x,t)) assuming L>0),output='realtime'));

\[u \left (x , t\right ) = \sum _{n=1}^\infty \frac {\left (-4 \left (-1\right )^{n}+2 \cos \left (\frac {\pi n}{2}\right )+2\right ) {\mathrm e}^{-\frac {\pi ^{2} k \,n^{2} t}{L^{2}}} \sin \left (\frac {\pi n x}{L}\right )}{\pi n}\]

The basic solution for this type of PDE was already given in problem 4.1.1.1 on page 405 as\[ u\left ( x,t\right ) =\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }B_{n}e^{-k\lambda _{n}t}\sin \left ( \sqrt {\lambda _{n}}x\right ) \] Where $\lambda _{n}=\left ( \frac {n\pi }{L}\right ) ^{2},n=1,2,3,\cdots $ and $\sin \left ( \sqrt {\lambda _{n}}x\right ) $ are the eigenfunctions. Initial conditions are now applied. Setting $t=0$, the above becomes\begin {equation} f\left ( x\right ) =\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }B_{n}\sin \left ( \frac {n\pi }{L}x\right ) \tag {3} \end {equation} Where \[ f\left ( x\right ) =\left \{ \begin {array} [c]{ccc}1 & & 0<x\leq \frac {L}{2}\\ 2 & & \frac {L}{2}<x<L \end {array} \right . \] Multiplying both sides of (3) by $\sin \left ( \frac {m\pi }{L}x\right ) $ and integrating over the domain gives\[ \int _{0}^{L}\sin \left ( \frac {m\pi }{L}x\right ) f\left ( x\right ) dx=\int _{0}^{L}\left [ \sum _{n=1}^{\infty }B_{n}\sin \left ( \frac {m\pi }{L}x\right ) \sin \left ( \frac {n\pi }{L}x\right ) \right ] dx \] Interchanging the order of integration and summation\[ \int _{0}^{L}\sin \left ( \frac {m\pi }{L}x\right ) f\left ( x\right ) dx=\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }\left [ B_{n}\left ( \int _{0}^{L}\sin \left ( \frac {m\pi }{L}x\right ) \sin \left ( \frac {n\pi }{L}x\right ) dx\right ) \right ] \] But $\int _{0}^{L}\sin \left ( \frac {m\pi }{L}x\right ) \sin \left ( \frac {n\pi }{L}x\right ) dx=0$ for $n\neq m$, hence only one term survives\[ \int _{0}^{L}\sin \left ( \frac {m\pi }{L}x\right ) f\left ( x\right ) dx=B_{m}\int _{0}^{L}\sin ^{2}\left ( \frac {m\pi }{L}x\right ) dx \] Renaming $m$ back to $n$ and since $\int _{0}^{L}\sin ^{2}\left ( \frac {m\pi }{L}x\right ) dx=\frac {L}{2}$ the above becomes\begin {align*} \int _{0}^{L}\sin \left ( \frac {n\pi }{L}x\right ) f\left ( x\right ) dx & =\frac {L}{2}B_{n}\\ B_{n} & =\frac {2}{L}\int _{0}^{L}\sin \left ( \frac {n\pi }{L}x\right ) f\left ( x\right ) dx\\ & =\frac {2}{L}\left ( \int _{0}^{\frac {L}{2}}\sin \left ( \frac {n\pi }{L}x\right ) f\left ( x\right ) dx+\int _{\frac {L}{2}}^{L}\sin \left ( \frac {n\pi }{L}x\right ) f\left ( x\right ) dx\right ) \\ & =\frac {2}{L}\left ( \int _{0}^{\frac {L}{2}}\sin \left ( \frac {n\pi }{L}x\right ) dx+2\int _{\frac {L}{2}}^{L}\sin \left ( \frac {n\pi }{L}x\right ) dx\right ) \\ & =\frac {2}{L}\left ( \left . \frac {-\cos \left ( \frac {n\pi }{L}x\right ) }{\frac {n\pi }{L}}\right \vert _{0}^{\frac {L}{2}}+2\left . \frac {-\cos \left ( \frac {n\pi }{L}x\right ) }{\frac {n\pi }{L}}\right \vert _{\frac {L}{2}}^{L}\right ) \\ & =\frac {2}{n\pi }\left ( \left ( -\cos \left ( \frac {n\pi }{L}x\right ) \right ) _{0}^{\frac {L}{2}}+2\left ( -\cos \left ( \frac {n\pi }{L}x\right ) \right ) _{\frac {L}{2}}^{L}\right ) \\ & =\frac {2}{n\pi }\left ( \left [ -\cos \left ( \frac {n\pi }{L}\frac {L}{2}\right ) +\cos \left ( 0\right ) \right ] +2\left [ -\cos \left ( n\pi \right ) +\cos \left ( \frac {n\pi }{2}\right ) \right ] \right ) \\ & =\frac {2}{n\pi }\left ( -\cos \left ( \frac {n\pi }{2}\right ) +1-2\cos \left ( n\pi \right ) +2\cos \left ( \frac {n\pi }{2}\right ) \right ) \\ & =\frac {2}{n\pi }\left ( \cos \left ( \frac {n\pi }{2}\right ) +1-2\cos \left ( n\pi \right ) \right ) \end {align*}

Hence the solution is\[ u\left ( x,t\right ) =\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }B_{n}\sin \left ( \frac {n\pi }{L}x\right ) e^{-k\left ( \frac {n\pi }{L}\right ) ^{2}t}\] With \begin {align*} B_{n} & =\frac {2}{n\pi }\left ( \cos \left ( \frac {n\pi }{2}\right ) -2\cos \left ( n\pi \right ) +1\right ) \\ & =\frac {2}{n\pi }\left ( 1-2\left ( -1\right ) ^{n}+\cos \left ( \frac {n\pi }{2}\right ) \right ) \\ & =\frac {2}{n\pi }\left ( 1+2\left ( -1\right ) ^{n+1}+\cos \left ( \frac {n\pi }{2}\right ) \right ) \end {align*}

Therefore\[ u\left ( x,t\right ) =\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }\frac {2}{n\pi }\left ( 1-2\left ( -1\right ) ^{n}+\cos \left ( \frac {n\pi }{2}\right ) \right ) \sin \left ( \frac {n\pi }{L}x\right ) e^{-k\left ( \frac {n\pi }{L}\right ) ^{2}t}\]

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4.1.1.9 [159] domain from -1 to +1

For $-1<x<1$ and $t>0$. The boundary conditions are zero at both ends. Initial condition is $u(x,0)=f(x)$

Mathematica ✓

ClearAll["Global`*"]; 
pde =  D[u[x, t], {t, 1}] == D[u[x, t], {x, 2}]; 
ic  = u[x, 0] == f[x]; 
bc  = {u[-1, t] == 0, u[1, t] == 0}; 
sol =  AbsoluteTiming[TimeConstrained[DSolve[{pde, bc, ic}, u[x, t], {x, t}], 60*10]];

\[\left \{\left \{u(x,t)\to \sum _{K[1]=1}^\infty 2 e^{-\frac {1}{4} \pi ^2 t K[1]^2} \sin \left (\frac {1}{2} \pi (x+1) K[1]\right ) \int _{-1}^1\frac {1}{2} f(x) \sin \left (\frac {1}{2} \pi (x+1) K[1]\right )dx\right \}\right \}\]

Maple ✓

restart; 
interface(showassumed=0); 
pde := diff(u(x,t),t) =diff(u(x,t),x$2); 
ic  := u(x,0) = f(x); 
bc  := u(-1,t)=0,  u(1,t)=0; 
cpu_time := timelimit(60*10,CodeTools[Usage](assign('sol',pdsolve([pde, ic, bc],u(x,t)) assuming t>0),output='realtime'));

\[u \left (x , t\right ) = \sum _{n=1}^\infty \left (\int _{-1}^{1}f \left (x \right ) \sin \left (\frac {\pi \left (x +1\right ) n}{2}\right )d x \right ) {\mathrm e}^{-\frac {\pi ^{2} n^{2} t}{4}} \sin \left (\frac {\pi \left (x +1\right ) n}{2}\right )\]

Solve $u_{t}=ku_{xx}$ with $-1<x<1$ and initial conditions $u\left ( x,0\right ) =f\left ( x\right ) $ and B.C. $u\left ( -1,t\right ) =u\left ( 1,t\right ) =0$.

Let $\xi =x+1$ where $x=-1\cdots 1$ Therefore $\xi =0\cdots 2$. This also implies mapping the initial temperature to $f\left ( x+a\right ) $. Now the ODE is solved\begin {align*} u_{t} & =u_{\xi \xi }\\ u\left ( 0,t\right ) & =0\\ u\left ( 2,t\right ) & =0 \end {align*}

The basic solution for this type of PDE was already given in problem 4.1.1.1 on page 405 as\[ u\left ( \xi ,t\right ) =\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }B_{n}e^{-k\lambda _{n}t}\sin \left ( \sqrt {\lambda _{n}}\xi \right ) \]

Where $\lambda _{n}=\left ( \frac {n\pi }{L}\right ) ^{2},n=1,2,3,\cdots $ and $\sin \left ( \sqrt {\lambda _{n}}\xi \right ) $ are the eigenfunctions. Here $L=2$. Hence the solution becomes

\[ u\left ( \xi ,t\right ) =\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }B_{n}e^{-k\left ( \frac {n\pi }{2}\right ) ^{2}t}\sin \left ( \frac {n\pi }{2}\xi \right ) \]

Changing back to $x\ $\[ u\left ( x,t\right ) =\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }B_{n}e^{-k\left ( \frac {n\pi }{2}\right ) ^{2}t}\sin \left ( \frac {n\pi }{2}\left ( x+1\right ) \right ) \]

\[ f\left ( x\right ) =\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }B_{n}e^{-k\left ( \frac {n\pi }{2}\right ) ^{2}t}\sin \left ( \frac {n\pi }{2}\left ( x+1\right ) \right ) \]

Multiplying both sides by $\sin \left ( \frac {m\pi }{2}\left ( x+1\right ) \right ) $ and integrating gives

\[ \int _{-1}^{1}f\left ( x\right ) \sin \left ( \frac {m\pi }{2}\left ( x+1\right ) \right ) dx=\int _{-1}^{1}\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }B_{n}\sin \left ( \frac {m\pi }{2}\left ( x+1\right ) \right ) \sin \left ( \frac {n\pi }{2}\left ( x+1\right ) \right ) dx \]

\begin {align*} \int _{-1}^{1}f\left ( x\right ) \sin \left ( \frac {n\pi }{2}\left ( x+1\right ) \right ) dx & =B_{n}\int _{-1}^{1}\sin ^{2}\left ( \frac {n\pi }{2}\left ( x+1\right ) \right ) dx\\ \int _{-1}^{1}f\left ( x\right ) \sin \left ( \frac {n\pi }{2}\left ( x+1\right ) \right ) dx & =B_{n} \end {align*}

\[ B_{n}=\int _{-1}^{1}f\left ( x\right ) \sin \left ( \frac {n\pi }{2}\left ( x+1\right ) \right ) dx \]

\[ u\left ( x,t\right ) =\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }\left ( \int _{-1}^{1}f\left ( x\right ) \sin \left ( \frac {n\pi }{2}\left ( x+1\right ) \right ) dx\right ) e^{-k\left ( \frac {n\pi }{2}\right ) ^{2}t}\sin \left ( \frac {n\pi }{2}\left ( x+1\right ) \right ) \]

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4.1.1.10 [160] domain from -1 to +1

For $-1<x<1$ and $t>0$. The boundary conditions are zero at both ends. Initial condition is $u(x,0)=1-x^2$

Mathematica ✓

ClearAll["Global`*"]; 
pde =  D[u[x, t], {t, 1}] == D[u[x, t], {x, 2}]; 
ic  = u[x, 0] == 1-x^2; 
bc  = {u[-1, t] == 0, u[1, t] == 0}; 
sol =  AbsoluteTiming[TimeConstrained[DSolve[{pde, bc, ic}, u[x, t], {x, t}], 60*10]];

\[\left \{\left \{u(x,t)\to \sum _{K[1]=1}^\infty -\frac {16 \left (-1+(-1)^{K[1]}\right ) e^{-\frac {1}{4} \pi ^2 t K[1]^2} \sin \left (\frac {1}{2} \pi (x+1) K[1]\right )}{\pi ^3 K[1]^3}\right \}\right \}\]

Maple ✓

restart; 
interface(showassumed=0); 
pde := diff(u(x,t),t) =diff(u(x,t),x$2); 
ic  := u(x,0) = 1-x^2; 
bc  := u(-1,t)=0,  u(1,t)=0; 
cpu_time := timelimit(60*10,CodeTools[Usage](assign('sol',pdsolve([pde, ic, bc],u(x,t)) assuming t>0),output='realtime'));

\[u \left (x , t\right ) = \sum _{n=1}^\infty \left (-\frac {16 \left (\left (-1\right )^{n}-1\right ) {\mathrm e}^{-\frac {\pi ^{2} n^{2} t}{4}} \sin \left (\frac {\pi \left (x +1\right ) n}{2}\right )}{\pi ^{3} n^{3}}\right )\]

Solve $u_{t}=u_{xx}$ with $-1<x<1$ and initial conditions $u\left ( x,0\right ) =f\left ( x\right ) =1-x^{2}$ and B.C. $u\left ( -1,t\right ) =u\left ( 1,t\right ) =0$.

The basic solution for this type of PDE was already given in problem 4.1.1.9 on page 443 as

\begin {align*} \int _{-1}^{1}f\left ( x\right ) \sin \left ( \frac {n\pi }{2}\left ( x+1\right ) \right ) dx & =\int _{-1}^{1}\left ( 1-x^{2}\right ) \sin \left ( \frac {n\pi }{2}\left ( x+1\right ) \right ) dx\\ & =\frac {16\left ( 1+\left ( -1\right ) ^{n+1}\right ) }{n^{3}\pi ^{3}} \end {align*}

\[ u\left ( x,t\right ) =\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }\frac {16\left ( 1+\left ( -1\right ) ^{n+1}\right ) }{n^{3}\pi ^{3}}e^{-\left ( \frac {n\pi }{2}\right ) ^{2}t}\sin \left ( \frac {n\pi }{2}\left ( x+1\right ) \right ) \]

This is animation of the solution for $2$ seconds. (Animation will only show in the HTML version)

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4.1.1.11 [161] with source that depends on space only (general case)

Solve the heat equation for $u(x,t)$ \[ u_t= k u_{xx} + Q(x) \] For $0<x<L$ and $t>0$. The boundary conditions are \begin {align*} u(0,t)&=0 \\ u(L,t) &= 0\\ \end {align*}

Mathematica ✓

ClearAll["Global`*"]; 
pde =  D[u[x, t], t] == k*D[u[x, t], {x, 2}] + Q[x]; 
bc  = {u[0, t] == 0, u[L, t] == 0}; 
ic  = u[x, 0] == f[x]; 
sol =  AbsoluteTiming[TimeConstrained[DSolve[{pde, ic, bc}, u[x, t], {x, t},Assumptions->{k>0,L>0}], 60*10]];

\[\left \{\left \{u(x,t)\to \sum _{K[1]=1}^\infty \frac {\sqrt {2} \left (\frac {\left (1-e^{-\frac {k \pi ^2 t K[1]^2}{L^2}}\right ) \left (\int _0^L \frac {\sqrt {2} Q(x) \sin \left (\frac {\pi x K[1]}{L}\right )}{\sqrt {L}} \, dx\right ) L^2}{k \pi ^2 K[1]^2}+e^{-\frac {k \pi ^2 t K[1]^2}{L^2}} \int _0^L \frac {\sqrt {2} f(x) \sin \left (\frac {\pi x K[1]}{L}\right )}{\sqrt {L}} \, dx\right ) \sin \left (\frac {\pi x K[1]}{L}\right )}{\sqrt {L}}\right \}\right \}\]

Maple ✓

restart; 
pde := diff(u(x,t),t)= k*diff(u(x,t),x$2) + Q(x); 
bc  := u(0, t) = 0, u(L, t) = 0; 
ic  := u(x, 0) = f(x); 
cpu_time := timelimit(60*10,CodeTools[Usage](assign('sol', pdsolve([pde, ic, bc], u(x, t)) assuming L>0,k>0),output='realtime'));

\[u \left (x , t\right ) = \frac {2 L k \left (\sum _{n=1}^\infty \frac {\left (\int _{0}^{L}\left (L k f \left (\textit {\_a} \right )+L \left (\int _{0}^{\textit {\_a}}\int _{0}^{\textit {\_z1}}Q \left (\textit {\_z1} \right )d \textit {\_z1} d \textit {\_z1} \right )-\textit {\_a} \left (\int _{0}^{L}\int _{0}^{\textit {\_z1}}Q \left (\textit {\_z1} \right )d \textit {\_z1} d \textit {\_z1} \right )\right ) \sin \left (\frac {\pi \textit {\_a} n}{L}\right )d \textit {\_a} \right ) {\mathrm e}^{-\frac {\pi ^{2} k \,n^{2} t}{L^{2}}} \sin \left (\frac {\pi n x}{L}\right )}{L^{2} k}\right )-L \left (\int _{0}^{x}\int _{0}^{\textit {\_a}}Q \left (\textit {\_a} \right )d \textit {\_a} d \textit {\_a} \right )+x \left (\int _{0}^{L}\int _{0}^{\textit {\_a}}Q \left (\textit {\_a} \right )d \textit {\_a} d \textit {\_a} \right )}{L k}\]

Let the solution be\begin {equation} u\left ( x,t\right ) =\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }a_{n}\left ( t\right ) \Phi _{n}\left ( x\right ) \tag {1} \end {equation} Where $\Phi _{n}\left ( x\right ) $ are the eigenfunctions of the eigenvalue problem for the pde $u_{t}=ku_{xx}$ with $u\left ( 0,x\right ) =0,u\left ( L,x\right ) =0$. This was solved in problem 4.1.1.1 on page 405 and $\Phi _{n}\left ( x\right ) $ was found as\begin {align*} \Phi _{n}\left ( x\right ) & =\sin \left ( \sqrt {\lambda _{n}}x\right ) \\ \lambda _{n} & =\left ( \frac {n\pi }{L}\right ) ^{2}\qquad n=1,2,3,\cdots \end {align*}

Hence (1) becomes\begin {equation} u\left ( x,t\right ) =\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }a_{n}\left ( t\right ) \sin \left ( \sqrt {\lambda _{n}}x\right ) \tag {1A} \end {equation} Substituting this back into the original given PDE gives\[ \sum _{n=1}^{\infty }a_{n}^{\prime }\left ( t\right ) \Phi _{n}\left ( x\right ) =k\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }a_{n}\left ( t\right ) \Phi _{n}^{\prime \prime }\left ( x\right ) +\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }q_{n}\Phi _{n}\left ( x\right ) \] Where $Q\left ( x\right ) =\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }q_{n}\Phi _{n}\left ( x\right ) $. Since $\Phi _{n}^{\prime \prime }\left ( x\right ) =-\lambda _{n}\Phi _{n}\left ( x\right ) $, then the above simpliﬁes to\begin {align} \sum _{n=1}^{\infty }a_{n}^{\prime }\left ( t\right ) \Phi _{n}\left ( x\right ) & =-k\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }a_{n}\left ( t\right ) \lambda _{n}\Phi _{n}\left ( x\right ) +\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }q_{n}\Phi _{n}\left ( x\right ) \nonumber \\ a_{n}^{\prime }\left ( t\right ) +k\lambda _{n}a_{n}\left ( t\right ) & =q_{n}\tag {2} \end {align}

We now need to ﬁnd $q_{n}$. By orthogonality\[ \int _{0}^{L}Q\left ( x\right ) \Phi _{n}\left ( x\right ) dx=\int _{0}^{L}q_{n}\Phi _{n}^{2}\left ( x\right ) dx \] But $\int _{0}^{L}\Phi _{n}^{2}\left ( x\right ) dx=\int _{0}^{L}\sin ^{2}\left ( \frac {n\pi }{L}x\right ) dx=\frac {L}{2}$ and the above becomes\[ q_{n}=\frac {2}{L}\int _{0}^{L}Q\left ( x\right ) \Phi _{n}\left ( x\right ) dx \] Using the above in (2) gives\[ a_{n}^{\prime }\left ( t\right ) +k\lambda _{n}a_{n}\left ( t\right ) =\frac {2}{L}\int _{0}^{L}Q\left ( x\right ) \Phi _{n}\left ( x\right ) dx \] The integrating factor is $I=e^{k\lambda _{n}t}$. Hence the above becomes\begin {align*} \frac {d}{dt}\left ( a_{n}\left ( t\right ) e^{k\lambda _{n}t}\right ) & =\frac {2}{L}e^{k\lambda _{n}t}\int _{0}^{L}Q\left ( x\right ) \Phi _{n}\left ( x\right ) dx\\ a_{n}\left ( t\right ) e^{k\lambda _{n}t} & =\int _{0}^{t}\frac {2}{L}e^{k\lambda _{n}s}\left ( \int _{0}^{L}Q\left ( x\right ) \Phi _{n}\left ( x\right ) dx\right ) ds+a_{n}\left ( 0\right ) \\ a_{n}\left ( t\right ) & =a_{n}\left ( 0\right ) e^{-k\lambda _{n}t}+e^{-k\lambda _{n}t}\int _{0}^{t}\frac {2}{L}e^{k\lambda _{n}s}\left ( \int _{0}^{L}Q\left ( x\right ) \Phi _{n}\left ( x\right ) dx\right ) ds \end {align*}

Therefore the solution (1A) becomes\begin {equation} u\left ( x,t\right ) =\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }\left [ a_{n}\left ( 0\right ) e^{-k\lambda _{n}t}+e^{-k\lambda _{n}t}\int _{0}^{t}\frac {2}{L}e^{k\lambda _{n}\tau }\left ( \int _{0}^{L}Q\left ( s\right ) \Phi _{n}\left ( s\right ) ds\right ) d\tau \right ] \Phi _{n}\left ( x\right ) \tag {3} \end {equation} At $t=0$\begin {align*} f\left ( x\right ) & =\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }a_{n}\left ( 0\right ) \Phi _{n}\left ( x\right ) \\ \int _{0}^{L}f\left ( x\right ) \Phi _{n}\left ( x\right ) dx & =\int _{0}^{L}a_{n}\left ( 0\right ) \Phi _{n}^{2}\left ( x\right ) dx\\ a_{n}\left ( 0\right ) & =\frac {2}{L}\int _{0}^{L}f\left ( x\right ) \Phi _{n}\left ( x\right ) dx \end {align*}

The solution (3) becomes\begin {align*} u\left ( x,t\right ) & =\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }\left [ \left ( \frac {2}{L}\int _{0}^{L}f\left ( s\right ) \Phi _{n}\left ( s\right ) ds\right ) e^{-k\lambda _{n}t}+e^{-k\lambda _{n}t}\int _{0}^{t}\frac {2}{L}e^{k\lambda _{n}\tau }\left ( \int _{0}^{L}Q\left ( s\right ) \Phi _{n}\left ( s\right ) ds\right ) d\tau \right ] \Phi _{n}\left ( x\right ) \\ & =\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }e^{-k\lambda _{n}t}\Phi _{n}\left ( x\right ) \left ( \frac {2}{L}\int _{0}^{L}f\left ( s\right ) \Phi _{n}\left ( s\right ) ds\right ) +\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }e^{-k\lambda _{n}t}\Phi _{n}\left ( x\right ) \left ( \int _{0}^{t}\frac {2}{L}e^{k\lambda _{n}\tau }\left ( \int _{0}^{L}Q\left ( s\right ) \Phi _{n}\left ( s\right ) ds\right ) d\tau \right ) \end {align*}

Where \begin {align*} \Phi _{n}\left ( x\right ) & =\sin \left ( \sqrt {\lambda _{n}}x\right ) \\ \lambda _{n} & =\left ( \frac {n\pi }{L}\right ) ^{2}\qquad n=1,2,3,\cdots \end {align*}

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4.1.1.12 [162] with source that depends on space only (special case)

Solve the heat equation for $u(x,t)$ \[ u_t= k u_{xx} + Q(x) \] For $0<x<L$ and $t>0$. The boundary conditions are \begin {align*} u(0,t) &=0 \\ u(L,t) &= 0\\ \end {align*}

Initial condition is $u(x,0)=f(x)$ using the following values \begin {align*} L &=5 \\ k &= \frac {1}{10}\\ f(x)&=x(5-x)\\ Q(x)&=x \end {align*}

Mathematica ✓

ClearAll["Global`*"]; 
L=5; k=1/10; f=x*(5-x); Q=x; 
pde =  D[u[x, t], t] == k*D[u[x, t], {x, 2}] + Q; 
bc  = {u[0, t] == 0, u[L, t] == 0}; 
ic  = u[x, 0] == f; 
sol =  AbsoluteTiming[TimeConstrained[DSolve[{pde, ic, bc}, u[x, t], {x, t},Assumptions->{k>0,L>0}], 60*10]]; 
sol = sol/.K[1]->n;

\[\left \{\left \{u(x,t)\to \sum _{n=1}^\infty -\frac {100 \left (-1+(-1)^n\right ) e^{-\frac {1}{250} n^2 \pi ^2 t} \sin \left (\frac {n \pi x}{5}\right )}{n^3 \pi ^3}+\sum _{n=1}^\infty -\frac {2500 (-1)^n \left (1-e^{-\frac {1}{250} n^2 \pi ^2 t}\right ) \sin \left (\frac {n \pi x}{5}\right )}{n^3 \pi ^3}\right \}\right \}\]

Maple ✓

restart; 
L=5; 
k=1/10; 
f=x*(5-x); 
Q=x; 
pde := diff(u(x,t),t)= k*diff(u(x,t),x$2) + Q; 
bc  := u(0, t) = 0, u(L, t) = 0; 
ic  := u(x, 0) = f; 
cpu_time := timelimit(60*10,CodeTools[Usage](assign('sol', pdsolve([pde, ic, bc], u(x, t)) assuming L>0,k>0),output='realtime'));

\[u \left (x , t\right ) = \frac {\left (L -x \right ) Q x +4 k \left (\sum _{n=1}^\infty \frac {\left (-\pi ^{2} f k \,n^{2}+L^{2} Q \right ) \left (\left (-1\right )^{n}-1\right ) {\mathrm e}^{-\frac {\pi ^{2} k \,n^{2} t}{L^{2}}} \sin \left (\frac {\pi n x}{L}\right )}{\pi ^{3} k \,n^{3}}\right )}{2 k}\]

Solve \begin {align*} u_{t} & =ku_{xx}+Q\left ( x\right ) \\ u\left ( 0,t\right ) & =0\\ u\left ( L,0\right ) & =0\\ u\left ( x,0\right ) & =f\left ( x\right ) \end {align*}

With $k=\frac {1}{10},L=5,f\left ( x\right ) =x\left ( 5-x\right ) ,Q\left ( x\right ) =x.$

The general problem above was solved in 4.1.1.11 on page 453 and the solution is\[ u\left ( x,t\right ) =\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }e^{-k\lambda _{n}t}\Phi _{n}\left ( x\right ) \left ( \frac {2}{L}\int _{0}^{L}f\left ( s\right ) \Phi _{n}\left ( s\right ) ds\right ) +\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }e^{-k\lambda _{n}t}\Phi _{n}\left ( x\right ) \left ( \int _{0}^{t}\frac {2}{L}e^{k\lambda _{n}\tau }\left ( \int _{0}^{L}Q\left ( s\right ) \Phi _{n}\left ( s\right ) ds\right ) d\tau \right ) \] Where \begin {align*} \Phi _{n}\left ( x\right ) & =\sin \left ( \sqrt {\lambda _{n}}x\right ) \\ \lambda _{n} & =\left ( \frac {n\pi }{L}\right ) ^{2}\qquad n=1,2,3,\cdots \end {align*}

Substituting the speciﬁc values given above into this solution gives\begin {align*} u\left ( x,t\right ) & =\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }e^{-\frac {1}{10}\left ( \frac {n\pi }{5}\right ) ^{2}t}\sin \left ( \frac {n\pi }{5}x\right ) \left ( \frac {2}{5}\int _{0}^{5}s\left ( 5-s\right ) \sin \left ( \frac {n\pi }{5}s\right ) ds\right ) \\ & +\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }e^{-\frac {1}{10}\left ( \frac {n\pi }{5}\right ) ^{2}t}\sin \left ( \frac {n\pi }{5}x\right ) \left ( \int _{0}^{t}\frac {2}{5}e^{\frac {1}{10}\left ( \frac {n\pi }{5}\right ) ^{2}\tau }\left ( \int _{0}^{5}s\sin \left ( \frac {n\pi }{5}s\right ) ds\right ) d\tau \right ) \end {align*}

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4.1.1.13 [163] with source that depends on space and time (general case)

Solve the heat equation for $u(x,t)$ \[ u_t= k u_{xx} + Q(x,t) \] For $0<x<L$ and $t>0$. The boundary conditions are \begin {align*} u(0,t)&=0 \\ u(L,t) &= 0\\ \end {align*}

Mathematica ✓

ClearAll["Global`*"]; 
pde =  D[u[x, t], t] == k*D[u[x, t], {x, 2}] + Q[x,t]; 
bc  = {u[0, t] == 0, u[L, t] == 0}; 
ic  = u[x, 0] == f[x]; 
sol =  AbsoluteTiming[TimeConstrained[DSolve[{pde, ic, bc}, u[x, t], {x, t},Assumptions->{k>0,L>0}], 60*10]];

\[\left \{\left \{u(x,t)\to \sum _{K[1]=1}^\infty \frac {\sqrt {2} \left (\int _0^t e^{-\frac {k \pi ^2 K[1]^2 (t-K[2])}{L^2}} \text {Integrate}\left [\frac {\sqrt {2} Q(x,K[2]) \sin \left (\frac {\pi x K[1]}{L}\right )}{\sqrt {L}},\{x,0,L\},\text {Assumptions}\to k>0\land L>0\right ] \, dK[2]+e^{-\frac {k \pi ^2 t K[1]^2}{L^2}} \int _0^L \frac {\sqrt {2} f(x) \sin \left (\frac {\pi x K[1]}{L}\right )}{\sqrt {L}} \, dx\right ) \sin \left (\frac {\pi x K[1]}{L}\right )}{\sqrt {L}}\right \}\right \}\]

Maple ✓

restart; 
pde := diff(u(x,t),t)= k*diff(u(x,t),x$2) + Q(x,t); 
bc  := u(0, t) = 0, u(L, t) = 0; 
ic  := u(x, 0) = f(x); 
cpu_time := timelimit(60*10,CodeTools[Usage](assign('sol', pdsolve([pde, ic, bc], u(x, t)) assuming L>0,k>0),output='realtime'));

\[u \left (x , t\right ) = \int _{0}^{t}\left (\sum _{n=1}^\infty \frac {2 \left (\int _{0}^{L}Q \left (x , \tau \right ) \sin \left (\frac {\pi n x}{L}\right )d x \right ) {\mathrm e}^{-\frac {\pi ^{2} \left (t -\tau \right ) k \,n^{2}}{L^{2}}} \sin \left (\frac {\pi n x}{L}\right )}{L}\right )d \tau +\left (\sum _{n=1}^\infty \frac {2 \left (\int _{0}^{L}f \left (x \right ) \sin \left (\frac {\pi n x}{L}\right )d x \right ) {\mathrm e}^{-\frac {\pi ^{2} k \,n^{2} t}{L^{2}}} \sin \left (\frac {\pi n x}{L}\right )}{L}\right )\]

\begin {align} u_{t} & =kv_{xx}+Q\left ( x,t\right ) \tag {1}\\ u\left ( 0,t\right ) & =0\nonumber \\ u\left ( L,t\right ) & =0\nonumber \\ u\left ( x,0\right ) & =f\left ( x\right ) \nonumber \end {align}

Hence (1) becomes\begin {equation} u\left ( x,t\right ) =\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }a_{n}\left ( t\right ) \sin \left ( \sqrt {\lambda _{n}}x\right ) \tag {1A} \end {equation} Substituting this back into the original given PDE gives\[ \sum _{n=1}^{\infty }a_{n}^{\prime }\left ( t\right ) \Phi _{n}\left ( x\right ) =k\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }a_{n}\left ( t\right ) \Phi _{n}^{\prime \prime }\left ( x\right ) +\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }q_{n}\left ( t\right ) \Phi _{n}\left ( x\right ) \] Where $Q\left ( x,t\right ) =\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }q_{n}\left ( t\right ) \Phi _{n}\left ( x\right ) $. Since $\Phi _{n}^{\prime \prime }\left ( x\right ) =-\lambda _{n}\Phi _{n}\left ( x\right ) $, then the above simpliﬁes to\begin {align} \sum _{n=1}^{\infty }a_{n}^{\prime }\left ( t\right ) \Phi _{n}\left ( x\right ) & =-k\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }a_{n}\left ( t\right ) \lambda _{n}\Phi _{n}\left ( x\right ) +\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }q_{n}\left ( t\right ) \Phi _{n}\left ( x\right ) \nonumber \\ a_{n}^{\prime }\left ( t\right ) +k\lambda _{n}a_{n}\left ( t\right ) & =q_{n}\left ( t\right ) \tag {2} \end {align}

We now need to ﬁnd $q_{n}\left ( t\right ) $. By orthogonality\[ \int _{0}^{L}Q\left ( x,t\right ) \Phi _{n}\left ( x\right ) dx=\int _{0}^{L}q_{n}\left ( t\right ) \Phi _{n}^{2}\left ( x\right ) dx \] But $\int _{0}^{L}\Phi _{n}^{2}\left ( x\right ) dx=\int _{0}^{L}\sin ^{2}\left ( \frac {n\pi }{L}x\right ) dx=\frac {L}{2}$ and the above becomes\[ q_{n}\left ( t\right ) =\frac {2}{L}\int _{0}^{L}Q\left ( x,t\right ) \Phi _{n}\left ( x\right ) dx \] Using the above in (2) gives\[ a_{n}^{\prime }\left ( t\right ) +k\lambda _{n}a_{n}\left ( t\right ) =\frac {2}{L}\int _{0}^{L}Q\left ( x,t\right ) \Phi _{n}\left ( x\right ) dx \] The integrating factor is $I=e^{k\lambda _{n}t}$. Hence the above becomes\begin {align*} \frac {d}{dt}\left ( a_{n}\left ( t\right ) e^{k\lambda _{n}t}\right ) & =\frac {2}{L}e^{k\lambda _{n}t}\int _{0}^{L}Q\left ( x,t\right ) \Phi _{n}\left ( x\right ) dx\\ a_{n}\left ( t\right ) e^{k\lambda _{n}t} & =\int _{0}^{t}\frac {2}{L}e^{k\lambda _{n}s}\left ( \int _{0}^{L}Q\left ( x,s\right ) \Phi _{n}\left ( x\right ) dx\right ) ds+a_{n}\left ( 0\right ) \\ a_{n}\left ( t\right ) & =a_{n}\left ( 0\right ) e^{-k\lambda _{n}t}+e^{-k\lambda _{n}t}\int _{0}^{t}\frac {2}{L}e^{k\lambda _{n}s}\left ( \int _{0}^{L}Q\left ( x,s\right ) \Phi _{n}\left ( x\right ) dx\right ) ds \end {align*}

Therefore the solution (1A) becomes\begin {equation} u\left ( x,t\right ) =\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }\left [ a_{n}\left ( 0\right ) e^{-k\lambda _{n}t}+e^{-k\lambda _{n}t}\int _{0}^{t}\frac {2}{L}e^{k\lambda _{n}\tau }\left ( \int _{0}^{L}Q\left ( s,\tau \right ) \Phi _{n}\left ( s\right ) ds\right ) d\tau \right ] \Phi _{n}\left ( x\right ) \tag {3} \end {equation} At $t=0$\begin {align*} f\left ( x\right ) & =\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }a_{n}\left ( 0\right ) \Phi _{n}\left ( x\right ) \\ \int _{0}^{L}f\left ( x\right ) \Phi _{n}\left ( x\right ) dx & =\int _{0}^{L}a_{n}\left ( 0\right ) \Phi _{n}^{2}\left ( x\right ) dx\\ a_{n}\left ( 0\right ) & =\frac {2}{L}\int _{0}^{L}f\left ( x\right ) \Phi _{n}\left ( x\right ) dx \end {align*}

The solution (3) becomes\begin {align*} u\left ( x,t\right ) & =\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }\left [ \left ( \frac {2}{L}\int _{0}^{L}f\left ( s\right ) \Phi _{n}\left ( s\right ) ds\right ) e^{-k\lambda _{n}t}+e^{-k\lambda _{n}t}\int _{0}^{t}\frac {2}{L}e^{k\lambda _{n}\tau }\left ( \int _{0}^{L}Q\left ( s,\tau \right ) \Phi _{n}\left ( s\right ) ds\right ) d\tau \right ] \Phi _{n}\left ( x\right ) \\ & =\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }e^{-k\lambda _{n}t}\Phi _{n}\left ( x\right ) \left ( \frac {2}{L}\int _{0}^{L}f\left ( s\right ) \Phi _{n}\left ( s\right ) ds\right ) +\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }e^{-k\lambda _{n}t}\Phi _{n}\left ( x\right ) \left ( \int _{0}^{t}\frac {2}{L}e^{k\lambda _{n}\tau }\left ( \int _{0}^{L}Q\left ( s,\tau \right ) \Phi _{n}\left ( s\right ) ds\right ) d\tau \right ) \end {align*}

Where \begin {align*} \Phi _{n}\left ( x\right ) & =\sin \left ( \sqrt {\lambda _{n}}x\right ) \\ \lambda _{n} & =\left ( \frac {n\pi }{L}\right ) ^{2}\qquad n=1,2,3,\cdots \end {align*}

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4.1.1.14 [164] with source that depends on space and time (special case)

Solve the heat equation for $u(x,t)$ \[ u_t= k u_{xx} + Q(x,t) \] For $0<x<L$ and $t>0$. The boundary conditions are \begin {align*} u(0,t)&=0 \\ u(L,t) &= 0\\ \end {align*}

Initial condition is $u(x,0)=f(x)$. Using the following values \begin {align*} L &=\pi \\ k &= \frac {1}{300}\\ Q(x,t) &= e^{-t} \sin (3 x)\\ f(x) &= x(\pi -x) \end {align*}

Mathematica ✓

ClearAll["Global`*"]; 
L=Pi; f=x*(Pi-x); k=1/300; Q=Exp[-t]*Sin[3*x]; 
pde =  D[u[x, t], t] == k*D[u[x, t], {x, 2}] + Q; 
bc  = {u[0, t] == 0, u[L, t] == 0}; 
ic  = u[x, 0] == f; 
sol =  AbsoluteTiming[TimeConstrained[DSolve[{pde, ic, bc}, u[x, t], {x, t}], 60*10]]; 
sol = sol /. K[1] -> n

\[\left \{\left \{u(x,t)\to \sum _{n=1}^\infty -\frac {4 \left (-1+(-1)^n\right ) e^{-\frac {n^2 t}{300}} \sin (n x)}{n^3 \pi }+\frac {100}{97} e^{-t} \left (e^{97 t/100}-1\right ) \sin (3 x)\right \}\right \}\]

Maple ✓

restart; 
L:=Pi; 
f:=x*(Pi-x); 
k:=1/300; 
Q:=exp(-t)*sin(3*x); 
pde := diff(u(x,t),t)= k*diff(u(x,t),x$2) + Q; 
bc  := u(0, t) = 0, u(L, t) = 0; 
ic  := u(x, 0) = f; 
cpu_time := timelimit(60*10,CodeTools[Usage](assign('sol', pdsolve([pde, ic, bc], u(x, t))),output='realtime'));

\[u \left (x , t\right ) = -\frac {100 \,{\mathrm e}^{-t} \sin \left (3 x \right )}{97}+\frac {100 \,{\mathrm e}^{-\frac {3 t}{100}} \sin \left (3 x \right )}{97}-4 \left (\sum _{n=1}^\infty \frac {\left (\left (-1\right )^{n}-1\right ) {\mathrm e}^{-\frac {n^{2} t}{300}} \sin \left (n x \right )}{\pi \,n^{3}}\right )\]

Solving \begin {align*} u_{t} & =ku_{xx}+Q\left ( x,t\right ) \\ u\left ( 0,t\right ) & =0\\ u\left ( L,0\right ) & =0\\ u\left ( x,0\right ) & =f\left ( x\right ) \end {align*}

With $k=\frac {1}{300},L=\pi ,f\left ( x\right ) =x\left ( \pi -x\right ) ,Q\left ( x\right ) =e^{-t}\sin \left ( 3x\right ) .$

The general problem above was solved in 4.1.6.4 on page 806 and the solution is\begin {align*} u\left ( x,t\right ) & =\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }e^{-k\lambda _{n}t}\Phi _{n}\left ( x\right ) \left ( \frac {2}{L}\int _{0}^{L}f\left ( s\right ) \Phi _{n}\left ( s\right ) ds\right ) \\ & +\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }e^{-k\lambda _{n}t}\Phi _{n}\left ( x\right ) \left ( \int _{0}^{t}\frac {2}{L}e^{k\lambda _{n}\tau }\left ( \int _{0}^{L}Q\left ( s,\tau \right ) \Phi _{n}\left ( s\right ) ds\right ) d\tau \right ) \end {align*}

Where\begin {align*} \Phi _{n}\left ( x\right ) & =\sin \left ( \sqrt {\lambda _{n}}x\right ) \\ \lambda _{n} & =\left ( \frac {n\pi }{L}\right ) ^{2}\qquad n=1,2,3,\cdots \end {align*}

Substituting the speciﬁc values given above into this solution gives\begin {align*} \Phi _{n}\left ( x\right ) & =\sin \left ( nx\right ) \\ \lambda _{n} & =n^{2}\qquad n=1,2,3,\cdots \end {align*}

And\begin {align*} u\left ( x,t\right ) & =\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }e^{-\frac {1}{300}n^{2}t}\sin \left ( nx\right ) \left ( \frac {2}{\pi }\int _{0}^{\pi }s\left ( \pi -s\right ) \sin \left ( ns\right ) ds\right ) \\ & +\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }e^{-\frac {1}{300}n^{2}t}\sin \left ( nx\right ) \left ( \int _{0}^{t}\frac {2}{\pi }e^{\frac {1}{300}n^{2}\tau }e^{-\tau }\left ( \int _{0}^{\pi }\sin \left ( 3s\right ) \sin \left ( ns\right ) ds\right ) d\tau \right ) \end {align*}

But $\int _{0}^{\pi }s\left ( \pi -s\right ) \sin \left ( ns\right ) ds=\frac {2-2\left ( -1\right ) ^{n}}{n^{3}}$ and $\int _{0}^{\pi }\sin \left ( 3s\right ) \sin \left ( ns\right ) ds=0$ when $n\neq 3$ and for $n=3$ it is $\frac {\pi }{2}$. Hence the above reduces to\begin {align*} u\left ( x,t\right ) & =4\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }\left ( \frac {1-\left ( -1\right ) ^{n}}{\pi n^{3}}\right ) e^{-\frac {1}{300}n^{2}t}\sin \left ( nx\right ) +e^{-\frac {1}{300}\left ( 3\right ) ^{2}t}\sin \left ( 3x\right ) \left ( \int _{0}^{t}\frac {2}{\pi }e^{\frac {1}{300}\left ( 9\right ) ^{2}\tau }e^{-\tau }\left ( \frac {\pi }{2}\right ) d\tau \right ) \\ & =4\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }\left ( \frac {1-\left ( -1\right ) ^{n}}{\pi n^{3}}\right ) e^{-\frac {1}{300}n^{2}t}\sin \left ( nx\right ) +e^{-\frac {9t}{300}}\sin \left ( 3x\right ) \left ( \int _{0}^{t}e^{\frac {9\tau }{300}}e^{-\tau }d\tau \right ) \end {align*}

But $\int _{0}^{t}e^{\frac {9\tau }{300}}e^{-\tau }d\tau =\frac {100}{97}-\frac {100e^{\frac {-97}{100}t}}{97}$. Hence the above becomes\begin {align*} u\left ( x,t\right ) & =4\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }\left ( \frac {1-\left ( -1\right ) ^{n}}{\pi n^{3}}\right ) e^{-\frac {1}{300}n^{2}t}\sin \left ( nx\right ) +e^{-\frac {9t}{300}}\sin \left ( 3x\right ) \left ( \frac {100}{97}-\frac {100e^{\frac {-97}{100}t}}{97}\right ) \\ & =4\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }\left ( \frac {1-\left ( -1\right ) ^{n}}{\pi n^{3}}\right ) e^{-\frac {1}{300}n^{2}t}\sin \left ( nx\right ) +\sin \left ( 3x\right ) \left ( \frac {100}{97}e^{-\frac {3t}{100}}-\frac {100e^{-t}}{97}\right ) \\ & =4\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }\left ( \frac {1-\left ( -1\right ) ^{n}}{\pi n^{3}}\right ) e^{-\frac {1}{300}n^{2}t}\sin \left ( nx\right ) -\frac {100e^{-t}}{97}\sin \left ( 3x\right ) +\frac {100}{97}e^{-\frac {3t}{100}}\sin \left ( 3x\right ) \end {align*}

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4.1.1.15 [165] Math 4567 Exam

Solve the heat equation \[ u_t = u_{xx} + t(\pi -x) \] For $0<x<\pi $ and $t>0$. The boundary conditions are \begin {align*} u(0,t) &= 0 \\ u(\pi ,t) &=0 \end {align*}

Mathematica ✓

ClearAll["Global`*"]; 
pde =  D[u[x, t], t] == D[u[x, t], {x, 2}] + t*(Pi-x); 
bc  = {u[0,t] == 0, u[Pi,t] == 0}; 
ic  = u[x, 0] == 0; 
sol =  AbsoluteTiming[TimeConstrained[DSolve[{pde, ic, bc}, u[x, t], x, t, Assumptions -> t > 0], 60*10]]; 
sol =  sol /. K[1] -> n;

\[\left \{\left \{u(x,t)\to \sum _{n=1}^\infty \frac {2 \left (t n^2+e^{-n^2 t}-1\right ) \sin (n x)}{n^5}\right \}\right \}\]

Maple ✓

restart; 
interface(showassumed=0); 
pde :=  diff(u(x,t),t)=diff(u(x,t),x$2)+t*(Pi-x); 
ic  :=  u(x,0)=0; 
bc  :=  u(0,t)=0, u(Pi,t)=0; 
cpu_time := timelimit(60*10,CodeTools[Usage](assign('sol', pdsolve([pde,ic,bc],u(x,t)) assuming t>0),output='realtime'));

\[u \left (x , t\right ) = 2 \left (\sum _{n=1}^\infty \frac {\left (n^{2} t +{\mathrm e}^{-n^{2} t}-1\right ) \sin \left (n x \right )}{n^{5}}\right )\]

Let $u\left ( x,t\right ) =\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }B_{n}\left ( t\right ) X_{n}\left ( x\right ) $, where $X_{n}\left ( x\right ) $ are the eigenfunctions of the homogeneous PDE $u_{t}=u_{xx}$. These are known to be $X_{n}\left ( x\right ) =\sin \left ( \sqrt {\lambda _{n}}x\right ) $ where $\lambda _{n}=n^{2},n=1,2,3,\cdots $. Hence\[ X_{n}\left ( x\right ) =\sin \left ( nx\right ) \qquad n=1,2,3,\cdots \] Therefore the solution becomes\begin {equation} u\left ( x,t\right ) =\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }B_{n}\left ( t\right ) \sin \left ( nx\right ) \tag {A} \end {equation} Substituting this into the PDE $u_{t}=u_{xx}+t\left ( \pi -x\right ) $ gives\[ \sum _{n=1}^{\infty }B_{n}^{\prime }\left ( t\right ) X_{n}\left ( x\right ) =\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }B_{n}\left ( t\right ) X_{n}^{\prime \prime }\left ( x\right ) +\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }q_{n}\left ( t\right ) X_{n}\left ( x\right ) \] Where $\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }q_{n}\left ( t\right ) X_{n}\left ( x\right ) $ is the Fourier series expansion of $t\left ( \pi -x\right ) $. But $X_{n}^{\prime \prime }\left ( x\right ) =-\lambda _{n}X_{n}\left ( x\right ) =-n^{2}X_{n}\left ( x\right ) $. Hence the above becomes\begin {align} \sum _{n=1}^{\infty }B_{n}^{\prime }\left ( t\right ) X_{n}\left ( x\right ) & =-\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }n^{2}B_{n}\left ( t\right ) X_{n}\left ( x\right ) +\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }q_{n}\left ( t\right ) X_{n}\left ( x\right ) \nonumber \\ B_{n}^{\prime }\left ( t\right ) X_{n}\left ( x\right ) +n^{2}B_{n}\left ( t\right ) X_{n}\left ( x\right ) & =q_{n}\left ( t\right ) X_{n}\left ( x\right ) \nonumber \\ B_{n}^{\prime }\left ( t\right ) +n^{2}B_{n}\left ( t\right ) & =q_{n}\left ( t\right ) \tag {1} \end {align}

This is ﬁrst order ODE which is now solved for $B_{n}$. But ﬁrst $q_{n}\left ( t\right ) $ is found. Since \[ t\left ( \pi -x\right ) =\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }q_{n}\left ( t\right ) X_{n}\left ( x\right ) \] Applying orthogonality. Integrating both sides and multiplying by $X_{m}\left ( x\right ) $ gives\begin {align*} \int _{0}^{\pi }t\left ( \pi -x\right ) X_{m}\left ( x\right ) dx & =\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }q_{n}\left ( t\right ) \int _{0}^{\pi }X_{n}\left ( x\right ) X_{m}\left ( x\right ) dx\\ & =\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }q_{n}\left ( t\right ) \int _{0}^{\pi }\sin \left ( nx\right ) \sin \left ( mx\right ) dx\\ & =q_{m}\left ( t\right ) \int _{0}^{\pi }\sin ^{2}\left ( mx\right ) dx\\ & =\frac {\pi }{2}q_{m}\left ( t\right ) \end {align*}

Therefore\begin {align*} q_{n}\left ( t\right ) & =\frac {2}{\pi }\int _{0}^{\pi }t\left ( \pi -x\right ) \sin \left ( nx\right ) dx\\ & =\frac {2t\left ( \pi n-\sin \left ( n\pi \right ) \right ) }{\pi n^{2}} \end {align*}

But $n$ is integer, hence the above simpliﬁes to \[ q_{n}\left ( t\right ) =\frac {2t}{n}\] Hence (1) becomes\[ B_{n}^{\prime }\left ( t\right ) +n^{2}B_{n}\left ( t\right ) =\frac {2t}{n}\] Integrating factor is $I=e^{\int n^{2}dt}=e^{n^{2}t}$. The above becomes\[ \frac {d}{dt}\left ( B_{n}e^{n^{2}t}\right ) =\frac {2t}{n}e^{n^{2}t}\] Integrating\begin {align} B_{n}e^{n^{2}t} & =\frac {2}{n}\int _{0}^{t}se^{n^{2}s}ds+C\nonumber \\ B_{n}\left ( t\right ) & =\frac {2}{n}e^{-n^{2}t}\int _{0}^{t}se^{n^{2}s}ds+Ce^{-n^{2}t}\tag {2} \end {align}

At $t=0,B_{n}\left ( 0\right ) =0$. The above reduces to\[ 0=C \] Therefore (2) becomes\begin {align*} B_{n}\left ( t\right ) & =\frac {2}{n}e^{-n^{2}t}\int _{0}^{t}se^{n^{2}s}ds\\ & =\frac {2}{n}\int _{0}^{t}se^{n^{2}\left ( s-t\right ) }ds\\ & =\frac {2\left ( n^{2}t+e^{-n^{2}t}-1\right ) }{n^{5}} \end {align*}

Hence Eq. (A) becomes\[ u\left ( x,t\right ) =\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }\frac {2\left ( n^{2}t+e^{-n^{2}t}-1\right ) }{n^{5}}\sin \left ( nx\right ) \]

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4.1.1.16 [166] With source

Solve the heat equation for $u(x,t)$ \[ u_t= k u_{xx} + Q(x,t) \] For $0<x<1$ and $t>0$. The boundary conditions are \begin {align*} u(0,t) &= 0 \\ u(1,t) &= 0 \\ \end {align*}

Mathematica ✓

ClearAll["Global`*"]; 
pde =  D[u[x, t], t] == k*D[u[x, t], {x, 2}] + Q[x, t]; 
bc  = {u[0, t] == 0, u[1, t] == 0}; 
ic  = u[x, 0] == f[x]; 
sol =  AbsoluteTiming[TimeConstrained[DSolve[{pde, ic, bc}, u[x, t], x, t, Assumptions -> {k > 0, t > 0, x > 0, x < 1}], 60*10]];

\[\left \{\left \{u(x,t)\to \sum _{K[1]=1}^\infty \sqrt {2} \left (\int _0^t e^{-k \pi ^2 K[1]^2 (t-K[2])} \text {Integrate}\left [\sqrt {2} Q(x,K[2]) \sin (\pi x K[1]),\{x,0,1\},\text {Assumptions}\to k>0\land t>0\land x>0\land x<1\right ] \, dK[2]+e^{-k \pi ^2 t K[1]^2} \int _0^1 \sqrt {2} f(x) \sin (\pi x K[1]) \, dx\right ) \sin (\pi x K[1])\right \}\right \}\]

Maple ✓

restart; 
interface(showassumed=0); 
pde := diff(u(x, t), t) = k*(diff(u(x, t), x, x))+Q(x, t); 
bc  := u(0, t) = 0, u(l, t) = 0; 
ic  := u(x, 0) = f(x); 
cpu_time := timelimit(60*10,CodeTools[Usage](assign('sol', pdsolve([pde, bc,ic], u(x, t)) assuming 0 <= x and  x <= l and k>0 and t>0),output='realtime'));

\[u \left (x , t\right ) = \int _{0}^{t}\left (\sum _{n=1}^\infty \frac {2 \left (\int _{0}^{l}Q \left (x , \tau \right ) \sin \left (\frac {\pi n x}{l}\right )d x \right ) {\mathrm e}^{\frac {\pi ^{2} \left (-t +\tau \right ) k \,n^{2}}{l^{2}}} \sin \left (\frac {\pi n x}{l}\right )}{l}\right )d \tau +2 \left (\sum _{n=1}^\infty \frac {\left (\int _{0}^{l}f \left (x \right ) \sin \left (\frac {\pi n x}{l}\right )d x \right ) {\mathrm e}^{-\frac {\pi ^{2} k \,n^{2} t}{l^{2}}} \sin \left (\frac {\pi n x}{l}\right )}{l}\right )\]

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4.1.1.17 [167] special initial condition

Solve $u(x,t)$ \[ u_t = u_{xx} -9 u_x \] For $0<x<1$ and $t>0$. The boundary conditions are \begin {align*} u(0,t) &= 0\\ u(1,t) &= 0 \end {align*}

Initial condition $u(x,0)=e^{\frac {45}{10}}( 5 \sin (\pi x)+ 9 \sin (2 \pi x)+2 \sin (3 \pi x)) $

Mathematica ✓

ClearAll["Global`*"]; 
pde = D[u[x, t], t] == D[u[x, t], {x, 2}] - 9*D[u[x, t], x]; 
ic  = u[x, 0] == Exp[45/10 x]*(5 Sin[Pi*x] + 9 Sin[2*Pi*x] + 2 Sin[3*Pi*x]); 
bc  = {u[0, t] == 0, u[1, t] == 0}; 
sol = AbsoluteTiming[TimeConstrained[DSolve[{pde, ic, bc}, u[x, t], {x, t}], 60*10]];

\[\left \{\left \{u(x,t)\to e^{\frac {9}{4} (2 x-9 t)} \sum _{K[1]=1}^\infty 0\right \}\right \}\]

Maple ✗

restart; 
pde := diff(u(x,t),t)= diff(u(x, t), x$2) - 9*diff(u(x,t),x); 
bc  := u(0,t)=0,u(1,t)=0; 
ic  := u(x, 0) = exp(45/10*x)*(5*sin(Pi*x) + 9*sin(2*Pi*x) + 2*sin(3*Pi*x)); 
cpu_time := timelimit(60*10,CodeTools[Usage](assign('sol', pdsolve({pde, ic, bc}, u(x, t))),output='realtime'));

time expired

\[ u_{t}=u_{xx}-9u_{x}\] IC\[ u\left ( x,0\right ) =e^{\frac {45}{10}x}\left ( 5\sin \left ( \pi x\right ) +9\sin \left ( 2\pi x\right ) +2\sin \left ( 3\pi x\right ) \right ) \] BC\begin {align*} u\left ( 0,x\right ) & =0\\ u\left ( 1,x\right ) & =0 \end {align*}

Let $u=X\left ( x\right ) T\left ( t\right ) $, the PDE becomes\begin {align*} T^{\prime }X & =X^{\prime \prime }T-9X^{\prime }T\\ \frac {T^{\prime }}{T} & =\frac {X^{\prime \prime }}{X}-9\frac {X^{\prime }}{X}=-\lambda \end {align*}

Where $\lambda $ is the seperation constant. From B.C. we know $\lambda >0$. Hence the eigenvalue ODE is\[ X^{\prime \prime }-9X^{\prime }+\lambda X=0 \] The solution to the above is\begin {align*} X\left ( x\right ) & =C_{1}e^{\frac {1}{2}\left ( 9-\sqrt {81-4\lambda }\right ) x}+C_{2}e^{\frac {1}{2}\left ( 9+\sqrt {81-4\lambda }\right ) x}\\ & =e^{\frac {9x}{2}}\left ( C_{1}e^{-\frac {1}{2}\sqrt {81-4\lambda }x}+C_{2}e^{\frac {1}{2}\sqrt {81-4\lambda }x}\right ) \end {align*}

At $X\left ( 0\right ) =0$ this gives\[ 0=C_{1}+C_{2}\] And at $X\left ( 1\right ) =0$\begin {align*} 0 & =e^{\frac {9}{2}}\left ( C_{1}e^{-\frac {1}{2}\sqrt {81-4\lambda }}+C_{2}e^{\frac {1}{2}\sqrt {81-4\lambda }}\right ) \\ 0 & =e^{\frac {9}{2}}\left ( C_{1}e^{-\frac {1}{2}\sqrt {81-4\lambda }}-C_{1}e^{\frac {1}{2}\sqrt {81-4\lambda }}\right ) \\ 0 & =C_{1}e^{\frac {9}{2}}\left ( e^{-\frac {1}{2}\sqrt {81-4\lambda }}-e^{\frac {1}{2}\sqrt {81-4\lambda }}\right ) \end {align*}

For nontrivial solution we want\begin {align} e^{-\frac {1}{2}\sqrt {81-4\lambda }}-e^{\frac {1}{2}\sqrt {81-4\lambda }} & =0\nonumber \\ e^{-\frac {1}{2}\sqrt {81-4\lambda }} & =e^{\frac {1}{2}\sqrt {81-4\lambda }} \tag {1} \end {align}

This means $81-4\lambda $ must be zero or\[ \lambda =\frac {81}{4}\] But using this eigenvalue makes the eigenfunction zero as shown below\begin {align*} X\left ( x\right ) & =e^{\frac {9x}{2}}\left ( C_{1}e^{-\frac {1}{2}\sqrt {81-4\lambda }x}-C_{1}e^{\frac {1}{2}\sqrt {81-4\lambda }x}\right ) \\ & =C_{1}e^{\frac {9x}{2}}\left ( e^{-\frac {1}{2}\sqrt {81-4\lambda }x}-e^{\frac {1}{2}\sqrt {81-4\lambda }x}\right ) \\ & =C_{1}e^{\frac {9x}{2}}\left ( 1-1\right ) \\ & =0 \end {align*}

Then (1) becomes\begin {align*} e^{-\frac {i}{2}\sqrt {4\lambda -81}} & =e^{\frac {i}{2}\sqrt {4\lambda -81}}\\ \cos \left ( \frac {1}{2}\sqrt {4\lambda -81}\right ) -i\sin \left ( \frac {1}{2}\sqrt {4\lambda -81}\right ) & =\cos \left ( \frac {1}{2}\sqrt {4\lambda -81}\right ) +i\sin \left ( \frac {1}{2}\sqrt {4\lambda -81}\right ) \\ 2i\sin \left ( \frac {1}{2}\sqrt {4\lambda -81}\right ) & =0\\ \sin \left ( \frac {1}{2}\sqrt {4\lambda -81}\right ) & =0\\ \frac {1}{2}\sqrt {4\lambda -81} & =n\pi \qquad n=1,2,\cdots \end {align*}

Hence\begin {align*} \frac {1}{4}\left ( 4\lambda -81\right ) & =n^{2}\pi ^{2}\\ 4\lambda & =81+4n^{2}\pi ^{2}\\ \lambda _{n} & =\frac {81}{4}+n^{2}\pi ^{2} \end {align*}

The corresponding eigenfunctions are (and since $C_{2}=-C_{1}$) then\begin {align*} X_{n}\left ( x\right ) & =C_{n}\left ( e^{\frac {1}{2}\left ( 9-\sqrt {81-4\lambda _{n}}\right ) x}-e^{\frac {1}{2}\left ( 9+\sqrt {81-4\lambda _{n}}\right ) x}\right ) \\ & =C_{n}\left ( e^{\frac {1}{2}\left ( 9-i\sqrt {4\lambda _{n}-81}\right ) x}-e^{\frac {1}{2}\left ( 9+i\sqrt {4\lambda _{n}-81}\right ) x}\right ) \\ & =C_{n}e^{\frac {9x}{2}}\left ( e^{-\frac {i}{2}\sqrt {4\lambda _{n}-81}x}-e^{\frac {i}{2}\sqrt {4\lambda _{n}-81}x}\right ) \\ & =C_{n}e^{\frac {9x}{2}}\left ( \cos \left ( \frac {1}{2}\sqrt {4\lambda _{n}-81}x\right ) -i\sin \left ( \frac {1}{2}\sqrt {4\lambda _{n}-81}x\right ) -\cos \left ( \frac {1}{2}\sqrt {4\lambda _{n}-81}x\right ) -\sin \left ( \frac {1}{2}\sqrt {4\lambda _{n}-81}x\right ) \right ) \\ & =C_{n}e^{\frac {9x}{2}}\left ( -2i\sin \left ( \frac {1}{2}\sqrt {4\lambda _{n}-81}x\right ) \right ) \\ & =A_{n}e^{\frac {9x}{2}}\sin \left ( \frac {1}{2}\sqrt {4\lambda _{n}-81}x\right ) \end {align*}

Hence the solution is\[ u\left ( x,t\right ) =\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }X_{n}\left ( t\right ) T_{n}\left ( t\right ) \] But $T^{\prime }+\lambda _{n}T=0$ has solution $T=e^{-\lambda _{n}t}$. Therefore the solution becomes\[ u\left ( x,t\right ) =\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }A_{n}e^{-\lambda _{n}t}e^{\frac {9x}{2}}\sin \left ( \frac {1}{2}\sqrt {4\lambda _{n}-81}x\right ) \] At $t=0$\[ e^{\frac {45}{10}x}\left ( 5\sin \left ( \pi x\right ) +9\sin \left ( 2\pi x\right ) +2\sin \left ( 3\pi x\right ) \right ) =\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }A_{n}e^{\frac {9x}{2}}\sin \left ( \frac {1}{2}\sqrt {4\lambda _{n}-81}x\right ) \] But $\lambda _{n}=\frac {81}{4}+n^{2}\pi ^{2}$. The above becomes\begin {align*} e^{\frac {45}{10}x}\left ( 5\sin \left ( \pi x\right ) +9\sin \left ( 2\pi x\right ) +2\sin \left ( 3\pi x\right ) \right ) & =A_{1}e^{\frac {9x}{2}}\sin \left ( \frac {1}{2}\sqrt {4\left ( \frac {81}{4}+\pi ^{2}\right ) -81}x\right ) \\ & +A_{2}e^{\frac {9x}{2}}\sin \left ( \frac {1}{2}\sqrt {4\left ( \frac {81}{4}+4\pi ^{2}\right ) -81}x\right ) \\ & +A_{3}e^{\frac {9x}{2}}\sin \left ( \frac {1}{2}\sqrt {4\left ( \frac {81}{4}+9\pi ^{2}\right ) -81}x\right ) \\ & +\cdots \end {align*}

Or\begin {align*} e^{\frac {45}{10}x}\left ( 5\sin \left ( \pi x\right ) +9\sin \left ( 2\pi x\right ) +2\sin \left ( 3\pi x\right ) \right ) & =A_{1}e^{\frac {9x}{2}}\sin \left ( \frac {1}{2}\sqrt {4\pi ^{2}}x\right ) \\ & +A_{2}e^{\frac {9x}{2}}\sin \left ( \frac {1}{2}\sqrt {16\pi ^{2}}x\right ) \\ & +A_{3}e^{\frac {9x}{2}}\sin \left ( \frac {1}{2}\sqrt {36\pi ^{2}}x\right ) \\ & +\cdots \end {align*}

Or\begin {align*} e^{\frac {45}{10}x}\left ( 5\sin \left ( \pi x\right ) +9\sin \left ( 2\pi x\right ) +2\sin \left ( 3\pi x\right ) \right ) & =A_{1}e^{\frac {9x}{2}}\sin \left ( \pi x\right ) \\ & +A_{2}e^{\frac {9x}{2}}\sin \left ( 2\pi x\right ) \\ & +A_{3}e^{\frac {9x}{2}}\sin \left ( 3\pi x\right ) \\ & +\cdots \end {align*}

By comparing coeﬃcients, we see that $A_{1}e^{\frac {9x}{2}}=5e^{\frac {45}{10}x}$ or $A_{1}=e^{\left ( \frac {45}{10}-\frac {9}{2}\right ) x}=5$ and $A_{2}=9$ and $A_{3}=2$ and and all other $A_{n}$ for $n>3$ are zero. Hence the solution becomes\begin {align*} u\left ( x,t\right ) & =5e^{-\lambda _{1}t}e^{\frac {9x}{2}}\sin \left ( \frac {1}{2}\sqrt {4\lambda _{1}-81}x\right ) +9e^{-\lambda _{2}t}e^{\frac {9x}{2}}\sin \left ( \frac {1}{2}\sqrt {4\lambda _{2}-81}x\right ) +2e^{-\lambda _{3}t}e^{\frac {9x}{2}}\sin \left ( \frac {1}{2}\sqrt {4\lambda _{3}-81}x\right ) \\ & =e^{-\left ( \frac {81}{4}+\pi ^{2}\right ) t}e^{\frac {9x}{2}}\sin \left ( \pi x\right ) +e^{-\left ( \frac {81}{4}+4\pi ^{2}\right ) t}e^{\frac {9x}{2}}\sin \left ( 2\pi x\right ) +e^{-\left ( \frac {81}{4}+9\pi ^{2}\right ) t}e^{\frac {9x}{2}}\sin \left ( 3\pi x\right ) \\ & =e^{-\frac {81}{4}t+\frac {9}{2}x}\left ( 5e^{-\pi ^{2}t}\sin \left ( \pi x\right ) +9e^{-4\pi ^{2}t}\sin \left ( 2\pi x\right ) +2e^{-9\pi ^{2}t}\sin \left ( 3\pi x\right ) \right ) \end {align*}

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4.1.1.18 [168] Diﬀusion Reaction and Euler-Cauchy Sturm-Liouville

Solve $u(x,t)$ \[ u_t = x^2 u_{xx} + x u_x \] For $1<x<b$ and $t>0$. The boundary conditions are \begin {align*} u(1,t) &= 0\\ u(b,t) &= 0 \end {align*}

Mathematica ✓

ClearAll["Global`*"]; 
pde = D[u[x, t], t] == x^2*D[u[x, t], {x, 2}] + x*D[u[x, t], x]; 
ic  = u[x, 0] == f[x]; 
bc  = {u[1, t] == 0, u[b, t] == 0}; 
sol = AbsoluteTiming[TimeConstrained[DSolve[{pde, ic, bc}, u[x, t], {x, t}, Assumptions -> b > 1], 60*10]];

\[\left \{\left \{u(x,t)\to \sum _{K[1]=1}^\infty \frac {2 e^{-\frac {\pi ^2 t K[1]^2}{\log ^2(b)}} \left (\int _1^b \frac {f(x) \sin \left (\frac {\pi K[1] \log (x)}{\log (b)}\right )}{x} \, dx\right ) \sin \left (\frac {\pi K[1] \log (x)}{\log (b)}\right )}{\log (b)}\right \}\right \}\]

Maple ✓

restart; 
pde := diff( u(x,t),t)= x^2*diff(u(x,t),x$2)+x*diff(u(x,t),x); 
bc  := u(1,t)=0,u(b,t)=0; 
ic  := u(x,0)=f(x); 
cpu_time := timelimit(60*10,CodeTools[Usage](assign('sol', pdsolve({pde, ic, bc}, u(x, t)) assuming b>1 ),output='realtime'));

\[u \left (x , t\right ) = \sum _{n=1}^\infty \frac {2 \left (\int _{1}^{b}\frac {f \left (x \right ) \sin \left (\frac {\pi n \ln \left (x \right )}{\ln \left (b \right )}\right )}{x}d x \right ) {\mathrm e}^{-\frac {\pi ^{2} n^{2} t}{\ln \left (b \right )^{2}}} \sin \left (\frac {\pi n \ln \left (x \right )}{\ln \left (b \right )}\right )}{\ln \left (b \right )}\]

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4.1.1.19 [169] Diﬀusion Reaction. Using growth form reaction term

Solve for $u(x,t)$ in \[ u_t = k u_{xx} + r u \] with $k=\frac {1}{10},r=1$ and $0<x<1$ and $t>0$. With boundary conditions \begin {align*} u(0,t) &= 0\\ u(1,t) &=0 \end {align*}

Mathematica ✓

ClearAll["Global`*"]; 
k = 1/10; 
 r = 1; 
pde =  D[u[x, t], t] == k*D[u[x, t], {x, 2}] + r*u[x, t]; 
bc  = {u[0, t] == 0, u[1, t] == 0}; 
ic  = u[x, 0] == 1; 
sol =  AbsoluteTiming[TimeConstrained[DSolve[{pde, bc, ic}, u[x, t], {x, t}], 60*10]];

\[\left \{\left \{u(x,t)\to \sum _{K[1]=1}^\infty -\frac {2 \left (-1+(-1)^{K[1]}\right ) e^{t-\frac {1}{10} \pi ^2 t K[1]^2} \sin (\pi x K[1])}{\pi K[1]}\right \}\right \}\]

Maple ✓

restart; 
k:=1/10; 
r:=1; 
pde := diff(u(x,t), t) = k*diff(u(x, t), x$2) + r*u(x,t); 
bc  := u(0,t)=0,u(1,t)=0; 
ic  := u(x,0) = 1; 
cpu_time := timelimit(60*10,CodeTools[Usage](assign('sol',pdsolve([pde, bc,ic], u(x,t))),output='realtime'));

\[u \left (x , t\right ) = \sum _{n=1}^\infty \left (-\frac {2 \left (\left (-1\right )^{n}-1\right ) {\mathrm e}^{-\frac {\left (\pi ^{2} n^{2}-10\right ) t}{10}} \sin \left (\pi n x \right )}{\pi n}\right )\]

Solution added 4/3/2019.\begin {align*} u_{t} & =ku_{xx}+ru\qquad t>0,0<x<1\\ u\left ( 0,t\right ) & =0\\ u\left ( 1,t\right ) & =0\\ u\left ( x,0\right ) & =1 \end {align*}

Let $u=ve^{rt}$. Hence $u_{t}=v_{t}e^{rt}+vre^{rt}$ and $u_{xx}=v_{xx}e^{rt}$. Hence the PDE becomes $v_{t}e^{rt}+vre^{rt}=v_{xx}e^{rt}+rve^{rt}$ which simpliﬁes to\begin {align*} v_{t} & =kv_{xx}\qquad t>0,0<x<1\\ v\left ( 0,t\right ) & =0\\ v\left ( 1,t\right ) & =0 \end {align*}

The above is now in canonical form, it is standard heat PDE with homogeneous B.C. This has the solution\[ v\left ( x,t\right ) =\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }B_{n}e^{-n^{2}\pi ^{2}t}\sin \left ( n\pi x\right ) \] Therefore\begin {align*} u & =ve^{rt}\\ u & =\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }B_{n}e^{-t\left ( n^{2}\pi ^{2}-r\right ) }\sin \left ( n\pi x\right ) \end {align*}

At $t=0$ the above becomes\[ 1=\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }B_{n}\sin \left ( n\pi x\right ) \] Hence $B_{n}$ are $\sin $ Fourier coeﬃcient of $1$ which is \begin {align*} B_{n} & =2\int _{0}^{1}\sin \left ( n\pi x\right ) dx\\ & =2\left ( -\frac {1}{n\pi }\right ) \left ( \cos n\pi x\right ) _{0}^{1}\\ & =\frac {-2}{n\pi }\left ( \left ( -1\right ) ^{n}-1\right ) \end {align*}

Hence the solution becomes\[ u=\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }\frac {-2}{n\pi }\left ( \left ( -1\right ) ^{n}-1\right ) e^{-t\left ( n^{2}\pi ^{2}-r\right ) }\sin \left ( n\pi x\right ) \] But $r=\frac {1}{10}$, therefore\[ u\left ( x,t\right ) =-\frac {2}{\pi }\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }\frac {\left ( \left ( -1\right ) ^{n}-1\right ) }{n}e^{-t\left ( n^{2}\pi ^{2}-\frac {1}{10}\right ) }\sin \left ( n\pi x\right ) \]

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4.1.1.20 [170] Diﬀusion Reaction, using logistic form for reaction term

Solve for $u(x,t)$ in \[ u_t = k u_{xx} + r u\left (1- \frac {u}{\alpha } \right ) \]

Mathematica ✗

ClearAll["Global`*"]; 
k = 1/100; 
 r = 1/10; 
 alpha = 10; 
pde =  D[u[x, t], t] == k*D[u[x, t], {x, 2}] + r*u[x, t]*(1 - u[x, t]/alpha); 
bc  = {u[0, t] == 0, u[1, t] == 0}; 
ic  = u[x, 0] == 1; 
sol =  AbsoluteTiming[TimeConstrained[DSolve[{pde, bc, ic}, u[x, t], {x, t}], 60*10]];

Failed

Maple ✗

restart; 
k := 1/100; 
r := 1/10; 
alpha := 10; 
pde := diff(u(x, t), t)=   k*diff(u(x, t),x$2) + r*u(x, t)*(1- u(x,t)/alpha); 
bc  := u(0, t) = 0, u(1, t) = 0; 
ic  := u(x, 0) =1; 
cpu_time := timelimit(60*10,CodeTools[Usage](assign('sol',pdsolve([pde, ic, bc], u(x, t))),output='realtime'));

sol=()

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4.1.1.21 [171] Diﬀusion Reaction, using Aleee form for reaction term

Solve for $u(x,t)$ in \[ u_t = k u_{xx} + \alpha u + \beta u ^2 - \gamma u^3 \]

with $k=\frac {1}{1000},\alpha =\frac {1}{100},\beta =\frac {1}{100}, \gamma =\frac {5}{1000}$ and $0<x<1$ and $t>0$.

Mathematica ✗

ClearAll["Global`*"]; 
k = 1/1000; 
 alpha = 1/10; 
 beta = 1/100; 
 gamma = 5/1000; 
pde =  D[u[x, t], t] == k*D[u[x, t], {x, 2}] + alpha*u[x, t] + beta*u[x, t]^2 - gamma*u[x, t]^3; 
bc  = {u[0, t] == 0, u[1, t] == 0}; 
ic  = u[x, 0] == 1; 
sol =  AbsoluteTiming[TimeConstrained[DSolve[{pde, bc, ic}, u[x, t], {x, t}], 60*10]];

Failed

Maple ✗

restart; 
k := 1/100; 
alpha:=1/100; 
beta:=1/1000; 
g:=5/1000; 
pde := diff(u(x, t), t)= k*diff(u(x, t),x$2) + 
        alpha*u(x,t)+ beta*u(x,t)^2 - g*u(x,t)^3; 
bc  := u(0, t) = 0, u(1, t) = 0; 
ic  := u(x, 0) =1; 
cpu_time := timelimit(60*10,CodeTools[Usage](assign('sol', pdsolve([pde, ic, bc], u(x, t))),output='realtime'));

sol=()

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4.1.1.22 [172] Diﬀusion Reaction. Haberman 2.3.8

This is problem 2.3.8, from Richard Haberman applied partial diﬀerential equations, 5th edition.

This corresponds to a one-dimentional rod either with heat loss through the lateral sides with outside temperature zero degrees ($\alpha >0$) or with insulated sides with a heat sink propertional to the temperature.

Suppose the boundary conditions are $u(0,t)=0,u(L,t)=0$, solve with the temperature initially $u\left ( x,0\right ) =f(x)$ if $\alpha >0$

Mathematica ✓

ClearAll["Global`*"]; 
pde =  D[u[x, t], t] == k*D[u[x, t], {x, 2}] - alpha*u[x, t]; 
bc  = {u[0, t] == 0, u[L, t] == 0}; 
ic  = u[x, 0] == f[x]; 
sol =  AbsoluteTiming[TimeConstrained[DSolve[{pde, bc, ic}, u[x, t], {x, t}, Assumptions -> {L > 0, alpha > 0}], 60*10]];

\[\left \{\left \{u(x,t)\to \sum _{K[1]=1}^\infty \frac {\sqrt {2} e^{-t \left (\frac {k \pi ^2 K[1]^2}{L^2}+\alpha \right )} \left (\int _0^L \frac {\sqrt {2} f(x) \sin \left (\frac {\pi x K[1]}{L}\right )}{\sqrt {L}} \, dx\right ) \sin \left (\frac {\pi x K[1]}{L}\right )}{\sqrt {L}}\right \}\right \}\]

Maple ✓

restart; 
interface(showassumed=0); 
pde := diff(u(x,t),t)=k*diff(u(x,t),x$2)-alpha*u(x,t); 
bc  := u(0,t)=0,u(L,t)=0; 
ic  := u(x,0)=f(x); 
cpu_time := timelimit(60*10,CodeTools[Usage](assign('sol',pdsolve([pde,bc,ic],u(x,t)) assuming L>0,alpha>0),output='realtime'));

\[u \left (x , t\right ) = \sum _{n=1}^\infty \frac {2 \left (\int _{0}^{L}f \left (x \right ) \sin \left (\frac {\pi n x}{L}\right )d x \right ) {\mathrm e}^{-\frac {\left (L^{2} \alpha +\pi ^{2} k \,n^{2}\right ) t}{L^{2}}} \sin \left (\frac {\pi n x}{L}\right )}{L}\]

\begin {align*} \frac {\partial u}{\partial t} & =k\frac {\partial ^{2}u}{\partial x^{2}}-\alpha u\\ \frac {\partial u}{\partial t}+\alpha u & =k\frac {\partial ^{2}u}{\partial x^{2}} \end {align*}

Assuming $u\left ( x,t\right ) =X\left ( x\right ) T\left ( t\right ) $ and substituting in the above gives\[ XT^{\prime }+\alpha XT=kTX^{\prime \prime }\] Dividing by $kXT\neq 0$\[ \frac {T^{\prime }}{kT}+\frac {\alpha }{k}=\frac {X^{\prime \prime }}{X}\] Since each side depends on diﬀerent independent variable and both are equal, they must be both equal to same constant, say $-\lambda $. Where $\lambda $ is assumed real. \[ \frac {1}{k}\frac {T^{\prime }}{T}+\frac {\alpha }{k}=\frac {X^{\prime \prime }}{X}=-\lambda \] The two ODE’s are\begin {align*} \frac {1}{k}\frac {T^{\prime }}{T}+\frac {\alpha }{k} & =-\lambda \\ \frac {X^{\prime \prime }}{X} & =-\lambda \end {align*}

Or\begin {align*} T^{\prime }+\left ( \alpha +\lambda k\right ) T & =0\\ X^{\prime \prime }+\lambda X & =0 \end {align*}

The solution to the space ODE is the familiar (where $\lambda >0$ is only possible case, As found in Haberman problem 2.3.3, part d. Since it has the same B.C.) \[ X_{n}=B_{n}\sin \left ( \frac {n\pi }{L}x\right ) \qquad n=1,2,3,\cdots \] Where $\lambda _{n}=\left ( \frac {n\pi }{L}\right ) ^{2}$. The time ODE is now solved.\[ \frac {dT_{n}}{dt}+\left ( \alpha +\lambda _{n}k\right ) T_{n}=0 \] This has the solution\begin {align*} T_{n}\left ( t\right ) & =e^{-\left ( \alpha +\lambda _{n}k\right ) t}\\ & =e^{-\alpha t}e^{-\left ( \frac {n\pi }{L}\right ) ^{2}kt} \end {align*}

For the same eigenvalues. Notice that no need to add a constant here, since it will be absorbed in the $B_{n}$ when combined in the following step below. Therefore the solution to the PDE is\[ u_{n}\left ( x,t\right ) =T_{n}\left ( t\right ) X_{n}\left ( x\right ) \] But for linear system sum of eigenfunctions is also a solution. Hence\begin {align*} u\left ( x,t\right ) & =\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }u_{n}\left ( x,t\right ) \\ & =\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }B_{n}\sin \left ( \frac {n\pi }{L}x\right ) e^{-\alpha t}e^{-\left ( \frac {n\pi }{L}\right ) ^{2}kt}\\ & =e^{-\alpha t}\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }B_{n}\sin \left ( \frac {n\pi }{L}x\right ) e^{-\left ( \frac {n\pi }{L}\right ) ^{2}kt} \end {align*}

Where $e^{-\alpha t}$ was moved outside since it does not depend on $n$. From initial condition\[ u\left ( x,0\right ) =f\left ( x\right ) =\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }B_{n}\sin \left ( \frac {n\pi }{L}x\right ) \] Applying orthogonality of $\sin $ as before to ﬁnd $B_{n}$ results in\[ B_{n}=\frac {2}{L}\int _{0}^{L}\sin \left ( \frac {n\pi }{L}x\right ) f\left ( x\right ) dx \] Hence the solution becomes\begin {align*} u\left ( x,t\right ) & =\frac {2}{L}e^{-\alpha t}\left ( \sum _{n=1}^{\infty }\left ( \int _{0}^{L}\sin \left ( \frac {n\pi }{L}x\right ) f\left ( x\right ) dx\right ) \sin \left ( \frac {n\pi }{L}x\right ) e^{-\left ( \frac {n\pi }{L}\right ) ^{2}kt}\right ) \\ & =\frac {2}{L}\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }\left ( \int _{0}^{L}\sin \left ( \frac {n\pi }{L}x\right ) f\left ( x\right ) dx\right ) \sin \left ( \frac {n\pi }{L}x\right ) e^{-t\left ( \frac {n^{2}\pi ^{2}k+\alpha L^{2}}{L^{2}}\right ) } \end {align*}

Hence it is clear that in the limit as $t$ becomes large $u\left ( x,t\right ) \rightarrow 0$ since $\alpha >0$ and\[ \lim _{t\rightarrow \infty }u\left ( x,t\right ) =0 \]

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4.1.1.23 [173] Diﬀusion Reaction

For $0<x<L$ and $t>0$. The boundary conditions are \begin {align*} u(0,t) &= 0 \\ u(L,t) &= 0 \end {align*}

Mathematica ✓

ClearAll["Global`*"]; 
pde =  D[u[x, t], t] + u[x, t] == D[u[x, t], {x, 2}]; 
ic  = u[x, 0] == f[x]; 
bc  = {u[0, t] == 0, u[L, t] == 0}; 
sol =  AbsoluteTiming[TimeConstrained[DSolve[{pde, ic, bc}, u[x, t], x, t], 60*10]];

\[\left \{\left \{u(x,t)\to \sum _{K[1]=1}^\infty \sqrt {2} e^{t \left (-\frac {\pi ^2 K[1]^2}{L^2}-1\right )} \sqrt {\frac {1}{L}} \left (\int _0^L \sqrt {2} \sqrt {\frac {1}{L}} f(x) \sin \left (\frac {\pi x K[1]}{L}\right ) \, dx\right ) \sin \left (\frac {\pi x K[1]}{L}\right )\right \}\right \}\]

Maple ✓

restart; 
interface(showassumed=0); 
pde := diff(u(x,t),t)+u(x,t)=diff(u(x,t),x$2); 
ic  := u(x,0)=f(x); 
bc  := u(0,t)=0,u(L,t)=0; 
cpu_time := timelimit(60*10,CodeTools[Usage](assign('sol',pdsolve([pde,ic,bc],u(x,t)) assuming L>0),output='realtime'));

\[u \left (x , t\right ) = \sum _{n=1}^\infty \frac {2 \left (\int _{0}^{L}f \left (x \right ) \sin \left (\frac {\pi n x}{L}\right )d x \right ) {\mathrm e}^{-\frac {\left (L^{2}+\pi ^{2} n^{2}\right ) t}{L^{2}}} \sin \left (\frac {\pi n x}{L}\right )}{L}\]

\begin {align*} u_{t} & =u_{xx}-u\\ u\left ( 0,t\right ) & =0\\ u\left ( L,t\right ) & =0\\ u\left ( x,0\right ) & =f\left ( x\right ) \end {align*}

Let $u\left ( x,t\right ) =v\left ( x,t\right ) e^{-t}$ , hence $u_{t}=v_{t}e^{-t}-ve^{-t}$ and $u_{xx}=v_{xx}e^{-t}$. Therefore the above PDE becomes\begin {align*} v_{t}e^{-t}-ve^{-t} & =v_{xx}e^{-t}-ve^{-t}\\ v_{t} & =v_{xx} \end {align*}

With boundary conditions\begin {align*} v\left ( 0,t\right ) & =0\\ v\left ( L,t\right ) & =0 \end {align*}

The solution to this PDE is known, since it has homogenouse BC and it is in standard form. The solution is\[ v\left ( x,t\right ) =\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }B_{n}e^{-\left ( \frac {n\pi }{L}\right ) ^{2}t}\sin \left ( \frac {n\pi }{L}x\right ) \] Hence \begin {align} u\left ( x,t\right ) & =e^{-t}\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }B_{n}e^{-\left ( \frac {n^{2}\pi ^{2}}{L^{2}}\right ) t}\sin \left ( \frac {n\pi }{L}x\right ) \nonumber \\ & =\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }B_{n}e^{-\left ( \frac {n^{2}\pi ^{2}}{L^{2}}\right ) t-t}\sin \left ( \frac {n\pi }{L}x\right ) \nonumber \\ & =\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }B_{n}e^{-t\left ( \frac {n^{2}\pi ^{2}}{L^{2}}+1\right ) }\sin \left ( \frac {n\pi }{L}x\right ) \nonumber \\ & =\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }B_{n}e^{-t\left ( \frac {n^{2}\pi ^{2}+L^{2}}{L^{2}}\right ) }\sin \left ( \frac {n\pi }{L}x\right ) \tag {1} \end {align}

Applying initial conditions $u\left ( x,0\right ) =f\left ( x\right ) $ gives\[ f\left ( x\right ) =\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }B_{n}\sin \left ( \frac {n\pi }{L}x\right ) \] Hence $B_{n}$ are the Fourier sine coeﬃcients of $f\left ( x\right ) $\[ B_{n}=\frac {2}{L}\int _{0}^{L}f\left ( x\right ) \sin \left ( \frac {n\pi }{L}x\right ) dx \] Therefore the solution in (1) becomes\begin {align*} u\left ( x,t\right ) & =\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }\frac {2}{L}\left ( \int _{0}^{L}f\left ( x\right ) \sin \left ( \frac {n\pi }{L}x\right ) dx\right ) e^{-t\left ( \frac {n^{2}\pi ^{2}+L^{2}}{L^{2}}\right ) }\sin \left ( \frac {n\pi }{L}x\right ) \\ & =\frac {2}{L}\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }\sin \left ( \frac {n\pi }{L}x\right ) e^{-t\left ( \frac {n^{2}\pi ^{2}+L^{2}}{L^{2}}\right ) }\left ( \int _{0}^{L}f\left ( x\right ) \sin \left ( \frac {n\pi }{L}x\right ) dx\right ) \end {align*}

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4.1.1.24 [174] Diﬀusion Reaction

For $0<x<1$ and $t>0$. The boundary conditions are \begin {align*} u(0,t) &= 0 \\ u(1,t) &= 0 \end {align*}

Mathematica ✓

ClearAll["Global`*"]; 
pde =  D[u[x, t], t] == 100*D[u[x, t], {x, 2}]; 
bc  = {u[0, t] == 0, u[1, t] == 0}; 
ic  = u[x, 0] == Sin[2*Pi*x] - Sin[5*Pi*x]; 
sol =  AbsoluteTiming[TimeConstrained[DSolve[{pde, bc, ic}, u[x, t], {x, t}], 60*10]];

\[\left \{\left \{u(x,t)\to e^{-400 \pi ^2 t} \sin (2 \pi x)-e^{-2500 \pi ^2 t} \sin (5 \pi x)\right \}\right \}\]

Maple ✓

restart; 
pde := diff(u(x,t),t)=100*diff(u(x,t),x$2); 
ic  := u(x,0)=sin(2*Pi*x)-sin(5*Pi*x); 
bc  := u(0,t)=0,u(1,t)=0; 
cpu_time := timelimit(60*10,CodeTools[Usage](assign('sol',pdsolve([pde,ic,bc],u(x,t))),output='realtime'));

\[u \left (x , t\right ) = -{\mathrm e}^{-2500 \pi ^{2} t} \sin \left (5 \pi x \right )+{\mathrm e}^{-400 \pi ^{2} t} \sin \left (2 \pi x \right )\]

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4.1.1.25 [175] Diﬀusion Reaction

For $0<x<\pi $ and $t>0$. The boundary conditions are \begin {align*} u(0,t) &= 0 \\ u(\pi ,t) &= 0 \end {align*}

Mathematica ✗

ClearAll["Global`*"]; 
pde =  D[u[x, t], t] == k*D[u[x, t], {x, 2}] - u[x,t]*x; 
bc  = {u[0, t] == 0, u[Pi, t] == 0}; 
ic  = u[x, 0] == Sin[x]; 
sol =  AbsoluteTiming[TimeConstrained[DSolve[{pde, bc, ic}, u[x, t], {x, t}, Assumptions -> k > 0], 60*10]];

Failed

Maple ✓

restart; 
interface(showassumed=0); 
pde := diff(u(x,t),t)=k*diff(u(x,t),x$2)- u(x,t)*x; 
ic  := u(x,0)=sin(x); 
bc  := u(0,t)=0,u(Pi,t)=0; 
cpu_time := timelimit(60*10,CodeTools[Usage](assign('sol',pdsolve([pde,ic,bc],u(x,t)) assuming k>0),output='realtime'));

\[u \left (x , t\right ) = \sum _{n=0}^\infty \frac {\left (\cosh \left (t \lambda _{n}\right )+\sinh \left (t \lambda _{n}\right )\right ) \left (-\AiryAi \left (\frac {\lambda _{n}+\pi }{k^{\frac {1}{3}}}\right ) \AiryBi \left (\frac {x +\lambda _{n}}{k^{\frac {1}{3}}}\right )+\AiryAi \left (\frac {x +\lambda _{n}}{k^{\frac {1}{3}}}\right ) \AiryBi \left (\frac {\lambda _{n}+\pi }{k^{\frac {1}{3}}}\right )\right ) \left (-\AiryAi \left (\frac {\lambda _{n}+\pi }{k^{\frac {1}{3}}}\right ) \left (\int _{0}^{\pi }\AiryBi \left (\frac {x +\lambda _{n}}{k^{\frac {1}{3}}}\right ) \sin \left (x \right )d x \right )+\AiryBi \left (\frac {\lambda _{n}+\pi }{k^{\frac {1}{3}}}\right ) \left (\int _{0}^{\pi }\AiryAi \left (\frac {x +\lambda _{n}}{k^{\frac {1}{3}}}\right ) \sin \left (x \right )d x \right )\right )}{\AiryAi \left (\frac {\lambda _{n}+\pi }{k^{\frac {1}{3}}}\right )^{2} \left (\int _{0}^{\pi }\AiryBi \left (\frac {x +\lambda _{n}}{k^{\frac {1}{3}}}\right )^{2}d x \right )-2 \AiryAi \left (\frac {\lambda _{n}+\pi }{k^{\frac {1}{3}}}\right ) \AiryBi \left (\frac {\lambda _{n}+\pi }{k^{\frac {1}{3}}}\right ) \left (\int _{0}^{\pi }\AiryAi \left (\frac {x +\lambda _{n}}{k^{\frac {1}{3}}}\right ) \AiryBi \left (\frac {x +\lambda _{n}}{k^{\frac {1}{3}}}\right )d x \right )+\AiryBi \left (\frac {\lambda _{n}+\pi }{k^{\frac {1}{3}}}\right )^{2} \left (\int _{0}^{\pi }\AiryAi \left (\frac {x +\lambda _{n}}{k^{\frac {1}{3}}}\right )^{2}d x \right )}\boldsymbol {\mathrm {where}}\left \{\AiryAi \left (\frac {\lambda _{n}}{k^{\frac {1}{3}}}\right ) \AiryBi \left (\frac {\lambda _{n}+\pi }{k^{\frac {1}{3}}}\right )-\AiryAi \left (\frac {\lambda _{n}+\pi }{k^{\frac {1}{3}}}\right ) \AiryBi \left (\frac {\lambda _{n}}{k^{\frac {1}{3}}}\right )=0\wedge -\infty \le \lambda _{n}\le \infty \right \}\]

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4.1.1.26 [176] Diﬀusion convection (general case)

\[ u_t = k u_{xx} + a u_x \] Where $a>0$. For $0<x<L$ and $t>0$. The boundary conditions are \begin {align*} u(0,t) &= 0 \\ u(L,t) &= 0 \end {align*}

Mathematica ✓

ClearAll["Global`*"]; 
pde =  D[u[x, t], t] == k*D[u[x, t], {x, 2}] + a*D[u[x, t], x]; 
bc  = {u[0, t] == 0, u[L, t] == 0}; 
ic  = u[x, 0] == f[x]; 
sol =  AbsoluteTiming[TimeConstrained[DSolve[{pde, bc, ic}, u[x, t], {x, t}, Assumptions -> {k > 0,a>0,L>0}], 60*10]];

\[\left \{\left \{u(x,t)\to e^{-\frac {a (a t+2 x)}{4 k}} \sum _{K[1]=1}^\infty \frac {2 e^{-\frac {k \pi ^2 t K[1]^2}{L^2}} \left (\int _0^L e^{\frac {a x}{2 k}} f(x) \sin \left (\frac {\pi x K[1]}{L}\right ) \, dx\right ) \sin \left (\frac {\pi x K[1]}{L}\right )}{L}\right \}\right \}\]

Maple ✓

restart; 
interface(showassumed=0); 
pde := diff(u(x,t),t)=k*diff(u(x,t),x$2)+ a*diff(u(x,t),x); 
ic  := u(x,0)=f(x); 
bc  := u(0,t)=0,u(L,t)=0; 
cpu_time := timelimit(60*10,CodeTools[Usage](assign('sol',pdsolve([pde,ic,bc],u(x,t)) assuming k>0,a>0,L>0),output='realtime'));

\[u \left (x , t\right ) = \sum _{n=0}^\infty \frac {2 \left (\cosh \left (\frac {a x}{2 k}\right )-\sinh \left (\frac {a x}{2 k}\right )\right ) \left (\int _{0}^{L}\left (\cosh \left (\frac {a x}{2 k}\right )-\sinh \left (\frac {a x}{2 k}\right )\right ) {\mathrm e}^{\frac {a x}{k}} f \left (x \right ) \sin \left (\frac {\pi n x}{L}\right )d x \right ) \sin \left (\frac {\pi n x}{L}\right )}{\left (\cosh \left (\frac {\left (L^{2} a^{2}+4 \pi ^{2} k^{2} n^{2}\right ) t}{4 L^{2} k}\right )+\sinh \left (\frac {\left (L^{2} a^{2}+4 \pi ^{2} k^{2} n^{2}\right ) t}{4 L^{2} k}\right )\right ) L}\]

Solve \begin {align*} u_{t} & =ku_{xx}+au_{x}\\ u\left ( 0,t\right ) & =0\\ u\left ( L,0\right ) & =0\\ u\left ( x,0\right ) & =f\left ( x\right ) \end {align*}

Trying separation of variables. Let $u=XT$, then the PDE becomes\begin {align*} T^{\prime }X & =kX^{\prime \prime }T+aX^{\prime }T\\ \frac {1}{k}\frac {T^{\prime }}{T} & =\frac {X^{\prime \prime }}{X}+\frac {a}{k}\frac {X^{\prime }}{X}=-\lambda \end {align*}

Where $\lambda $ is separation constant. Hence\[ T^{\prime }+k\lambda T=0 \] Which has solution $T\left ( t\right ) =e^{-k\lambda t}$ (the constant of integration is not needed, it will be combined with constant coming from the spatial ODE), and the spatial ODE is\begin {align*} \frac {X^{\prime \prime }}{X}+\frac {a}{k}\frac {X^{\prime }}{X} & =-\lambda \\ X^{\prime \prime }+\frac {a}{k}X^{\prime }+\lambda X & =0\\ X\left ( 0\right ) & =0\\ X\left ( L\right ) & =0 \end {align*}

Case $\lambda =0$ Then $r^{2}+\frac {a}{k}r=0$ or $r\left ( r+\frac {a}{k}\right ) =0$. Hence $r=0$ or $r=-\frac {a}{k}$. So the solution is\[ X\left ( x\right ) =c_{1}+c_{2}e^{-\frac {a}{k}x}\] At $X\left ( 0\right ) =0$ the above gives $0=c_{1}+c_{2}$. Therefore the solution is $X\left ( x\right ) =c_{1}\left ( 1-e^{\frac {-a}{k}x}\right ) $. At $X\left ( L\right ) =0$ then $c_{1}\left ( 1-e^{\frac {a}{k}L}\right ) =0$. This means this for non-trivial solution $e^{\frac {-a}{k}L}=1$ or $\frac {-a}{k}L=0$. Hence $\lambda =0$ is not an eigenvalue.

Case $\lambda <0$ Then $r^{2}+\frac {a}{k}r+\lambda =0$ or $r=\frac {-b}{2}\pm \frac {\sqrt {b^{2}-4ac}}{2a}=\frac {-a}{2k}\pm \frac {\sqrt {\frac {a^{2}}{k^{2}}-4\lambda }}{2}$. Since $\lambda <0$ then the term under the sqrt root is positive. Hence the solution will have real roots. Not complex conjugate. Hence the solution is pure exponentials. Let $\frac {a^{2}}{k^{2}}-4\lambda =\alpha $ and $\frac {a}{2k}=\beta $ then\begin {align*} r_{1} & =-\beta +\sqrt {\alpha }\\ r_{2} & =-\beta -\sqrt {\alpha } \end {align*}

Then $X\left ( x\right ) =c_{1}\cosh \left ( \left ( -\beta +\alpha \right ) x\right ) +c_{2}\sinh \left ( \left ( -\beta -\alpha \right ) x\right ) $. At $X\left ( 0\right ) =0$ this gives $0=c_{1}$. Hence solution is $X\left ( x\right ) =c_{2}\sinh \left ( \left ( -\beta -\alpha \right ) x\right ) $. At $X\left ( L\right ) =0$, this gives\[ 0=c_{2}\sinh \left ( \left ( -\beta -\alpha \right ) L\right ) \] For non-trivial solution, $\sinh \left ( \left ( -\beta -\alpha \right ) L\right ) =0$. But this is zero only when $\left ( -\beta -\alpha \right ) L$ or $\beta =-\alpha $. Or $\frac {-a}{2k}=-\sqrt {\frac {a^{2}}{k^{2}}-4\lambda }$. Or $\frac {a^{2}}{4k^{2}}=\frac {a^{2}}{k^{2}}-4\lambda $ or\begin {align*} 4\lambda & =\frac {a^{2}}{k^{2}}-\frac {a^{2}}{4k^{2}}\\ \lambda & =\frac {3}{16}\frac {a^{2}}{k^{2}} \end {align*}

But $\lambda $ was assumed negative. Hence this is not possible. $\lambda <0$ is not eigenvalue.

Case $\lambda >0$ Then $r^{2}+\frac {a}{k}r+\lambda =0$ or $r=\frac {-a}{2k}\pm \frac {1}{2}\sqrt {\frac {a^{2}}{k^{2}}-4\lambda }=\frac {-a}{2k}\pm \sqrt {\frac {a^{2}}{4k^{2}}-\lambda }$. Since $\lambda >0$ then the term under the sqrt root can be negative. Then only when $\lambda >\frac {a^{2}}{4k^{2}}$ will there be complex roots. Therefore assuming $\lambda >\frac {a^{2}}{4k^{2}}$, then\begin {align*} r_{1} & =\frac {-a}{2k}+i\sqrt {\lambda -\frac {a^{2}}{4k^{2}}}\\ r_{2} & =\frac {-a}{2k}-i\sqrt {\lambda -\frac {a^{2}}{4k^{2}}} \end {align*}

The solution is\[ X\left ( x\right ) =e^{\frac {-a}{2k}x}\left ( c_{1}\cos \left ( \sqrt {\lambda -\frac {a^{2}}{4k^{2}}}x\right ) +c_{2}\sin \left ( \sqrt {\lambda -\frac {a^{2}}{4k^{2}}}x\right ) \right ) \] At $X\left ( 0\right ) =0$ this gives $0=c_{1}$. Hence solution is\[ X\left ( x\right ) =e^{\frac {-a}{2k}x}c_{2}\sin \left ( \sqrt {\lambda -\frac {a^{2}}{4k^{2}}}x\right ) \] At $X\left ( L\right ) =0$, this gives\[ 0=e^{\frac {-a}{2k}\pi }c_{2}\sin \left ( \sqrt {\lambda -\frac {a^{2}}{4k^{2}}}L\right ) \] For non-trivial solution, $\sin \left ( \sqrt {\lambda -\frac {a^{2}}{4k^{2}}}L\right ) =0$ or $\sqrt {\lambda -\frac {a^{2}}{4k^{2}}}L=n\pi $. Hence\begin {align*} \lambda -\frac {a^{2}}{4k^{2}} & =\left ( \frac {n\pi }{L}\right ) ^{2}\qquad n=1,2,3,\cdots \\ \lambda _{n} & =\left ( \frac {n\pi }{L}\right ) ^{2}+\frac {a^{2}}{4k^{2}}\qquad n=1,2,3,\cdots \end {align*}

And the corresponding eigenfunction is \[ X_{n}\left ( x\right ) =e^{\frac {-a}{2k}x}\sin \left ( \frac {n\pi }{L}x\right ) \qquad n=1,2,3,\cdots \] Therefore the solution is\[ u\left ( x,t\right ) =\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }c_{n}e^{-k\lambda _{n}t}e^{\frac {-a}{2k}x}\sin \left ( \frac {n\pi }{L}x\right ) \] $c_{n}$ is found from initial conditions. At $t=0$\begin {align*} f\left ( x\right ) & =\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }c_{n}e^{\frac {-a}{2k}x}\sin \left ( \frac {n\pi }{L}x\right ) \\ e^{\frac {a}{2k}x}f\left ( x\right ) & =\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }c_{n}\sin \left ( \frac {n\pi }{L}x\right ) \end {align*}

Therefore, by orthogonality\begin {align*} \int _{0}^{L}e^{\frac {a}{2k}x}f\left ( x\right ) \sin \left ( \frac {n\pi }{L}x\right ) dx & =c_{n}\int _{0}^{L}\sin ^{2}\left ( \frac {n\pi }{L}x\right ) dx\\ \int _{0}^{L}e^{\frac {a}{2k}x}f\left ( x\right ) \sin \left ( \frac {n\pi }{L}x\right ) dx & =c_{n}\frac {L}{2}\\ c_{n} & =\frac {2}{L}\int _{0}^{L}e^{\frac {a}{2k}x}f\left ( x\right ) \sin \left ( \frac {n\pi }{L}x\right ) dx \end {align*}

Hence the solution becomes\[ u\left ( x,t\right ) =\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }\left ( \frac {2}{L}\int _{0}^{L}e^{\frac {a}{2k}x}f\left ( x\right ) \sin \left ( \frac {n\pi }{L}x\right ) dx\right ) e^{-k\lambda _{n}t}e^{\frac {-a}{2k}x}\sin \left ( \frac {n\pi }{L}x\right ) \] Where $\lambda _{n}=\left ( \frac {n\pi }{L}\right ) ^{2}+\frac {a^{2}}{4k^{2}}\qquad n=1,2,3,\cdots $\[ u\left ( x,t\right ) =\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }\left ( \frac {2}{L}\int _{0}^{L}e^{\frac {a}{2k}x}f\left ( x\right ) \sin \left ( \frac {n\pi }{L}x\right ) dx\right ) e^{-k\left ( \frac {n^{2}\pi ^{2}}{L^{2}}+\frac {a^{2}}{4k^{2}}\right ) t}e^{\frac {-a}{2k}x}\sin \left ( \frac {n\pi }{L}x\right ) \]

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4.1.1.27 [177] Diﬀusion convection (special case)

\[ u_t = k u_{xx} + a u_x \] Where $a>0$. For $0<x<L$ and $t>0$. The boundary conditions are \begin {align*} u(0,t) &= 0 \\ u(L,t) &= 0 \end {align*}

Initial condition $u(x,0)=f(x)$ using the following values \begin {align*} f(x)&=\sin (x)\\ k&=1\\ a&=5\\ L&=\pi \end {align*}

Mathematica ✓

ClearAll["Global`*"]; 
f=Sin[x]; 
L=Pi; 
k=1; 
a=5; 
pde =  D[u[x, t], t] == k*D[u[x, t], {x, 2}] + a*D[u[x, t], x]; 
bc  = {u[0, t] == 0, u[L, t] == 0}; 
ic  = u[x, 0] == f; 
sol =  AbsoluteTiming[TimeConstrained[DSolve[{pde, bc, ic}, u[x, t], {x, t}], 60*10]];

\[\left \{\left \{u(x,t)\to -\frac {-\text {Integrate}\left [\frac {\left (1+e^{-i \pi K}\right ) e^{K (-K t+5 i t+i x)}}{1-K^2},\{K,-\infty ,\infty \},\text {Assumptions}\to K\in \mathbb {C}\right ]+\int _{\infty }^{-\infty }\frac {\exp \left (i t \sqrt {4 K[1]^2+25} K[1]+\frac {1}{2} x \left (2 i K[1]+\sqrt {4 K[1]^2+25}-5\right )\right ) \left (\frac {1+e^{-\frac {1}{2} \pi \left (2 i K[1]+\sqrt {4 K[1]^2+25}-5\right )}}{\frac {1}{4} \left (2 i K[1]+\sqrt {4 K[1]^2+25}-5\right )^2+1}-\frac {1+e^{\frac {1}{2} \pi \left (2 i K[1]+\sqrt {4 K[1]^2+25}+5\right )}}{\frac {1}{4} \left (2 i K[1]+\sqrt {4 K[1]^2+25}+5\right )^2+1}\right )}{-1+e^{\pi \left (2 i K[1]+\sqrt {4 K[1]^2+25}\right )}}dK[1]+\int _{-\infty }^{\infty }\exp \left (-i t \sqrt {4 K[1]^2+25} K[1]-\frac {1}{2} x \left (-2 i K[1]+\sqrt {4 K[1]^2+25}+5\right )\right ) \left (\frac {2 \left (1+\exp \left (-\frac {1}{2} \pi \left (-2 i K[1]+\sqrt {4 K[1]^2+25}-5\right )\right )\right )}{\left (-1+e^{2 i \pi K[1]-\pi \sqrt {4 K[1]^2+25}}\right ) \left (2 i K[1] \left (\sqrt {4 K[1]^2+25}-5\right )+5 \sqrt {4 K[1]^2+25}-27\right )}+\frac {2 i e^{2 i \pi K[1]} \left (1+e^{\frac {1}{2} \pi \left (-2 i K[1]+\sqrt {4 K[1]^2+25}+5\right )}\right )}{\left (e^{2 i \pi K[1]}-e^{\pi \sqrt {4 K[1]^2+25}}\right ) \left (2 K[1] \left (\sqrt {4 K[1]^2+25}+5\right )+i \left (5 \sqrt {4 K[1]^2+25}+27\right )\right )}\right )dK[1]}{2 \pi }\right \}\right \}\]

Maple ✓

restart; 
f:=sin(x); 
L:=Pi; 
k:=1; 
a:=5; 
pde := diff(u(x,t),t)=k*diff(u(x,t),x$2)+ a*diff(u(x,t),x); 
ic  := u(x,0)=f; 
bc  := u(0,t)=0,u(L,t)=0; 
cpu_time := timelimit(60*10,CodeTools[Usage](assign('sol',pdsolve([pde,ic,bc],u(x,t)) ),output='realtime'));

\[u \left (x , t\right ) = \sum _{n=0}^\infty \frac {80 i \left (2 i n +\left (-\frac {1}{5} n^{2}+i n +\frac {29}{20}\right ) {\mathrm e}^{-i \pi n +\frac {5}{2} \pi }+\left (\frac {1}{5} n^{2}+i n -\frac {29}{20}\right ) {\mathrm e}^{i \pi n +\frac {5}{2} \pi }\right ) \left (\cosh \left (n^{2} t +\frac {25}{4} t \right )-\sinh \left (n^{2} t +\frac {25}{4} t \right )\right ) \left (\cosh \left (\frac {5 x}{2}\right )-\sinh \left (\frac {5 x}{2}\right )\right ) \sin \left (n x \right )}{\pi \left (16 n^{4}+168 n^{2}+841\right )}\]

Solve \begin {align*} u_{t} & =ku_{xx}+au_{x}\\ u\left ( 0,t\right ) & =0\\ u\left ( L,0\right ) & =0\\ u\left ( x,0\right ) & =f\left ( x\right ) \end {align*}

With $a=5,k=1,L=\pi ,f\left ( x\right ) =\sin \left ( x\right ) $. The above problem was solved in 4.1.1.26 on page 514 and the solution is\[ u\left ( x,t\right ) =\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }\left ( \frac {2}{L}\int _{0}^{L}e^{\frac {a}{2k}x}f\left ( x\right ) \sin \left ( \frac {n\pi }{L}x\right ) dx\right ) e^{-k\lambda _{n}t}e^{\frac {-a}{2k}x}\sin \left ( \frac {n\pi }{L}x\right ) \] Where $\lambda _{n}=\left ( \frac {n\pi }{L}\right ) ^{2}+\frac {a^{2}}{4k^{2}}\qquad n=1,2,3,\cdots $\[ u\left ( x,t\right ) =\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }\left ( \frac {2}{L}\int _{0}^{L}e^{\frac {a}{2k}x}f\left ( x\right ) \sin \left ( \frac {n\pi }{L}x\right ) dx\right ) e^{-k\left ( \frac {n^{2}\pi ^{2}}{L^{2}}+\frac {a^{2}}{4k^{2}}\right ) t}e^{\frac {-a}{2k}x}\sin \left ( \frac {n\pi }{L}x\right ) \] Substituting for $f\left ( x\right ) =\sin \left ( x\right ) $ the above becomes\[ u\left ( x,t\right ) =\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }\left ( \frac {2}{L}\int _{0}^{L}e^{\frac {a}{2k}x}\sin \left ( x\right ) \sin \left ( \frac {n\pi }{L}x\right ) dx\right ) e^{-k\left ( \frac {n^{2}\pi ^{2}}{L^{2}}+\frac {a^{2}}{4k^{2}}\right ) t}e^{\frac {-a}{2k}x}\sin \left ( \frac {n\pi }{L}x\right ) \] But \[ \int _{0}^{\pi }e^{\frac {a}{2k}x}\sin \left ( x\right ) \sin \left ( nx\right ) dx=\frac {-16nak^{3}\left ( 1+\left ( -1\right ) ^{n}e^{\frac {\pi a}{2k}}\right ) }{a^{4}+16k^{4}\left ( n^{2}-1\right ) ^{2}+8a^{2}k^{2}\left ( 1+n^{2}\right ) }\] Hence the solution becomes\[ u\left ( x,t\right ) =\frac {-32ak^{3}}{L}\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }\left ( \frac {n\left ( 1+\left ( -1\right ) ^{n}e^{\frac {\pi a}{2k}}\right ) }{a^{4}+16k^{4}\left ( n^{2}-1\right ) ^{2}+8a^{2}k^{2}\left ( 1+n^{2}\right ) }\right ) e^{-k\left ( \frac {n^{2}\pi ^{2}}{L^{2}}+\frac {a^{2}}{4k^{2}}\right ) t}e^{\frac {-a}{2k}x}\sin \left ( \frac {n\pi }{L}x\right ) \] But $L=\pi $, hence\[ u\left ( x,t\right ) =\frac {-32ak^{3}}{\pi }\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }\left ( \frac {n\left ( 1+\left ( -1\right ) ^{n}e^{\frac {\pi a}{2k}}\right ) }{a^{4}+16k^{4}\left ( n^{2}-1\right ) ^{2}+8a^{2}k^{2}\left ( 1+n^{2}\right ) }\right ) e^{-k\left ( n^{2}+\frac {a^{2}}{4k^{2}}\right ) t}e^{\frac {-a}{2k}x}\sin \left ( nx\right ) \] And $a=5$\[ u\left ( x,t\right ) =\frac {-160k^{3}}{\pi }\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }\left ( \frac {n\left ( 1+\left ( -1\right ) ^{n}e^{\frac {5\pi }{2k}}\right ) }{625+16k^{4}\left ( n^{2}-1\right ) ^{2}+200k^{2}\left ( 1+n^{2}\right ) }\right ) e^{-k\left ( n^{2}+\frac {25}{5k^{2}}\right ) t}e^{\frac {-5}{2k}x}\sin \left ( nx\right ) \] And $k=1$

\[ u\left ( x,t\right ) =\frac {-160}{\pi }\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }\left ( \frac {n\left ( 1+\left ( -1\right ) ^{n}e^{\frac {5\pi }{2}}\right ) }{625+16\left ( n^{2}-1\right ) ^{2}+200\left ( 1+n^{2}\right ) }\right ) e^{-\left ( n^{2}+\frac {25}{4}\right ) t}e^{\frac {-5}{2}x}\sin \left ( nx\right ) \]

The following animations for $a=1,a=7$. Showing the eﬀect of increasing the convection factor $a$ on the solution.

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4.1.1.28 [178] Haberman 2.4.2 (general case)

This is problem 2.4.2 from Richard Haberman applied partial diﬀerential equations, 5th edition.

The boundary conditions are $u_x(0,t)=0$, $u(L,t)=0$ with the temperature initially $u(x,0)=f(x)$

Mathematica ✓

ClearAll["Global`*"]; 
pde =  D[u[x, t], t] == k*D[u[x, t], {x, 2}]; 
bc  = {Derivative[1, 0][u][0, t] == 0, u[L, t] == 0}; 
ic  = u[x, 0] == f[x]; 
sol =  AbsoluteTiming[TimeConstrained[DSolve[{pde, bc, ic}, u[x, t], {x, t}, Assumptions -> {L > 0 && k > 0}], 60*10]]; 
sol =  sol /. {K[1] -> n, K[2] -> x};

\[\left \{\left \{u(x,t)\to \frac {2 \sum _{n=0}^\infty e^{-\frac {k (2 \pi n+\pi )^2 t}{4 L^2}} \cos \left (\frac {(2 n+1) \pi x}{2 L}\right ) \int _0^L \cos \left (\frac {(2 n+1) \pi x}{2 L}\right ) f(x) \, dx}{L}\right \}\right \}\]

Maple ✓

restart; 
pde := diff(u(x,t),t)=k*diff(u(x,t),x$2); 
bc:=D[1](u)(0,t)=0,u(L,t)=0; 
ic  := u(x,0)=f(x); 
cpu_time := timelimit(60*10,CodeTools[Usage](assign('sol',pdsolve([pde,bc,ic],u(x,t)) assuming L>0,k>0),output='realtime'));

\[u \left (x , t\right ) = \sum _{n=0}^\infty \frac {2 \left (\int _{0}^{L}\cos \left (\frac {\left (2 n +1\right ) \pi x}{2 L}\right ) f \left (x \right )d x \right ) \cos \left (\frac {\left (2 n +1\right ) \pi x}{2 L}\right ) {\mathrm e}^{-\frac {\pi ^{2} \left (2 n +1\right )^{2} k t}{4 L^{2}}}}{L}\]

\[ \frac {\partial u}{\partial t}=\kappa \frac {\partial ^{2}u}{\partial x^{2}}\] Let $u\left ( x,t\right ) =T\left ( t\right ) X\left ( x\right ) $, then the PDE becomes\[ \frac {1}{\kappa }T^{\prime }X=X^{\prime \prime }T \] Dividing by $XT$\[ \frac {1}{\kappa }\frac {T^{\prime }}{T}=\frac {X^{\prime \prime }}{X}\] Since each side depends on diﬀerent independent variable and both are equal, they must be both equal to same constant, say $-\lambda $. Where $\lambda $ is real. \[ \frac {1}{\kappa }\frac {T^{\prime }}{T}=\frac {X^{\prime \prime }}{X}=-\lambda \] The two ODE’s are\begin {align} T^{\prime }+k\lambda T & =0\tag {1}\\ X^{\prime \prime }+\lambda X & =0\tag {2} \end {align}

Per problem statement, $\lambda \geq 0$, so only two cases needs to be examined.

The space equation becomes $X^{\prime \prime }=0$ with the solution \[ X=Ax+b \] Hence left B.C. implies $X^{\prime }\left ( 0\right ) =0$ or $A=0$. Therefore the solution becomes $X=b$. The right B.C. implies $X\left ( L\right ) =0$ or $b=0$. Therefore this leads to $X=0$ as the only solution. This results in trivial solution. Therefore $\lambda =0$ is not an eigenvalue.

Starting with the space ODE, the solution is\begin {align*} X\left ( x\right ) & =A\cos \left ( \sqrt {\lambda }x\right ) +B\sin \left ( \sqrt {\lambda }x\right ) \\ X^{\prime }\left ( x\right ) & =-A\sqrt {\lambda }\sin \left ( \sqrt {\lambda }x\right ) +B\sqrt {\lambda }\cos \left ( \sqrt {\lambda }x\right ) \end {align*}

Left B.C. gives\begin {align*} 0 & =X^{\prime }\left ( 0\right ) \\ & =B\sqrt {\lambda } \end {align*}

Hence $B=0$ since it is assumed $\lambda \neq 0$ and $\lambda >0$. Solution becomes\[ X\left ( x\right ) =A\cos \left ( \sqrt {\lambda }x\right ) \] Applying right B.C. gives\begin {align*} 0 & =X\left ( L\right ) \\ & =A\cos \left ( \sqrt {\lambda }L\right ) \end {align*}

$A=0$ leads to trivial solution. Therefore $\cos \left ( \sqrt {\lambda }L\right ) =0$ or\begin {align*} \sqrt {\lambda } & =\frac {n\pi }{2L}\qquad n=1,3,5,\cdots \\ & =\frac {\left ( 2n-1\right ) \pi }{2L}\qquad n=1,2,3\cdots \end {align*}

Hence\begin {align*} \lambda _{n} & =\left ( \frac {n\pi }{2L}\right ) ^{2}\qquad n=1,3,5,\cdots \\ & =\frac {\left ( 2n-1\right ) ^{2}\pi ^{2}}{4L^{2}}\qquad n=1,2,3\cdots \end {align*}

Therefore\[ X_{n}\left ( x\right ) =A_{n}\cos \left ( \frac {n\pi }{2L}x\right ) \qquad n=1,3,5,\cdots \] And the corresponding time solution\[ T_{n}=e^{-k\left ( \frac {n\pi }{2L}\right ) ^{2}t}\qquad n=1,3,5,\cdots \] Hence\begin {align*} u_{n}\left ( x,t\right ) & =X_{n}T_{n}\\ u\left ( x,t\right ) & =\sum _{n=1,3,5,\cdots }^{\infty }A_{n}\cos \left ( \frac {n\pi }{2L}x\right ) e^{-k\left ( \frac {n\pi }{2L}\right ) ^{2}t}\\ & =\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }A_{n}\cos \left ( \frac {\left ( 2n-1\right ) \pi }{2L}x\right ) e^{-k\left ( \frac {\left ( 2n-1\right ) \pi }{2L}\right ) ^{2}t} \end {align*}

From initial conditions\[ f\left ( x\right ) =\sum _{n=1,3,5,\cdots }^{\infty }A_{n}\cos \left ( \frac {n\pi }{2L}x\right ) \] Multiplying both sides by $\cos \left ( \frac {m\pi }{2L}x\right ) $ and integrating\[ \int _{0}^{L}f\left ( x\right ) \cos \left ( \frac {m\pi }{2L}x\right ) dx=\int \left ( \sum _{n=1,3,5,\cdots }^{\infty }A_{n}\cos \left ( \frac {m\pi }{2L}x\right ) \cos \left ( \frac {n\pi }{2L}x\right ) \right ) dx \] Interchanging order of summation and integration and applying orthogonality results in\begin {align*} \int _{0}^{L}f\left ( x\right ) \cos \left ( \frac {m\pi }{2L}x\right ) dx & =A_{m}\frac {L}{2}\\ A_{n} & =\frac {2}{L}\int _{0}^{L}f\left ( x\right ) \cos \left ( \frac {n\pi }{2L}x\right ) dx \end {align*}

Therefore the solution is\begin {align*} u\left ( x,t\right ) & =\frac {2}{L}\sum _{n=1,3,5,\cdots }^{\infty }\left [ \int _{0}^{L}f\left ( x\right ) \cos \left ( \frac {n\pi }{2L}x\right ) dx\right ] \cos \left ( \frac {n\pi }{2L}x\right ) e^{-k\left ( \frac {n\pi }{2L}\right ) ^{2}t}\\ & =\frac {2}{L}\sum _{n=0}^{\infty }\left ( \int _{0}^{L}f\left ( x\right ) \cos \left ( \frac {\left ( 2n+1\right ) \pi }{2L}x\right ) dx\right ) \cos \left ( \frac {\left ( 2n+1\right ) \pi }{2L}x\right ) e^{-k\left ( \frac {\left ( 2n+1\right ) \pi }{2L}\right ) ^{2}t} \end {align*}

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4.1.1.29 [179] Left end zero, right end insulated, no source

Problem 4.1.4, Introduction to Partial Diﬀerential Equations by Peter Olver ISBN 9783319020983.

The boundary conditions are $u_x(0,t)=0$, $u_x(L,t)=0$ with the temperature initially $u(x,0)=f(x)$

Mathematica ✓

ClearAll["Global`*"]; 
pde =  D[u[x, t], t] == k*D[u[x, t], {x, 2}]; 
bc  = {u[0, t] == 0, Derivative[1, 0][u][L, t] == 0}; 
ic  = u[x, 0] == f[x]; 
sol =  AbsoluteTiming[TimeConstrained[DSolve[{pde, bc, ic}, u[x, t], {x, t}, Assumptions -> {L > 0 && k > 0}], 60*10]]; 
sol =  sol /. {K[1] -> n, K[2] -> x};

\[\left \{\left \{u(x,t)\to \frac {2 \sum _{n=1}^\infty e^{-\frac {k (1-2 n)^2 \pi ^2 t}{4 L^2}} \left (\int _0^L f(x) \sin \left (\frac {(2 n-1) \pi x}{2 L}\right ) \, dx\right ) \sin \left (\frac {(2 n-1) \pi x}{2 L}\right )}{L}\right \}\right \}\]

Maple ✓

restart; 
pde := diff(u(x,t),t)=k*diff(u(x,t),x$2); 
bc:=u(0,t)=0,D[1](u)(L,t)=0; 
ic  := u(x,0)=f(x); 
cpu_time := timelimit(60*10,CodeTools[Usage](assign('sol',pdsolve([pde,bc,ic],u(x,t)) assuming L>0,k>0),output='realtime'));

\[u \left (x , t\right ) = \sum _{n=0}^\infty \frac {2 \left (\int _{0}^{L}f \left (x \right ) \sin \left (\frac {\left (2 n +1\right ) \pi x}{2 L}\right )d x \right ) {\mathrm e}^{-\frac {\pi ^{2} \left (2 n +1\right )^{2} k t}{4 L^{2}}} \sin \left (\frac {\left (2 n +1\right ) \pi x}{2 L}\right )}{L}\]

The problem to solve is to solve for $u\left ( x,t\right ) $ in\[ u_{t}=ku_{xx}\qquad 0<x<L,t>0 \] With boundary conditions\begin {align*} u\left ( 0,t\right ) & =0\\ u_{x}\left ( L,t\right ) & =0 \end {align*}

And initial conditions\[ u\left ( x,0\right ) =f\left ( x\right ) \] Let $u\left ( x,t\right ) =T\left ( t\right ) X\left ( x\right ) $, then the PDE becomes\[ T^{\prime }X=kX^{\prime \prime }T \] Dividing by $XT$\[ \frac {1}{k}\frac {T^{\prime }}{T}=\frac {X^{\prime \prime }}{X}\] Since each side depends on diﬀerent independent variable and both are equal, they must be both equal to same constant, say $-\lambda $. Where $\lambda $ is real. \[ \frac {1}{k}\frac {T^{\prime }}{T}=\frac {X^{\prime \prime }}{X}=-\lambda \] The two ODE’s are\begin {equation} T^{\prime }+\lambda kT=0\tag {1} \end {equation} And the eigenvalue ODE\begin {align} X^{\prime \prime }+\lambda X & =0\tag {2}\\ X\left ( 0\right ) & =0\nonumber \\ X^{\prime }\left ( L\right ) & =0\nonumber \end {align}

Let $-\lambda =\omega ^{2}$. Hence the ODE is $X^{\prime \prime }-\omega ^{2}X=0$ and the solution becomes\[ X\left ( x\right ) =C_{1}\cosh \left ( \omega x\right ) +C_{2}\sinh \left ( \omega x\right ) \] At $x=0$ the above gives\[ 0=C_{1}\] Hence the solution now becomes\[ X\left ( x\right ) =C_{2}\sinh \left ( \omega x\right ) \] Taking derivative gives\[ X^{\prime }\left ( x\right ) =\omega C_{2}\sinh \left ( \omega x\right ) \] At $x=L$\[ 0=\omega C_{2}\cosh \left ( \omega L\right ) \] But $\cosh \left ( \omega L\right ) $ is never zero. Therefore $C_{2}=0$ which leads to trivial solution. Therefore $\lambda <0$ is not eigenvalue.

The space equation becomes $X^{\prime \prime }=0$ with the solution \[ X=Ax+B \] At $x=0$ the above gives $0=B$. Therefore the solution is $X=Ax$. Taking derivative gives $X^{\prime }=A$. At $x=L$ this gives $0=A$. Which leads to trivial solutions. Therefore $\lambda =0$ is not an eigenvalue.

Starting with the space ODE, the solution is\[ X\left ( x\right ) =A\cos \left ( \sqrt {\lambda }x\right ) +B\sin \left ( \sqrt {\lambda }x\right ) \] Left B.C. gives\[ 0=A \] The solution becomes\[ X\left ( x\right ) =B\sin \left ( \sqrt {\lambda }x\right ) \] Taking derivative gives\[ X^{\prime }\left ( x\right ) =\sqrt {\lambda }B\cos \left ( \sqrt {\lambda }x\right ) \] Applying right B.C. gives\[ 0=\sqrt {\lambda }B\cos \left ( \sqrt {\lambda }L\right ) \] For non trivial solution we want $\cos \left ( \sqrt {\lambda }L\right ) =0$ or\[ \sqrt {\lambda }=\frac {n\pi }{2L}\qquad n=1,3,5,\cdots \] Hence the eigenvalues are \[ \lambda _{n}=\left ( \frac {n\pi }{2L}\right ) ^{2}\qquad n=1,3,5,\cdots \] Therefore the eigenfunctions are \[ X_{n}\left ( x\right ) =\sin \left ( \frac {n\pi }{2L}x\right ) \qquad n=1,3,5,\cdots \] Now that we found the eigenvalues, we can solve the time ODE (1).\begin {align*} T_{n}^{\prime }+k\lambda _{n}T & =0\\ T_{n} & =B_{n}e^{-k\lambda _{n}t}\\ & =B_{n}e^{-k\left ( \frac {n\pi }{2L}\right ) ^{2}t} \end {align*}

Hence the fundamental solution is \begin {align} u_{n}\left ( x,t\right ) & =X_{n}T_{n}\nonumber \\ u\left ( x,t\right ) & =\sum _{n=1,3,5,\cdots }^{\infty }B_{n}\sin \left ( \frac {n\pi }{2L}x\right ) e^{-k\left ( \frac {n\pi }{2L}\right ) ^{2}t}\tag {3} \end {align}

From initial conditions\[ f\left ( x\right ) =\sum _{n=1,3,5,\cdots }^{\infty }B_{n}\sin \left ( \frac {n\pi }{2L}x\right ) \] Multiplying both sides by $\sin \left ( \frac {m\pi }{2L}x\right ) $ and integrating\[ \int _{0}^{L}f\left ( x\right ) \sin \left ( \frac {m\pi }{2L}x\right ) dx=\int _{0}^{L}\left ( \sum _{n=1,3,5,\cdots }^{\infty }B_{n}\sin \left ( \frac {m\pi }{2L}xx\right ) \sin \left ( \frac {n\pi }{2L}x\right ) \right ) dx \] Interchanging order of summation and integration and applying orthogonality between $\cos $ functions results in\begin {align*} \int _{0}^{L}f\left ( x\right ) \sin \left ( \frac {m\pi }{2L}x\right ) dx & =\int _{0}^{L}B_{m}\sin ^{2}\left ( \frac {m\pi }{2L}x\right ) dx\\ & =B_{m}\frac {L}{2} \end {align*}

Therefore \[ B_{n}=\frac {2}{L}\int _{0}^{L}f\left ( x\right ) \sin \left ( \frac {n\pi }{2L}x\right ) dx \] Therefore the solution is (3) becomes\begin {align*} u\left ( x,t\right ) & =\frac {2}{L}\sum _{n=1,3,5,\cdots }^{\infty }\left ( \int _{0}^{L}f\left ( x\right ) \sin \left ( \frac {n\pi }{2L}x\right ) dx\right ) \sin \left ( \frac {n\pi }{2L}x\right ) e^{-k\left ( \frac {n\pi }{2L}\right ) ^{2}t}\\ & =\frac {2}{L}\sum _{n=0}^{\infty }\left ( \int _{0}^{L}f\left ( x\right ) \sin \left ( \frac {\left ( 2n+1\right ) \pi }{2L}x\right ) dx\right ) \sin \left ( \frac {\left ( 2n+1\right ) \pi }{2L}x\right ) e^{-\left ( \frac {\left ( 2n+1\right ) \pi }{2L}\right ) ^{2}t} \end {align*}

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4.1.1.30 [180] One end insulated

For $0<x<L$ and $t>0$. The boundary conditions are \begin {align*} u_x(0,t) &= 0 \\ u(L,t) &= T_0 \\ \end {align*}

Mathematica ✓

ClearAll["Global`*"]; 
pde =  D[u[x, t], t] == k*D[u[x, t], {x, 2}]; 
bc  = {Derivative[1,0][u][0, t] == 0, u[1, t] == T0}; 
ic  = u[x, 0] == 0; 
sol =  AbsoluteTiming[TimeConstrained[DSolve[{pde, ic, bc}, u[x, t], {x, t},Assumptions->{T0>0,k>0,L>0}], 60*10]]; 
 sol= sol/.{K[1]->n};

\[\left \{\left \{u(x,t)\to 2 \sum _{n=0}^\infty -\frac {2 e^{-\frac {1}{4} k (2 \pi n+\pi )^2 t} \text {T0} \cos (n \pi ) \cos \left (\frac {1}{2} (2 n+1) \pi x\right )}{2 \pi n+\pi }+\text {T0}\right \}\right \}\]

Maple ✓

restart; 
pde := diff(u(x,t),t)= k*diff(u(x,t),x$2); 
ic  := u(x,0)=0; 
bc  := D[1](u)(0,t) =0,u(L,t)=T0; 
cpu_time := timelimit(60*10,CodeTools[Usage](assign('sol', pdsolve([pde,ic,bc],u(x,t)) assuming T0>0,k>0,L>0),output='realtime'));

\[u \left (x , t\right ) = \mathit {T0} -4 \left (\sum _{n=0}^\infty \frac {\mathit {T0} \left (-1\right )^{n} \cos \left (\frac {\left (2 n +1\right ) \pi x}{2 L}\right ) {\mathrm e}^{-\frac {\pi ^{2} \left (2 n +1\right )^{2} k t}{4 L^{2}}}}{\left (2 n +1\right ) \pi }\right )\]

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4.1.1.31 [181] Haberman 2.3.7 (general case)

This is problem 2.3.7, from Richard Haberman applied partial diﬀerential equations, 5th edition.

Subject to boundary conditions $u_x(0,t)=0$ , $u_x(L,t)=0$ with initial conditions $u(x,0) =f(x)$

Mathematica ✓

ClearAll["Global`*"]; 
pde =  D[u[x, t], t] == k*D[u[x, t], {x, 2}]; 
bc  = {Derivative[1, 0][u][0, t] == 0, Derivative[1, 0][u][L, t] == 0}; 
ic  = u[x, 0] == f[x]; 
sol =  AbsoluteTiming[TimeConstrained[DSolve[{pde, bc, ic}, u[x, t], {x, t}, Assumptions -> {L > 0, k > 0, t > 0}], 60*10]]; 
sol =  sol /. {K[1] -> n, K[2] -> x};

\[\left \{\left \{u(x,t)\to \frac {2 \sum _{n=1}^\infty e^{-\frac {k n^2 \pi ^2 t}{L^2}} \cos \left (\frac {n \pi x}{L}\right ) \int _0^L \cos \left (\frac {n \pi x}{L}\right ) f(x) \, dx+\int _0^L f(x) \, dx}{L}\right \}\right \}\]

Maple ✓

restart; 
interface(showassumed=0); 
assume(L>0); 
pde := diff(u(x,t),t)=k*diff(u(x,t),x$2); 
bc:=D[1](u)(0,t)=0,D[1](u)(L,t)=0; 
ic  := u(x,0)=f(x); 
cpu_time := timelimit(60*10,CodeTools[Usage](assign('sol',pdsolve([pde,bc,ic],u(x,t))),output='realtime'));

\begin {align*} \frac {\partial u}{\partial t} & =k\frac {\partial ^{2}u}{\partial x^{2}}\\ u_{x}\left ( 0,t\right ) & =0\\ u_{x}\left ( L,t\right ) & =0\\ u\left ( x,0\right ) & =f\left ( x\right ) \end {align*}

Let $u\left ( x,t\right ) =T\left ( t\right ) X\left ( x\right ) $, then the PDE becomes\[ \frac {1}{k}T^{\prime }X=X^{\prime \prime }T \] Dividing by $XT\neq 0$\[ \frac {1}{k}\frac {T^{\prime }}{T}=\frac {X^{\prime \prime }}{X}\] Since each side depends on diﬀerent independent variable and both are equal, they must be both equal to same constant, say $-\lambda $. Where $\lambda $ is assumed real. \[ \frac {1}{k}\frac {T^{\prime }}{T}=\frac {X^{\prime \prime }}{X}=-\lambda \] The two ODE’s generated are\begin {align} T^{\prime }+k\lambda T & =0\tag {1}\\ X^{\prime \prime }+\lambda X & =0\tag {2} \end {align}

Starting with the space ODE equation (2), with corresponding boundary conditions $\frac {dX}{dx}\left ( 0\right ) =0,\frac {dX}{dx}\left ( L\right ) =0$. Assuming the solution is $X\left ( x\right ) =e^{rx}$, Then the characteristic equation is\begin {align*} r^{2}+\lambda & =0\\ r^{2} & =-\lambda \\ r & =\pm \sqrt {-\lambda } \end {align*}

case $\lambda <0$ In this case, $-\lambda $ and also $\sqrt {-\lambda }$ are positive. Hence the roots $\pm \sqrt {-\lambda }$ are both real. Let \[ \sqrt {-\lambda }=s \] Where $s>0$. This gives the solution\begin {align*} X\left ( x\right ) & =A\cosh \left ( sx\right ) +B\sinh \left ( sx\right ) \\ \frac {dX}{dx} & =A\sinh \left ( sx\right ) +B\cosh \left ( sx\right ) \end {align*}

Applying the left B.C. gives\begin {align*} 0 & =\frac {dX}{dx}\left ( 0\right ) \\ & =B\cosh \left ( 0\right ) \\ & =B \end {align*}

The solution becomes $X\left ( x\right ) =A\cosh \left ( sx\right ) $ and hence$\frac {dX}{dx}=A\sinh \left ( sx\right ) $. Applying the right B.C. gives\begin {align*} 0 & =\frac {dX}{dx}\left ( L\right ) \\ & =A\sinh \left ( sL\right ) \end {align*}

$A=0$ result in trivial solution. Therefore assuming $\sinh \left ( sL\right ) =0$ implies $sL=0$ which is not valid since $s>0$ and $L\neq 0$. Hence only trivial solution results from this case. $\lambda <0$ is not an eigenvalue.

The ODE becomes\[ \frac {d^{2}X}{dx^{2}}=0 \] The solution is\begin {align*} X\left ( x\right ) & =c_{1}x+c_{2}\\ \frac {dX}{dx} & =c_{1} \end {align*}

Applying left boundary conditions gives\begin {align*} 0 & =\frac {dX}{dx}\left ( 0\right ) \\ & =c_{1} \end {align*}

Hence the solution becomes $X\left ( x\right ) =c_{2}$. Therefore $\frac {dX}{dx}=0$. Applying the right B.C. provides no information.

Therefore this case leads to the solution $X\left ( x\right ) =c_{2}$. Associated with this one eigenvalue, the time equation becomes $\frac {dT_{0}}{dt}=0$ hence $T_{0}$ is constant, say $\alpha $. Hence the solution $u_{0}\left ( x,t\right ) $ associated with this $\lambda =0$ is\begin {align*} u_{0}\left ( x,t\right ) & =X_{0}T_{0}\\ & =c_{2}\alpha \\ & =A_{0} \end {align*}

where constant $c_{2}\alpha $ was renamed to $A_{0}$ to indicate it is associated with $\lambda =0$. $\lambda =0$ is an eigenvalue.

Hence $-\lambda $ is negative, and the roots are both complex. \[ r=\pm i\sqrt {\lambda }\] The solution is\begin {align*} X\left ( x\right ) & =A\cos \left ( \sqrt {\lambda }x\right ) +B\sin \left ( \sqrt {\lambda }x\right ) \\ \frac {dX}{dx} & =-A\sqrt {\lambda }\sin \left ( \sqrt {\lambda }x\right ) +B\sqrt {\lambda }\cos \left ( \sqrt {\lambda }x\right ) \end {align*}

Applying the left B.C. gives\begin {align*} 0 & =\frac {dX}{dx}\left ( 0\right ) \\ & =B\sqrt {\lambda }\cos \left ( 0\right ) \\ & =B\sqrt {\lambda } \end {align*}

Therefore $B=0$ as $\lambda >0$. The solution becomes $X\left ( x\right ) =A\cos \left ( \sqrt {\lambda }x\right ) $ and $\frac {dX}{dx}=-A\sqrt {\lambda }\sin \left ( \sqrt {\lambda }x\right ) $. Applying the right B.C. gives\begin {align*} 0 & =\frac {dX}{dx}\left ( L\right ) \\ & =-A\sqrt {\lambda }\sin \left ( \sqrt {\lambda }L\right ) \end {align*}

$A=0$ gives a trivial solution. Selecting $\sin \left ( \sqrt {\lambda }L\right ) =0$ gives\[ \sqrt {\lambda }L=n\pi \qquad n=1,2,3,\cdots \] Or\[ \lambda _{n}=\left ( \frac {n\pi }{L}\right ) ^{2}\qquad n=1,2,3,\cdots \] Therefore the space solution is\[ X_{n}\left ( x\right ) =A_{n}\cos \left ( \frac {n\pi }{L}x\right ) \qquad n=1,2,3,\cdots \] The time solution is found by solving \[ \frac {dT_{n}}{dt}+k\lambda _{n}T_{n}=0 \] This has the solution\begin {align*} T_{n}\left ( t\right ) & =e^{-k\lambda _{n}t}\\ & =e^{-k\left ( \frac {n\pi }{L}\right ) ^{2}t}\qquad n=1,2,3,\cdots \end {align*}

For the same set of eigenvalues. Notice that no need to add a constant here, since it will be absorbed in the $A_{n}$ when combined in the following step below. Since for $\lambda =0$ the time solution was found to be constant, and for $\lambda >0$ the time solution is $e^{-k\left ( \frac {n\pi }{L}\right ) ^{2}t}$, then no time solution will grow with time. Time solutions always decay with time as the exponent $-k\left ( \frac {n\pi }{L}\right ) ^{2}t$ is negative quantity. The solution to the PDE for $\lambda >0$ is \[ u_{n}\left ( x,t\right ) =T_{n}\left ( t\right ) X_{n}\left ( x\right ) \qquad n=0,1,2,3,\cdots \] But for linear system sum of eigenfunctions is also a solution. Hence\begin {align*} u\left ( x,t\right ) & =u_{\lambda =0}\left ( x,t\right ) +\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }u_{n}\left ( x,t\right ) \\ & =A_{0}+\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }A_{n}\cos \left ( \frac {n\pi }{L}x\right ) e^{-k\left ( \frac {n\pi }{L}\right ) ^{2}t} \end {align*}

From the solution found above, setting $t=0$ gives\[ f\left ( x\right ) =A_{0}+\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }A_{n}\cos \left ( \frac {n\pi }{L}x\right ) \] Multiplying both sides with $\cos \left ( \frac {m\pi }{L}x\right ) $ where in this problem $m=0,1,2,\cdots $ (since there was an eigenvalue associated with $\lambda =0$), and integrating over the domain gives\begin {align*} \int _{0}^{L}f\left ( x\right ) \cos \left ( \frac {m\pi }{L}x\right ) dx & =\int _{0}^{L}\cos \left ( \frac {m\pi }{L}x\right ) \left ( A_{0}+\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }A_{n}\cos \left ( \frac {n\pi }{L}x\right ) \right ) dx\\ & =\int _{0}^{L}A_{0}\cos \left ( \frac {m\pi }{L}x\right ) dx+\int \cos \left ( \frac {m\pi }{L}x\right ) \sum _{n=1}^{\infty }A_{n}\cos \left ( \frac {n\pi }{L}x\right ) dx\\ & =\int _{0}^{L}A_{0}\cos \left ( \frac {m\pi }{L}x\right ) dx+\int _{0}^{L}\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }A_{n}\cos \left ( \frac {m\pi }{L}x\right ) \cos \left ( \frac {n\pi }{L}x\right ) dx \end {align*}

Interchanging the order of summation and integration\begin {equation} \int _{0}^{L}f\left ( x\right ) \cos \left ( \frac {m\pi }{L}x\right ) dx=\int _{0}^{L}A_{0}\cos \left ( \frac {m\pi }{L}x\right ) dx+\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }A_{n}\int _{0}^{L}\cos \left ( \frac {m\pi }{L}x\right ) \cos \left ( \frac {n\pi }{L}x\right ) dx\tag {1} \end {equation} case $m=0$

When $m=0$ then $\cos \left ( \frac {m\pi }{L}x\right ) =1$ and the above simpliﬁes to\[ \int _{0}^{L}f\left ( x\right ) dx=\int _{0}^{L}A_{0}dx+\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }A_{n}\int _{0}^{L}\cos \left ( \frac {n\pi }{L}x\right ) dx \] But $\int _{0}^{L}\cos \left ( \frac {n\pi }{L}x\right ) dx=0$ and the above becomes\begin {align*} \int _{0}^{L}f\left ( x\right ) dx & =\int _{0}^{L}A_{0}dx\\ & =A_{0}L \end {align*}

Therefore\[ A_{0}=\frac {1}{L}\int _{0}^{L}f\left ( x\right ) dx \] case $m>0$

From (1), one term survives in the integration when only $n=m$, hence\[ \int _{0}^{L}f\left ( x\right ) \cos \left ( \frac {m\pi }{L}x\right ) dx=A_{0}\int _{0}^{L}\cos \left ( \frac {m\pi }{L}x\right ) dx+A_{m}\int _{0}^{L}\cos ^{2}\left ( \frac {m\pi }{L}x\right ) dx \] But $\int _{0}^{L}\cos \left ( \frac {m\pi }{L}x\right ) dx=0$ and the above becomes\[ \int _{0}^{L}f\left ( x\right ) \cos \left ( \frac {m\pi }{L}x\right ) dx=A_{m}\frac {L}{2}\] Therefore\[ A_{n}=\frac {2}{L}\int _{0}^{L}f\left ( x\right ) \cos \left ( \frac {n\pi }{L}x\right ) dx \] For $n=1,2,3,\cdots $

Therefore the solution is\begin {align*} u\left ( x,t\right ) & =A_{0}+\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }A_{n}\cos \left ( \frac {n\pi }{L}x\right ) e^{-k\left ( \frac {n\pi }{L}\right ) ^{2}t}\\ & =\frac {1}{L}\int _{0}^{L}f\left ( x\right ) dx+\frac {2}{L}\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }\left ( \int _{0}^{L}f\left ( x\right ) \cos \left ( \frac {n\pi }{L}x\right ) dx\right ) \cos \left ( \frac {n\pi }{L}x\right ) e^{-k\left ( \frac {n\pi }{L}\right ) ^{2}t} \end {align*}

In the limit as $t\rightarrow \infty $ the term $e^{-k\left ( \frac {n\pi }{L}\right ) ^{2}t}\rightarrow 0$. What is left is $A_{0}$. But $A_{0}=\frac {1}{L}\int _{0}^{L}f\left ( x\right ) dx$ from above. This quantity is the average of the initial temperature.

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4.1.1.32 [182] speciﬁc case

\[ u_t = k u_{xx} \] Subject to boundary conditions $u_x(0,t)=0$ , $u_x(L,t)=0$ with initial conditions $u(x,0)=f(x)$ using the following values \begin {align*} L&=5\\ k&=\frac {1}{100}\\ f(x)&=x \end {align*}

Mathematica ✓

ClearAll["Global`*"]; 
k=1/100; 
L=5; 
f=x; 
pde =  D[u[x, t], t] == k*D[u[x, t], {x, 2}]; 
bc  = {Derivative[1, 0][u][0, t] == 0, Derivative[1, 0][u][L, t] == 0}; 
ic  = u[x, 0] == f; 
sol =  AbsoluteTiming[TimeConstrained[DSolve[{pde, bc, ic}, u[x, t], {x, t}], 60*10]]; 
sol =  sol /. {K[1] -> n, K[2] -> x};

\[\left \{\left \{u(x,t)\to \frac {2}{5} \sum _{n=1}^\infty \frac {25 \left (-1+(-1)^n\right ) e^{-\frac {n^2 \pi ^2 t}{2500}} \cos \left (\frac {n \pi x}{5}\right )}{n^2 \pi ^2}+\frac {5}{2}\right \}\right \}\]

Maple ✓

restart; 
L:=5; 
k:=1/100; 
f:=x; 
pde := diff(u(x,t),t)=k*diff(u(x,t),x$2); 
bc:=D[1](u)(0,t)=0,D[1](u)(L,t)=0; 
ic  := u(x,0)=f; 
cpu_time := timelimit(60*10,CodeTools[Usage](assign('sol',pdsolve([pde,bc,ic],u(x,t))),output='realtime'));

\[u \left (x , t\right ) = 10 \left (\sum _{n=1}^\infty \frac {\left (\left (-1\right )^{n}-1\right ) \cos \left (\frac {\pi n x}{5}\right ) {\mathrm e}^{-\frac {\pi ^{2} n^{2} t}{2500}}}{\pi ^{2} n^{2}}\right )+\frac {5}{2}\]

The general solution for this type of PDE is given in problem 4.1.1.31 on page 538 as\begin {equation} u\left ( x,t\right ) =A_{0}+\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }A_{n}\cos \left ( \frac {n\pi }{L}x\right ) e^{-k\left ( \frac {n\pi }{L}\right ) ^{2}t}\tag {1} \end {equation} In this problem $u\left ( x,0\right ) =$ $f\left ( x\right ) =x,L=5,k=\frac {1}{100}$. Hence the above becomes\begin {equation} u\left ( x,t\right ) =A_{0}+\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }A_{n}\cos \left ( \frac {n\pi }{5}x\right ) e^{-\left ( \frac {1}{100}\left ( \frac {n\pi }{5}\right ) ^{2}t\right ) }\tag {2} \end {equation} At $t=0$ the above becomes\[ x=A_{0}+\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }A_{n}\cos \left ( \frac {n\pi }{5}x\right ) \] For $n=0$ orthogonality gives\begin {align*} \int _{0}^{5}xdx & =\int _{0}^{5}A_{0}dx\\ \frac {25}{2} & =5A_{0}\\ A_{0} & =\frac {5}{2} \end {align*}

For $n>0$\begin {align*} \int _{0}^{5}x\cos \left ( \frac {n\pi }{5}x\right ) dx & =\int _{0}^{5}A_{n}\cos ^{2}\left ( \frac {n\pi }{5}x\right ) dx\\ \frac {25}{n^{2}\pi ^{2}}\left ( -1+\left ( -1\right ) ^{n}\right ) & =\frac {5}{2}A_{n}\\ A_{n} & =\frac {10}{n^{2}\pi ^{2}}\left ( -1+\left ( -1\right ) ^{n}\right ) \end {align*}

Hence the solution (2) becomes\[ u\left ( x,t\right ) =\frac {5}{2}+\frac {10}{\pi ^{2}}\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }\frac {1}{n^{2}}\left ( -1+\left ( -1\right ) ^{n}\right ) \cos \left ( \frac {n\pi }{5}x\right ) e^{-\frac {n^{2}\pi ^{2}}{2500}t}\] The following is an animation of the solution

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4.1.1.33 [183] Haberman 2.4.1 (a)

This is problem 2.4.1 part(a) from Richard Haberman applied partial diﬀerential equations, 5th edition.

$u(x,0) =\left \{ \begin {array} [c]{ccc}0 & & x< \frac {L}{2}\\ 1 & & x> \frac {L}{2} \end {array} \right . $

Mathematica ✗

ClearAll["Global`*"]; 
pde =  D[u[x, t], t] == k*D[u[x, t], {x, 2}]; 
bc  = {Derivative[1, 0][u][0, t] == 0, Derivative[1, 0][u][L, t] == 0}; 
ic  = u[x, 0] == Piecewise[{{0, x < L/2}, {1, x > L/2}}]; 
sol =  AbsoluteTiming[TimeConstrained[DSolve[{pde, bc, ic}, u[x, t], {x, t}, Assumptions -> {L > 0 && k > 0}], 60*10]]; 
sol =  sol /. {K[1] -> n};

$Aborted

Maple ✓

restart; 
pde := diff(u(x,t),t)=k*diff(u(x,t),x$2); 
bc:=D[1](u)(0,t)=0,D[1](u)(L,t)=0; 
ic  := u(x,0)=piecewise(0<x and x<=L/2,0,L/2<x and x<L,1); 
cpu_time := timelimit(60*10,CodeTools[Usage](assign('sol',pdsolve([pde,bc,ic],u(x,t)) assuming k>0,L>0),output='realtime'));

\[u \left (x , t\right ) = -2 \left (\sum _{n=1}^\infty \frac {\cos \left (\frac {\pi n x}{L}\right ) {\mathrm e}^{-\frac {\pi ^{2} k \,n^{2} t}{L^{2}}} \sin \left (\frac {\pi n}{2}\right )}{\pi n}\right )+\frac {1}{2}\]

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4.1.1.34 [184] Both ends insulated, no source

This is problem 4.1.7 Introduction to Partial Diﬀerential Equations by Peter Olver ISBN 9783319020983.

$u(x,0) =\left \{ \begin {array} [c]{ccc}x & & 0<x< \frac {L}{2}\\ 1-x & & \frac {L}{2}<x<L \end {array} \right . Use $L=1$. $

Mathematica ✓

ClearAll["Global`*"]; 
L=1; 
pde =  D[u[x, t], t] == k*D[u[x, t], {x, 2}]; 
bc  = {Derivative[1, 0][u][0, t] == 0, Derivative[1, 0][u][L, t] == 0}; 
ic  = u[x, 0] == Piecewise[{{x, 0<x < L/2}, {1-x, L/2<=x<L}}]; 
sol =  AbsoluteTiming[TimeConstrained[DSolve[{pde, bc, ic}, u[x, t], {x, t}, Assumptions -> k > 0], 60*10]]; 
sol =  sol /. K[1] -> n;

\[\left \{\left \{u(x,t)\to 2 \sum _{n=1}^\infty \frac {4 e^{-k n^2 \pi ^2 t} \cos \left (\frac {n \pi }{2}\right ) \cos (n \pi x) \sin ^2\left (\frac {n \pi }{4}\right )}{n^2 \pi ^2}+\frac {1}{4}\right \}\right \}\]

Maple ✓

restart; 
L:=1; 
pde := diff(u(x,t),t)=k*diff(u(x,t),x$2); 
bc:=D[1](u)(0,t)=0,D[1](u)(L,t)=0; 
ic  := u(x,0)=piecewise(0<x and x<=L/2,x,L/2<x and x<L,1-x); 
cpu_time := timelimit(60*10,CodeTools[Usage](assign('sol',pdsolve([pde,bc,ic],u(x,t)) assuming k>0),output='realtime'));

\[u \left (x , t\right ) = 2 \left (\sum _{n=1}^\infty \left (-\frac {\left (\left (-1\right )^{n}-2 \cos \left (\frac {\pi n}{2}\right )+1\right ) \cos \left (\pi n x \right ) {\mathrm e}^{-\pi ^{2} k \,n^{2} t}}{\pi ^{2} n^{2}}\right )\right )+\frac {1}{4}\]

Let $u\left ( x,t\right ) =T\left ( t\right ) X\left ( x\right ) $, then the PDE becomes\[ \frac {1}{k}T^{\prime }X=X^{\prime \prime }T \] Dividing by $XT\neq 0$\[ \frac {1}{k}\frac {T^{\prime }}{T}=\frac {X^{\prime \prime }}{X}\] Since each side depends on diﬀerent independent variable and both are equal, they must be both equal to same constant, say $-\lambda $. Where $\lambda $ is assumed real. \[ \frac {1}{k}\frac {T^{\prime }}{T}=\frac {X^{\prime \prime }}{X}=-\lambda \] The two ODE’s generated are\begin {equation} T^{\prime }+k\lambda T=0\tag {1} \end {equation} And the eigenvalue ODE\begin {align} X^{\prime \prime }+\lambda X & =0\tag {2}\\ X^{\prime }\left ( 0\right ) & =0\nonumber \\ X^{\prime }\left ( L\right ) & =0\nonumber \end {align}

Starting with the eigenvalue ODE equation (2). The following cases are considered.

In this case, $-\lambda $ is positive. Let $-\lambda =\omega ^{2}$. Hence the ODE is $X^{\prime \prime }-\omega ^{2}X=0$ and the solution becomes\[ X\left ( x\right ) =C_{1}\cosh \left ( \omega x\right ) +C_{2}\sinh \left ( \omega x\right ) \] Therefore\[ X^{\prime }=C_{1}\sinh \left ( \omega x\right ) +C_{2}\cosh \left ( \omega x\right ) \] Applying the left B.C. gives\[ 0=C_{2}\] Therefore the solution becomes $X\left ( x\right ) =C_{1}\cosh \left ( \omega x\right ) $ and $X^{\prime }\left ( x\right ) =C_{1}\sinh \left ( \omega x\right ) $. Applying the right B.C. gives\[ 0=C_{1}\sinh \left ( \omega L\right ) \] For non-trivial solution we want $\sinh \left ( \omega L\right ) =0$. But this is not possible since $\sinh $ is zero when its argument is zero, which is not the case here. Hence only trivial solution results from this case. $\lambda <0$ is not an eigenvalue.

The solution is\begin {align*} X\left ( x\right ) & =c_{1}x+c_{2}\\ X^{\prime }\left ( x\right ) & =c_{1} \end {align*}

Applying left boundary conditions gives\[ 0=c_{1}\] Hence the solution becomes $X\left ( x\right ) =c_{2}$. Therefore $\frac {dX}{dx}=0$. Applying the right B.C. provides no information. Any $c_{2}$ will work. Therefore this case leads to the solution $X\left ( x\right ) =c_{2}$. Associated with this one eigenvalue, the time equation becomes $T_{0}^{\prime }\left ( t\right ) =0$ hence $T_{0}\left ( t\right ) $ is a constant. Hence the solution $u_{0}\left ( x,t\right ) $ associated with this $\lambda =0$ is\begin {align*} u_{0}\left ( x,t\right ) & =X_{0}T_{0}\\ & =A_{0} \end {align*}

where constant $c_{2}T_{0}$ was renamed to $\frac {A_{0}}{2}$ to indicate it is associated with $\lambda =0$. $\lambda =0$ is an eigenvalue with eigenfunction constant $\frac {A_{0}}{2}$.

The solution is\begin {align*} X\left ( x\right ) & =c_{1}\cos \left ( \sqrt {\lambda }x\right ) +c_{2}\sin \left ( \sqrt {\lambda }x\right ) \\ X^{\prime }\left ( x\right ) & =-c_{1}\sqrt {\lambda }\sin \left ( \sqrt {\lambda }x\right ) +c_{2}\sqrt {\lambda }\cos \left ( \sqrt {\lambda }x\right ) \end {align*}

Applying the left B.C. gives\[ 0=c_{2}\sqrt {\lambda }\] Therefore $c_{2}=0$ as $\lambda >0$. The solution becomes \[ X\left ( x\right ) =c_{1}\cos \left ( \sqrt {\lambda }x\right ) \] And $X^{\prime }\left ( x\right ) =-c_{1}\sqrt {\lambda }\sin \left ( \sqrt {\lambda }x\right ) $. Applying the right B.C. gives\[ 0=-c_{1}\sqrt {\lambda }\sin \left ( \sqrt {\lambda }L\right ) \] $c_{1}=0$ gives a trivial solution. Selecting $\sin \left ( \sqrt {\lambda }L\right ) =0$ gives\[ \sqrt {\lambda }L=n\pi \qquad n=1,2,3,\cdots \] Or\[ \lambda _{n}=\left ( \frac {n\pi }{L}\right ) ^{2}\qquad n=1,2,3,\cdots \] Therefore the eigenfunctions are\[ X_{n}\left ( x\right ) =\cos \left ( \frac {n\pi }{L}x\right ) \qquad n=1,2,3,\cdots \] The time solution is found by solving \[ T_{n}^{\prime }\left ( t\right ) +k\lambda _{n}T_{n}\left ( t\right ) =0 \] This has the solution\begin {align*} T_{n}\left ( t\right ) & =A_{n}e^{-k\lambda _{n}t}\\ & =A_{n}e^{-k\left ( \frac {n\pi }{L}\right ) ^{2}t}\qquad n=1,2,3,\cdots \end {align*}

The solution to the PDE is \[ u_{n}\left ( x,t\right ) =T_{n}\left ( t\right ) X_{n}\left ( x\right ) \qquad n=0,1,2,3,\cdots \] But for linear system sum of eigenfunctions is also a solution. Hence\begin {align} u\left ( x,t\right ) & =u_{0}\left ( x,t\right ) +\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }u_{n}\left ( x,t\right ) \nonumber \\ & =\frac {A_{0}}{2}+\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }A_{n}\cos \left ( \frac {n\pi }{L}x\right ) e^{-k\left ( \frac {n\pi }{L}\right ) ^{2}t}\tag {1} \end {align}

From the solution found above, setting $t=0$ gives\[ f\left ( x\right ) =\frac {A_{0}}{2}+\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }A_{n}\cos \left ( \frac {n\pi }{L}x\right ) \] Hence $A_{0},A_{n}$ are the Fourier $\cos $ coeﬃcients for the function $f\left ( x\right ) $. Doing an even extension of $f\left ( x\right ) $ from $\left [ -L,L\right ] $, then $\frac {A_{0}}{2}$ is the average of the function $f\left ( x\right ) $ over $\left [ -L,L\right ] $. But this average is seen as $\frac {2\left ( \frac {1}{2}\times \frac {1}{2}\right ) }{2}=\frac {1}{4}$. The term $\frac {1}{2}\times \frac {1}{2}$ is the area of $f\left ( x\right ) $ from $\left [ 0,L\right ] $.\[ \frac {A_{0}}{2}=\frac {1}{4}\] For $A_{n}$\[ A_{n}=\frac {1}{L}\int _{-L}^{L}f\left ( x\right ) \cos \left ( \frac {n\pi }{L}x\right ) dx \] Replacing $L=1$ and using the deﬁnition of $f\left ( x\right ) $ given above gives\[ A_{n}=\int _{-1}^{1}f\left ( x\right ) \cos \left ( \frac {n\pi }{L}x\right ) dx \] But $f\left ( x\right ) $ is even (after even extending) and $\cos $ is even, hence the above becomes\begin {align} A_{n} & =2\int _{0}^{1}f\left ( x\right ) \cos \left ( n\pi x\right ) dx\nonumber \\ & =2\left ( \int _{0}^{\frac {1}{2}}x\cos \left ( n\pi x\right ) dx+\int _{\frac {1}{2}}^{1}\left ( 1-x\right ) \cos \left ( n\pi x\right ) dx\right ) \nonumber \\ & =2\left ( \int _{0}^{\frac {1}{2}}x\cos \left ( n\pi x\right ) dx+\int _{\frac {1}{2}}^{1}\cos \left ( n\pi x\right ) dx-\int _{\frac {1}{2}}^{1}x\cos \left ( n\pi x\right ) dx\right ) \tag {2} \end {align}

But \begin {align} \int _{a}^{b}x\cos \left ( n\pi x\right ) dx & =\frac {1}{n\pi }\left [ x\sin \left ( n\pi x\right ) \right ] _{a}^{b}-\frac {1}{n\pi }\int _{a}^{b}\sin \left ( n\pi x\right ) dx\nonumber \\ & =\frac {1}{n\pi }\left [ x\sin \left ( n\pi x\right ) \right ] _{a}^{b}+\frac {1}{n^{2}\pi ^{2}}\left [ \cos \left ( n\pi x\right ) \right ] _{a}^{b}\tag {3} \end {align}

When $a=0,b=\frac {1}{2}$ the above gives\begin {align} \int _{0}^{\frac {1}{2}}x\cos \left ( n\pi x\right ) dx & =\frac {1}{n\pi }\left [ x\sin \left ( n\pi x\right ) \right ] _{0}^{\frac {1}{2}}+\frac {1}{n^{2}\pi ^{2}}\left [ \cos \left ( n\pi x\right ) \right ] _{0}^{\frac {1}{2}}\nonumber \\ & =\frac {1}{n\pi }\left ( \frac {1}{2}\sin \left ( \frac {n\pi }{2}\right ) \right ) +\frac {1}{n^{2}\pi ^{2}}\left ( \cos \left ( \frac {n\pi }{2}\right ) -1\right ) \nonumber \\ & =\frac {1}{2n\pi }\sin \left ( \frac {n\pi }{2}\right ) +\frac {1}{n^{2}\pi ^{2}}\left ( \cos \left ( \frac {n\pi }{2}\right ) -1\right ) \nonumber \\ & =\frac {1}{2n\pi }\sin \left ( \frac {n\pi }{2}\right ) +\frac {1}{n^{2}\pi ^{2}}\cos \left ( \frac {n\pi }{2}\right ) -\frac {1}{n^{2}\pi ^{2}}\tag {4} \end {align}

And when $a=\frac {1}{2},b=1$ (3) gives\begin {align} \int _{\frac {1}{2}}^{1}x\cos \left ( n\pi x\right ) dx & =\frac {1}{n\pi }\left [ x\sin \left ( n\pi x\right ) \right ] _{\frac {1}{2}}^{1}+\frac {1}{n^{2}\pi ^{2}}\left [ \cos \left ( n\pi x\right ) \right ] _{\frac {1}{2}}^{1}\nonumber \\ & =\frac {1}{n\pi }\left [ \sin \left ( n\pi \right ) -\frac {1}{2}\sin \left ( \frac {n\pi }{2}\right ) \right ] +\frac {1}{n^{2}\pi ^{2}}\left [ \cos \left ( n\pi \right ) -\cos \left ( \frac {n\pi }{2}\right ) \right ] \nonumber \\ & =-\frac {1}{2n\pi }\sin \left ( \frac {n\pi }{2}\right ) +\frac {1}{n^{2}\pi ^{2}}\cos \left ( n\pi \right ) -\frac {1}{n^{2}\pi ^{2}}\cos \left ( \frac {n\pi }{2}\right ) \tag {5} \end {align}

Substituting (4,5) into (2) gives\begin {align*} \frac {A_{n}}{2} & =\frac {1}{2n\pi }\sin \left ( \frac {n\pi }{2}\right ) +\frac {1}{n^{2}\pi ^{2}}\cos \left ( \frac {n\pi }{2}\right ) -\frac {1}{n^{2}\pi ^{2}}\\ & +\int _{\frac {1}{2}}^{1}\cos \left ( n\pi x\right ) dx\\ & -\left ( -\frac {1}{2n\pi }\sin \left ( \frac {n\pi }{2}\right ) +\frac {1}{n^{2}\pi ^{2}}\cos \left ( n\pi \right ) -\frac {1}{n^{2}\pi ^{2}}\cos \left ( \frac {n\pi }{2}\right ) \right ) \end {align*}

Or\begin {align*} \frac {A_{n}}{2} & =\frac {1}{2n\pi }\sin \left ( \frac {n\pi }{2}\right ) +\frac {1}{n^{2}\pi ^{2}}\cos \left ( \frac {n\pi }{2}\right ) -\frac {1}{n^{2}\pi ^{2}}\\ & +\frac {1}{n\pi }\overset {0}{\overbrace {\sin \left ( n\pi \right ) }}-\frac {1}{n\pi }\sin \left ( \frac {n\pi }{2}\right ) \\ & +\frac {1}{2n\pi }\sin \left ( \frac {n\pi }{2}\right ) -\frac {1}{n^{2}\pi ^{2}}\cos \left ( n\pi \right ) +\frac {1}{n^{2}\pi ^{2}}\cos \left ( \frac {n\pi }{2}\right ) \end {align*}

Or\begin {align*} \frac {A_{n}}{2} & =\left ( \frac {1}{n\pi }\sin \left ( \frac {n\pi }{2}\right ) +\frac {2}{n^{2}\pi ^{2}}\cos \left ( \frac {n\pi }{2}\right ) -\frac {1}{n^{2}\pi ^{2}}\right ) -\frac {1}{n\pi }\sin \left ( \frac {n\pi }{2}\right ) -\frac {1}{n^{2}\pi ^{2}}\cos \left ( n\pi \right ) \\ & =\frac {2\cos \left ( \frac {n\pi }{2}\right ) -1-\left ( -1\right ) ^{n}}{n^{2}\pi ^{2}} \end {align*}

Therefore the solution (1) becomes, after replacing $L=1$ \begin {equation} u\left ( x,t\right ) =\frac {1}{4}+2\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }\frac {2\cos \left ( \frac {n\pi }{2}\right ) -1-\left ( -1\right ) ^{n}}{n^{2}\pi ^{2}}\cos \left ( n\pi x\right ) e^{-kn^{2}\pi ^{2}t}\nonumber \end {equation}

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4.1.1.35 [185] Haberman 2.4.1 (b) (special case)

This is problem 2.4.1 part(b) from Richard Haberman applied partial diﬀerential equations, 5th edition.

The boundary conditions are $u_x(0,t)=0$, $u_x(L,t)=0$ with the temperature initially $u(x,0)=6+ 4 \cos \left ( \frac {3 \pi x}{L} \right )$

Mathematica ✓

ClearAll["Global`*"]; 
pde =  D[u[x, t], t] == k*D[u[x, t], {x, 2}]; 
bc  = {Derivative[1, 0][u][0, t] == 0, Derivative[1, 0][u][L, t] == 0}; 
ic  = u[x, 0] == 6 + 4*Cos[(3*Pi*x)/L]; 
sol =  AbsoluteTiming[TimeConstrained[DSolve[{pde, bc, ic}, u[x, t], {x, t}], 60*10]];

\[\left \{\left \{u(x,t)\to 4 e^{-\frac {9 \pi ^2 k t}{L^2}} \cos \left (\frac {3 \pi x}{L}\right )+6\right \}\right \}\]

Maple ✓

restart; 
interface(showassumed=0); 
assume(L>0 and k>0); 
pde := diff(u(x,t),t)=k*diff(u(x,t),x$2); 
bc:=D[1](u)(0,t)=0,D[1](u)(L,t)=0; 
ic  := u(x,0)=6+4*cos(3*Pi*x/L); 
cpu_time := timelimit(60*10,CodeTools[Usage](assign('sol',pdsolve([pde,bc,ic],u(x,t))),output='realtime'));

\[u \left (x , t\right ) = 4 \cos \left (\frac {3 \pi x}{L}\right ) {\mathrm e}^{-\frac {9 \pi ^{2} k t}{L^{2}}}+6\]

The general solution for this type of PDE is given in problem 4.1.1.31 on page 538 as\begin {equation} u\left ( x,t\right ) =A_{0}+\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }A_{n}\cos \left ( \frac {n\pi }{L}x\right ) e^{-k\left ( \frac {n\pi }{L}\right ) ^{2}t}\tag {1} \end {equation} In this example $u\left ( x,0\right ) =$ $f\left ( x\right ) =6+4\cos \frac {3\pi x}{L}$. Hence at $t=0$ the above becomes\begin {align*} f\left ( x\right ) & =A_{0}+\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }A_{n}\cos \left ( \frac {n\pi }{L}x\right ) \\ 6+4\cos \frac {3\pi x}{L} & =A_{0}+\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }A_{n}\cos \left ( \frac {n\pi }{L}x\right ) \end {align*}

And all other $A_{n}=0$. Hence the solution (1) is\[ u\left ( x,t\right ) =6+4\cos \left ( \frac {3\pi }{L}x\right ) e^{-k\left ( \frac {3\pi }{L}\right ) ^{2}t}\]

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4.1.1.36 [186] Haberman 2.4.1 (c) (special case)

This is problem 2.4.1 part(c) from Richard Haberman applied partial diﬀerential equations, 5th edition.

The boundary conditions are $u_x(0,t)=0$, $u_x(L,t)=0$ with the temperature initially $u(x,0)=-2 \sin \frac {\pi x}{L}$

Mathematica ✓

ClearAll["Global`*"]; 
pde =  D[u[x, t], t] == k*D[u[x, t], {x, 2}]; 
bc  = {Derivative[1, 0][u][0, t] == 0, Derivative[1, 0][u][L, t] == 0}; 
ic  = u[x, 0] == -2*Sin[(Pi*x)/L]; 
sol =  AbsoluteTiming[TimeConstrained[DSolve[{pde, bc, ic}, u[x, t], {x, t}, Assumptions -> {L > 0 && k > 0}], 60*10]]; 
sol =  sol /. K[1] -> n;

\[\left \{\left \{u(x,t)\to \frac {2 \sum _{n=1}^\infty \frac {2 \left (1+(-1)^n\right ) e^{-\frac {k n^2 \pi ^2 t}{L^2}} L \cos \left (\frac {n \pi x}{L}\right )}{\left (n^2-1\right ) \pi }}{L}-\frac {4}{\pi }\right \}\right \}\]

Maple ✓

restart; 
interface(showassumed=0); 
assume(L>0 and k>0); 
pde := diff(u(x,t),t)=k*diff(u(x,t),x$2); 
bc:=D[1](u)(0,t)=0,D[1](u)(L,t)=0; 
ic  := u(x,0)=-2*sin(Pi*x/L); 
cpu_time := timelimit(60*10,CodeTools[Usage](assign('sol',pdsolve([pde,bc,ic],u(x,t))),output='realtime'));

\[u \left (x , t\right ) = \left (\sum _{n=2}^\infty \frac {4 \left (\left (-1\right )^{n}+1\right ) \cos \left (\frac {\pi n x}{L}\right ) {\mathrm e}^{-\frac {\pi ^{2} k \,n^{2} t}{L^{2}}}}{\pi \left (n^{2}-1\right )}\right )-\frac {4}{\pi }\]

Multiplying both sides by $\cos \left ( \frac {m\pi }{L}x\right ) $ and integrating gives\begin {align*} -2\int _{0}^{L}\sin \left ( \frac {\pi x}{L}\right ) \cos \left ( \frac {m\pi }{L}x\right ) dx & =\int _{0}^{L}\left ( A_{0}\cos \left ( \frac {m\pi }{L}x\right ) +\cos \left ( \frac {m\pi }{L}x\right ) \sum _{n=1}^{\infty }A_{n}\cos \left ( \frac {n\pi }{L}x\right ) \right ) dx\\ & =\int _{0}^{L}A_{0}\cos \left ( \frac {m\pi }{L}x\right ) dx+\int _{0}^{L}\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }A_{n}\cos \left ( \frac {m\pi }{L}x\right ) \cos \left ( \frac {n\pi }{L}x\right ) dx \end {align*}

Interchanging the order of integration and summation\[ \int _{0}^{L}-2\sin \left ( \frac {\pi x}{L}\right ) \cos \left ( \frac {m\pi }{L}x\right ) dx=\int _{0}^{L}A_{0}\cos \left ( \frac {m\pi }{L}x\right ) dx+\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }A_{n}\int _{0}^{L}\cos \left ( \frac {m\pi }{L}x\right ) \cos \left ( \frac {n\pi }{L}x\right ) dx \] Case $m=0$

The above becomes\[ -2\int _{0}^{L}\sin \left ( \frac {\pi x}{L}\right ) dx=\int _{0}^{L}A_{0}dx+\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }A_{n}\int _{0}^{L}\cos \left ( \frac {n\pi }{L}x\right ) dx \] But $\int _{0}^{L}\cos \left ( \frac {n\pi }{L}x\right ) dx=0$ hence\begin {align*} \int _{0}^{L}-2\sin \left ( \frac {\pi x}{L}\right ) dx & =\int _{0}^{L}A_{0}dx\\ A_{0}L & =-2\int _{0}^{L}\sin \left ( \frac {\pi x}{L}\right ) dx\\ A_{0}L & =-2\left ( -\frac {\cos \left ( \frac {\pi x}{L}\right ) }{\frac {\pi }{L}}\right ) _{0}^{L}\\ & =-\frac {2L}{\pi }\left ( -\cos \left ( \frac {\pi L}{L}\right ) +\cos \left ( \frac {\pi 0}{L}\right ) \right ) \\ & =-\frac {2L}{\pi }\left ( -\left ( -1\right ) +1\right ) \\ & =-\frac {4L}{\pi } \end {align*}

\[ \int _{0}^{L}-2\sin \left ( \frac {\pi x}{L}\right ) \cos \left ( \frac {m\pi }{L}x\right ) dx=\int _{0}^{L}A_{0}\cos \left ( \frac {m\pi }{L}x\right ) dx+\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }A_{n}\int _{0}^{L}\cos \left ( \frac {m\pi }{L}x\right ) \cos \left ( \frac {n\pi }{L}x\right ) dx \] One term survives the summation resulting in\[ \int _{0}^{L}-2\sin \left ( \frac {\pi x}{L}\right ) \cos \left ( \frac {m\pi }{L}x\right ) dx=\frac {-4}{\pi }\int _{0}^{L}\cos \left ( \frac {m\pi }{L}x\right ) dx+A_{m}\int _{0}^{L}\cos ^{2}\left ( \frac {m\pi }{L}x\right ) dx \] But $\int _{0}^{L}\cos \left ( \frac {m\pi }{L}x\right ) dx=0$ and $\int _{0}^{L}\cos ^{2}\left ( \frac {m\pi }{L}x\right ) dx=\frac {L}{2}$, therefore\begin {align*} \int _{0}^{L}-2\sin \left ( \frac {\pi x}{L}\right ) \cos \left ( \frac {m\pi }{L}x\right ) dx & =A_{m}\frac {L}{2}\\ A_{n} & =\frac {-4}{L}\int _{0}^{L}\sin \left ( \frac {\pi x}{L}\right ) \cos \left ( \frac {n\pi }{L}x\right ) dx \end {align*}

But\[ \int _{0}^{L}\sin \left ( \frac {\pi x}{L}\right ) \cos \left ( \frac {n\pi }{L}x\right ) dx=\frac {-L\left ( 1+\cos \left ( n\pi \right ) \right ) }{\pi \left ( n^{2}-1\right ) }\] Therefore\begin {align*} A_{n} & =4\frac {\left ( 1+\cos \left ( n\pi \right ) \right ) }{\pi \left ( n^{2}-1\right ) }\\ & =4\frac {\left ( -1\right ) ^{n}+1}{\pi \left ( n^{2}-1\right ) }\qquad n=1,2,3,\cdots \end {align*}

Hence the solution becomes\[ u\left ( x,t\right ) =\frac {-4}{\pi }+\frac {4}{\pi }\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }\frac {\left ( -1\right ) ^{n}+1}{\left ( n^{2}-1\right ) }\cos \left ( \frac {n\pi }{L}x\right ) e^{-k\left ( \frac {n\pi }{L}\right ) ^{2}t}\]

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4.1.1.37 [187] Haberman 2.4.1 (d)

This is problem 2.4.1 part(d) from Richard Haberman applied partial diﬀerential equations, 5th edition.

The boundary conditions are $\frac {\partial u}{\partial x}(0,t)=0$ and $\frac {\partial u}{\partial x}(L,t)=0$ with the temperature initially $u(x,0)=-3 \cos \frac {8 \pi x}{L}$

Mathematica ✓

ClearAll["Global`*"]; 
pde =  D[u[x, t], t] == k*D[u[x, t], {x, 2}]; 
bc  = {Derivative[1, 0][u][0, t] == 0, Derivative[1, 0][u][L, t] == 0}; 
ic  = u[x, 0] == -3*Cos[(8*Pi*x)/L]; 
sol =  AbsoluteTiming[TimeConstrained[DSolve[{pde, bc, ic}, u[x, t], {x, t}], 60*10]];

\[\left \{\left \{u(x,t)\to -3 e^{-\frac {64 \pi ^2 k t}{L^2}} \cos \left (\frac {8 \pi x}{L}\right )\right \}\right \}\]

Maple ✓

restart; 
interface(showassumed=0); 
pde := diff(u(x,t),t)=k*diff(u(x,t),x$2); 
bc:=D[1](u)(0,t)=0,D[1](u)(L,t)=0; 
assume(L>0 and k>0); 
ic  := u(x,0)=-3*cos(8*Pi*x/L); 
cpu_time := timelimit(60*10,CodeTools[Usage](assign('sol',pdsolve([pde,bc,ic],u(x,t))),output='realtime'));

\[u \left (x , t\right ) = -3 \cos \left (\frac {8 \pi x}{L}\right ) {\mathrm e}^{-\frac {64 \pi ^{2} k t}{L^{2}}}\]

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4.1.1.38 [188] both ends insulated

For $0<x<1$ and $t>0$. The boundary conditions are \begin {align*} \frac {\partial u}{\partial x}(0,t) &= 0\\ \frac {\partial u}{\partial x}(1,t) &= 1 \end {align*}

Mathematica ✓

ClearAll["Global`*"]; 
pde =  D[u[x, t], t] == 13*D[u[x, t], {x, 2}]; 
bc  = {Derivative[1, 0][u][0, t] == 0, Derivative[1, 0][u][1, t] == 1}; 
ic  = u[x, 0] == (1*x^2)/2 + x; 
sol =  AbsoluteTiming[TimeConstrained[DSolve[{pde, ic, bc}, u[x, t], x, t], 60*10]];

\[\left \{\left \{u(x,t)\to \frac {1}{2} \left (2 \sum _{K[1]=1}^\infty \frac {2 \left (-1+(-1)^{K[1]}\right ) e^{-13 \pi ^2 t K[1]^2} \cos (\pi x K[1])}{\pi ^2 K[1]^2}+26 t+x^2+1\right )\right \}\right \}\]

Maple ✓

restart; 
pde := diff(u(x, t), t) = 13*(diff(u(x, t), x$2)); 
bc  := eval( diff(u(x,t),x),x=0)=0 , eval( diff(u(x,t),x),x=1)=1; 
ic  := u(x,0)=1/2*x^2+x; 
cpu_time := timelimit(60*10,CodeTools[Usage](assign('sol', pdsolve([pde, bc,ic],u(x,t))),output='realtime'));

\[u \left (x , t\right ) = \frac {x^{2}}{2}+13 t +2 \left (\sum _{n=1}^\infty \frac {\left (\left (-1\right )^{n}-1\right ) \cos \left (\pi n x \right ) {\mathrm e}^{-13 \pi ^{2} n^{2} t}}{\pi ^{2} n^{2}}\right )+\frac {1}{2}\]

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4.1.1.39 [189] convection heat loss

The boundary conditions are, on the left end $\frac {\partial u}{\partial x}(0,t)=0$ and on the right end $\frac {\partial u}{\partial x}(1,t)=-u(1,t)$ with the temperature initially $u(x,0)=1-\frac {1}{4} x^3$

Mathematica ✓

ClearAll["Global`*"]; 
pde =  D[u[x, t], t] == k*D[u[x, t], {x, 2}]; 
ic  = u[x, 0] == 1 - (1*x^3)/4; 
bc  = {Derivative[1, 0][u][0, t] == 0, Derivative[1, 0][u][1, t] == -u[1, t]}; 
sol =  AbsoluteTiming[TimeConstrained[DSolve[{pde, bc, ic}, u[x, t], {x, t}, Assumptions -> {k > 0, t > 0}], 60*10]];

\[\left \{\left \{u(x,t)\to \begin {array}{cc} \{ & \begin {array}{cc} \sum _{K[1]=1}^\infty -\frac {e^{-k t K[2,K[1]]} \cos \left (x \sqrt {K[2,K[1]]}\right ) \left (3 \cos \left (\sqrt {K[2,K[1]]}\right ) (K[2,K[1]]-2)-3 \sqrt {K[2,K[1]]} (K[2,K[1]]+2) \sin \left (\sqrt {K[2,K[1]]}\right )+6\right )}{\sqrt {2} \sqrt {3-\cos \left (2 \sqrt {K[2,K[1]]}\right )} K[2,K[1]]^2 \sqrt {\sin ^2\left (\sqrt {K[2,K[1]]}\right )+1}} & \tan \left (\sqrt {K[2,K[1]]}\right )=\frac {1}{\sqrt {K[2,K[1]]}}\land K[1]\in \mathbb {Z}\land K[1]\geq 1\land K[2,K[1]]>0 \\ \text {Indeterminate} & \text {True} \\\end {array} \\\end {array}\right \}\right \}\]

Maple ✓

restart; 
pde := diff(u(x,t), t) = k*(diff(u(x,t), x, x)); 
ic  := u(x,0) = 1-(1/4)*x^3; 
bc  := eval(diff(u(x,t), x), x = 0) = 0, eval(diff(u(x,t), x), x = 1)+u(1,t) = 0; 
cpu_time := timelimit(60*10,CodeTools[Usage](assign('sol',pdsolve([pde,bc,ic],u(x,t)) assuming t>0,k>0),output='realtime'));

\[u \left (x , t\right ) = 3 \left (\sum _{n=0}^\infty \frac {\left (\lambda _{n}^{3} \sin \left (\lambda _{n}\right )-\lambda _{n}^{2} \cos \left (\lambda _{n}\right )+2 \lambda _{n} \sin \left (\lambda _{n}\right )+2 \cos \left (\lambda _{n}\right )-2\right ) \cos \left (x \lambda _{n}\right ) {\mathrm e}^{-k t \lambda _{n}^{2}}}{\left (2 \lambda _{n}+\sin \left (2 \lambda _{n}\right )\right ) \lambda _{n}^{3}}\right )\boldsymbol {\mathrm {where}}\left \{\lambda _{n} \tan \left (\lambda _{n}\right )-1=0\wedge 0<\lambda _{n}\right \}\]

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4.1.1.40 [190] Pinchover and Rubinstein 6.25

Added July 2, 2018. Taken from Maple 2018.1 document, originally exercise 6.25 from Pinchover and Rubinstein.

For $0<x<L$ and $t>0$. The boundary conditions are \begin {align*} \frac {\partial u}{\partial x}(0,t) &= 0 \\ \frac {\partial u}{\partial x}(L,t) &= 0 \\ \end {align*}

Mathematica ✓

ClearAll["Global`*"]; 
pde =  D[u[x, t], t] == k*D[u[x, t], {x, 2}] + Cos[w*t]; 
bc  = {Derivative[1, 0][u][0, t] == 0, Derivative[1, 0][u][L, t] == 0}; 
ic  = u[x, 0] == x; 
sol =  AbsoluteTiming[TimeConstrained[DSolve[{pde, ic, bc}, u[x, t], x, t, Assumptions -> {L > 0, t > 0, k > 0}], 60*10]];

\[\left \{\left \{u(x,t)\to \sum _{K[1]=1}^\infty \frac {2 \left (-1+(-1)^{K[1]}\right ) e^{-\frac {k \pi ^2 t K[1]^2}{L^2}} L \cos \left (\frac {\pi x K[1]}{L}\right )}{\pi ^2 K[1]^2}+\frac {L}{2}+\frac {\sin (t w)}{w}\right \}\right \}\]

Maple ✓

restart; 
interface(showassumed=0); 
pde := diff(u(x, t), t) = k*(diff(u(x, t), x, x))+cos(w*t); 
bc  := (D[1](u))(L, t) = 0, (D[1](u))(0, t) = 0; 
ic  := u(x, 0) = x; 
cpu_time := timelimit(60*10,CodeTools[Usage](assign('sol', pdsolve([pde,ic,bc],u(x,t)) assuming L>0),output='realtime'));

\[u \left (x , t\right ) = \frac {L}{2}+\left (\sum _{n=1}^\infty \frac {2 \left (\left (-1\right )^{n}-1\right ) L \cos \left (\frac {\pi n x}{L}\right ) {\mathrm e}^{-\frac {\pi ^{2} k \,n^{2} t}{L^{2}}}}{\pi ^{2} n^{2}}\right )+\frac {\sin \left (t w \right )}{w}\]

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4.1.1.41 [191] external source

\[ \frac { \partial u}{\partial t}= k \frac { \partial ^2 u}{\partial x^2} + \left ( e^{-c t} \sin \left ( \frac {2 \pi x}{L} \right ) \right ) \]

For $0<x<L$ and $t>0$. The boundary conditions are \begin {align*} \frac {\partial u}{\partial x}(0,t) &= 0 \\ \frac {\partial u}{\partial x}(L,t) &= 0 \\ \end {align*}

Mathematica ✓

ClearAll["Global`*"]; 
pde =  D[u[x, t], t] == k*D[u[x, t], {x, 2}] + Exp[-(c*t)]*Sin[(2*Pi*x)/L]; 
bc  = {Derivative[1, 0][u][0, t] == 0, Derivative[1, 0][u][L, t] == 0}; 
ic  = u[x, 0] == f[x]; 
sol =  AbsoluteTiming[TimeConstrained[DSolve[{pde, ic, bc}, u[x, t], x, t, Assumptions -> {L > 0, k > 0, t > 0}], 60*10]];

\[\left \{\left \{u(x,t)\to \sum _{K[1]=1}^\infty \frac {\sqrt {2} \cos \left (\frac {\pi x K[1]}{L}\right ) \left (e^{-\frac {k \pi ^2 t K[1]^2}{L^2}} \int _0^L \frac {\sqrt {2} \cos \left (\frac {\pi x K[1]}{L}\right ) f(x)}{\sqrt {L}} \, dx+\left (\begin {array}{cc} \{ & \begin {array}{cc} \frac {2 \sqrt {2} \left (-1+(-1)^{K[1]}\right ) e^{-t \left (\frac {k \pi ^2 K[1]^2}{L^2}+c\right )} \left (-e^{c t}+e^{\frac {k \pi ^2 t K[1]^2}{L^2}}\right ) L^{5/2}}{\pi \left (K[1]^2-4\right ) \left (k \pi ^2 K[1]^2-c L^2\right )} & K[1]\neq 2 \\ 0 & \text {True} \\\end {array} \\\end {array}\right )\right )}{\sqrt {L}}+\frac {\int _0^L \frac {f(x)}{\sqrt {L}} \, dx}{\sqrt {L}}\right \}\right \}\]

Maple ✓

restart; 
interface(showassumed=0); 
pde :=  diff(u(x,t),t)=k*diff(u(x,t),x$2)+(exp(-c*t)*sin(2*Pi*x/L)); 
ic  :=  u(x,0)=f(x); 
bc  :=  D[1](u)(0,t)=0, D[1](u)(L,t)=0; 
cpu_time := timelimit(60*10,CodeTools[Usage](assign('sol', pdsolve([pde,ic,bc],u(x,t)) assuming L>0,t>0,k>0),output='realtime'));

\[u \left (x , t\right ) = \left (\sum _{n=1}^\infty \frac {2 \left (\int _{0}^{L}\cos \left (\frac {\pi n x}{L}\right ) f \left (x \right )d x \right ) \cos \left (\frac {\pi n x}{L}\right ) {\mathrm e}^{-\frac {\pi ^{2} k \,n^{2} t}{L^{2}}}}{L}\right )+\frac {\int _{0}^{L}f \left (x \right )d x}{L}+\frac {-\frac {8 L^{2} \cos \left (\frac {\pi x}{L}\right ) {\mathrm e}^{-c t}}{3}+\frac {8 L^{2} \cos \left (\frac {\pi x}{L}\right ) {\mathrm e}^{-\frac {\pi ^{2} k t}{L^{2}}}}{3}+4 \left (\sum _{n =3}^\infty \frac {\left (L^{2} c -\pi ^{2} k \right ) \left (-{\mathrm e}^{-c t}+{\mathrm e}^{-\frac {\pi ^{2} k \,n^{2} t}{L^{2}}}\right ) \left (\left (-1\right )^{n}-1\right ) L^{2} \cos \left (\frac {\pi n x}{L}\right )}{\left (n -2\right ) \left (n +2\right ) \left (L^{2} c -\pi ^{2} k \,n^{2}\right )}\right )}{\pi \left (L^{2} c -\pi ^{2} k \right )}\]

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4.1.1.42 [192] Diﬀusion Reaction (general case)

Consider the heat equation \[ u_t = k u_{xx} - \beta u \] Suppose the boundary conditions are $u_x(0,t)=0,u_x(\pi ,t)=0$, solve with the temperature initially $u\left ( x,0\right ) =x$

Mathematica ✓

ClearAll["Global`*"]; 
pde =  D[u[x, t], t] == k*D[u[x, t], {x, 2}] - beta*u[x, t]; 
bc  = {Derivative[1,0][u][0, t] == 0, Derivative[1,0][u][Pi, t] == 0}; 
ic  = u[x, 0] == x; 
sol =  AbsoluteTiming[TimeConstrained[DSolve[{pde, bc, ic}, u[x, t], {x, t}, Assumptions -> {beta > 0,k>0}], 60*10]];

\[\left \{\left \{u(x,t)\to \sum _{K[1]=1}^\infty \frac {2 \left (-1+(-1)^{K[1]}\right ) e^{-t \left (k K[1]^2+\beta \right )} \cos (x K[1])}{\pi K[1]^2}+\frac {1}{2} \pi e^{-\beta t}\right \}\right \}\]

Maple ✓

restart; 
interface(showassumed=0); 
pde := diff(u(x,t),t)=k*diff(u(x,t),x$2)-beta*u(x,t); 
bc:=eval(diff(u(x,t),x),x=0)=0,eval(diff(u(x,t),x),x=Pi)=0; 
ic  := u(x,0)=x; 
cpu_time := timelimit(60*10,CodeTools[Usage](assign('sol',pdsolve([pde,bc,ic],u(x,t)) assuming beta>0),output='realtime'));

\[u \left (x , t\right ) = 2 \left (\sum _{n=1}^\infty \frac {\left (\left (-1\right )^{n}-1\right ) \cos \left (n x \right ) {\mathrm e}^{-\left (k \,n^{2}+\beta \right ) t}}{\pi \,n^{2}}\right )+\frac {\pi \,{\mathrm e}^{-\beta t}}{2}\]

\[ \frac {\partial u}{\partial t}=k\frac {\partial ^{2}u}{\partial x^{2}}-\beta u\qquad 0<x<\pi ,t>0 \] with, $k>0,\beta >0$ \begin {align*} \frac {\partial u\left ( 0,t\right ) }{\partial x} & =0\\ \frac {\partial u\left ( \pi ,t\right ) }{\partial x} & =0 \end {align*}

Let $u=X\left ( x\right ) T\left ( t\right ) $. Substituting into the PDE gives\[ T^{\prime }X=kX^{\prime \prime }T-\beta XT \] Dividing by $XT\neq 0$ gives\begin {align*} \frac {T^{\prime }}{T} & =\frac {kX^{\prime \prime }}{X}-\beta \\ \frac {T^{\prime }}{T}+\beta & =\frac {kX^{\prime \prime }}{X}\\ \frac {T^{\prime }}{kT}+\frac {\beta }{k} & =\frac {X^{\prime \prime }}{X} \end {align*}

Since each sides depends on diﬀerent variable and both are equal, they must be equal to same constant, say $-\lambda $\[ \frac {T^{\prime }}{\alpha T}+\frac {\beta }{\alpha }=\frac {X^{\prime \prime }}{X}=-\lambda \] This gives two ODE’s to solve\begin {align} X^{\prime \prime }+\lambda X & =0\tag {1}\\ X^{\prime }\left ( 0\right ) & =0\nonumber \\ X^{\prime }\left ( \pi \right ) & =0\nonumber \end {align}

And\begin {align} \frac {T^{\prime }}{kT}+\frac {\beta }{k} & =-\lambda \tag {2}\\ T^{\prime }+\beta T & =-\lambda kT\nonumber \\ T^{\prime }+T\left ( \lambda k+\beta \right ) & =0\nonumber \end {align}

Assuming $\lambda <0$, the solution is \begin {align*} X\left ( x\right ) & =A\cosh \left ( \sqrt {-\lambda }x\right ) +B\sinh \left ( \sqrt {-\lambda }x\right ) \\ X^{\prime } & =\sqrt {-\lambda }A\sinh \left ( \sqrt {-\lambda }x\right ) +\sqrt {-\lambda }B\cosh \left ( \sqrt {-\lambda }x\right ) \end {align*}

Applying ﬁrst B.C. gives $0=\sqrt {-\lambda }B$, hence $B=0$. Therefore the solution becomes $X\left ( x\right ) =A\cosh \left ( \sqrt {-\lambda }x\right ) $ and $X^{\prime }=\sqrt {-\lambda }A\sinh \left ( \sqrt {-\lambda }x\right ) $. Applying second B.C. gives \[ 0=\sqrt {-\lambda }A\sinh \left ( \sqrt {-\lambda }\pi \right ) \] But $\sinh \left ( \sqrt {-\lambda }\pi \right ) =0$ only when its argument is zero, which is not the case here. This means $A=0$, leading to trivial solution. Therefore $\lambda <0$ is not eigenvalue.

Assuming $\lambda =0$. The solution is $X=Ax+B$. Hence $X^{\prime }=A$. Applying ﬁrst B.C. Gives $A=0$. Hence solution is $X=B$. Second boundary condition gives no additional information. Therefore $X=1$ (constant) is the eigenfunction associated with $\lambda =0$.

Assuming $\lambda >0$. The solution is\begin {align*} X & =A\cos \left ( \sqrt {\lambda }x\right ) +B\sin \left ( \sqrt {\lambda }x\right ) \\ X^{\prime } & =-\sqrt {\lambda }A\sin \left ( \sqrt {\lambda }x\right ) +\sqrt {\lambda }B\cos \left ( \sqrt {\lambda }x\right ) \end {align*}

Applying ﬁrst B.C. gives $0=\sqrt {\lambda }B$, hence $B=0$. and the solution becomes $X=A\cos \left ( \sqrt {\lambda }x\right ) ,X^{\prime }=-\sqrt {\lambda }A\sin \left ( \sqrt {\lambda }x\right ) $. Applying second B.C. gives\[ 0=-\sqrt {\lambda }A\sin \left ( \sqrt {\lambda }\pi \right ) \] Therefore \begin {align*} \sin \left ( \sqrt {\lambda }\pi \right ) & =0\\ \sqrt {\lambda }\pi & =n\pi \qquad n=1,2,3,\cdots \\ \lambda & =n^{2}\qquad n=1,2,3,\cdots \end {align*}

Therefore the space solution is\begin {equation} X\left ( x\right ) =A_{0}+\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }A_{n}\cos \left ( nx\right ) \tag {3} \end {equation} Now the time ODE (2) is solved.\[ T^{\prime }+T\left ( \lambda k+\beta \right ) =0 \] Integrating factor is $e^{\int \lambda k+\beta dt}=e^{\left ( \lambda k+\beta \right ) t}$. Hence $\frac {d}{dt}\left ( Te^{\left ( \lambda k+\beta \right ) t}\right ) =0$ or $Te^{\left ( \lambda k+\beta \right ) t}=c$ where $c$ is constant. Therefore\[ T\left ( t\right ) =ce^{-\left ( \lambda k+\beta \right ) t}\] For $\lambda =0$, the solution is \[ T_{0}\left ( t\right ) =c_{0}e^{-\beta t}\] and for $\lambda >0$, the solution is \[ T_{n}\left ( t\right ) =c_{n}e^{-\left ( n^{2}k+\beta \right ) t}\] Hence the time domain solution is\begin {equation} T\left ( t\right ) =c_{0}e^{-\beta t}+\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }c_{n}e^{-\left ( n^{2}k+\beta \right ) t}\tag {4} \end {equation} Combining (3,4) the solution is\begin {align} u_{n} & =X_{n}T_{n}\nonumber \\ u\left ( x,t\right ) & =\sum _{n=0}^{\infty }X_{n}T_{n}\nonumber \\ & =c_{0}e^{-\beta t}+\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }b_{n}\cos \left ( nx\right ) e^{-\left ( n^{2}k+\beta \right ) t}\tag {5} \end {align}

where both constants from space and time eigenfunctions are combined into one constant $b_{n}$ above in the sum. Now initial conditions are used to ﬁnd coeﬃcients. At $t=0$\begin {align*} u\left ( x,0\right ) & =c_{0}+\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }b_{n}\cos \left ( nx\right ) \\ x & =c_{0}+\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }b_{n}\cos \left ( nx\right ) \end {align*}

Multiplying both sides by $\cos \left ( mx\right ) $ and integrating gives\[ \int _{0}^{\pi }x\cos mxdx=\int _{0}^{\pi }\left ( c_{0}\cos mx+\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }b_{n}\cos mx\cos \left ( nx\right ) \right ) dx \] For $m=0$, all terms in the sum in RHS vanish, and only $c_{0}$ left\begin {align*} \int _{0}^{\pi }xdx & =\int _{0}^{\pi }c_{0}dx\\ & =c_{0}\pi \end {align*}

Hence\begin {align} c_{0} & =\frac {1}{\pi }\int _{0}^{\pi }xdx\tag {6}\\ & =\frac {1}{\pi }\frac {\pi ^{2}}{2}\nonumber \\ & =\frac {\pi }{2}\nonumber \end {align}

For $n>0$\begin {align*} \int _{0}^{\pi }x\cos mxdx & =\int _{0}^{\pi }\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }b_{n}\cos mx\cos \left ( nx\right ) dx\\ & =\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }b_{n}\int _{0}^{\pi }\cos mx\cos \left ( nx\right ) dx \end {align*}

All terms in the sum vanish except for $n=m$. The above becomes\begin {align} \int _{0}^{\pi }x\cos mxdx & =b_{n}\frac {\pi }{2}\nonumber \\ b_{n} & =\frac {2}{\pi }\int _{0}^{\pi }x\cos mxdx\tag {7} \end {align}

Using integration by part, $\int _{0}^{\pi }x\cos nxdx$, let $u=x,dv=\cos nx,\rightarrow du=1,v=\frac {\sin nx}{n}$, therefore\begin {align*} \int _{0}^{\pi }x\cos nxdx & =\left ( x\frac {\sin nx}{n}\right ) _{0}^{\pi }-\frac {1}{n}\int _{0}^{\pi }\sin nxdx\\ & =\frac {1}{n}\left ( \pi \sin n\pi -0\right ) +\frac {1}{n}\left ( \frac {\cos nx}{n}\right ) _{0}^{\pi }\\ & =0+\frac {1}{n^{2}}\left ( \cos nx\right ) _{0}^{\pi }\\ & =\frac {1}{n^{2}}\left ( \cos n\pi -1\right ) \end {align*}

Hence \begin {align*} b_{n} & =\frac {2}{\pi }\int _{0}^{\pi }x\cos mxdx\\ & =\frac {2}{\pi }\frac {\left ( -1^{n}-1\right ) }{n^{2}} \end {align*}

Therefore the ﬁnal solution is, from (5), by combing all above results, becomes\begin {align*} u\left ( x,t\right ) & =c_{0}e^{-\beta t}+\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }b_{n}\cos \left ( nx\right ) e^{-\left ( n^{2}k+\beta \right ) t}\\ & =\frac {\pi }{2}e^{-\beta t}+\frac {2}{\pi }\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }\frac {\left ( -1^{n}-1\right ) }{n^{2}}\cos \left ( nx\right ) e^{-\left ( n^{2}k+\beta \right ) t} \end {align*}

This is animation of the solution for $k=1,\beta =2$ for $2$ seconds. (Animation will only show in the HTML version)

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4.1.1.43 [193] Pinchover and Rubinstein 6.23

4th example from Maple document for new improvements in Maple 2018.1, originally taken from Pinchover and Rubinstein’s exercise 6.23 .

Where $g(x,t) = e^{3 t} \cos (17 \pi x)$ for $0<x<1$ and $t>0$. The boundary conditions are \begin {align*} \frac {\partial u}{\partial x}(0,t) &=0 \\ \frac {\partial u}{\partial x}(1,t) &=0 \end {align*}

Mathematica ✓

ClearAll["Global`*"]; 
f[x] := 3*Cos[42*Pi*x]; 
 g[x, t] := Exp[3*t]*Cos[17*x*Pi]; 
pde =  D[u[x, t], t] == D[u[x, t], {x, 2}] + g[x, t]; 
bc  = {Derivative[1, 0][u][0, t] == 0, Derivative[1, 0][u][1, t] == 0}; 
ic  = u[x, 0] == f[x]; 
sol =  AbsoluteTiming[TimeConstrained[DSolve[{pde, bc, ic}, u[x, t], {x, t}], 60*10]];

\[\left \{\left \{u(x,t)\to \sum _{K[1]=1}^\infty \sqrt {2} \cos (\pi x K[1]) \left (\int _0^t e^{-\pi ^2 K[1]^2 (t-K[2])} \left (\begin {array}{cc} \{ & \begin {array}{cc} \frac {e^{3 K[2]}}{\sqrt {2}} & K[1]=17 \\ 0 & \text {True} \\\end {array} \\\end {array}\right ) \, dK[2]+e^{-\pi ^2 t K[1]^2} \left (\begin {array}{cc} \{ & \begin {array}{cc} \frac {3}{\sqrt {2}} & K[1]=42 \\ 0 & \text {True} \\\end {array} \\\end {array}\right )\right )\right \}\right \}\]

Maple ✓

restart; 
f := x->3*cos(42*x*Pi); 
g :=(x,t)->exp(3*t)*cos(17*x*Pi); 
pde := diff(u(x, t), t)= (diff(u(x, t), x, x)) + g(x, t); 
bc  := (D[1](u))(0, t) = 0, (D[1](u))(1, t) = 0; 
ic  := u(x, 0) = f(x); 
cpu_time := timelimit(60*10,CodeTools[Usage](assign('sol', simplify(pdsolve([pde, ic, bc],u(x,t)))),output='realtime'));

\[u \left (x , t\right ) = \frac {\left (867 \pi ^{2}+9\right ) \cos \left (42 \pi x \right ) {\mathrm e}^{-1764 \pi ^{2} t}+\left ({\mathrm e}^{3 t}-{\mathrm e}^{-289 \pi ^{2} t}\right ) \cos \left (17 \pi x \right )}{289 \pi ^{2}+3}\]

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4.1.1.44 [194] Pinchover and Rubinstein 6.21

Taken from Maple document for new improvements in Maple 2018.1, originally taken from Pinchover and Rubinstein’s exercise 6.21

Where $g(x,t) = t \cos (2001 x)$ for $0<x<\pi $ and $t>0$. The boundary conditions are \begin {align*} \frac {\partial u}{\partial x}(0,t) &=0 \\ \frac {\partial u}{\partial x}(1,t) &=0 \end {align*}

Mathematica ✓

ClearAll["Global`*"]; 
pde =  D[u[x, t], t] == D[u[x, t], {x, 2}] + t*Cos[2001*x]; 
bc  = {Derivative[1, 0][u][0, t] == 0, Derivative[1, 0][u][Pi, t] == 0}; 
ic  = u[x, 0] == Pi*Cos[2*x]; 
sol =  AbsoluteTiming[TimeConstrained[DSolve[{pde, bc, ic}, u[x, t], {x, t}], 60*10]];

\[\left \{\left \{u(x,t)\to \sum _{K[1]=1}^\infty \sqrt {\frac {2}{\pi }} \cos (x K[1]) \left (\int _0^t e^{-K[1]^2 (t-K[2])} \left (\begin {array}{cc} \{ & \begin {array}{cc} \sqrt {\frac {\pi }{2}} K[2] & K[1]=2001 \\ 0 & \text {True} \\\end {array} \\\end {array}\right ) \, dK[2]+e^{-t K[1]^2} \left (\begin {array}{cc} \{ & \begin {array}{cc} \frac {\pi ^{3/2}}{\sqrt {2}} & K[1]=2 \\ 0 & \text {True} \\\end {array} \\\end {array}\right )\right )\right \}\right \}\]

Maple ✓

restart; 
pde := diff(u(x, t), t)= (diff(u(x, t), x, x)) + t*cos(2001*x); 
bc  := (D[1](u))(0, t) = 0, (D[1](u))(Pi, t) = 0; 
ic  := u(x, 0) = Pi*cos(2*x); 
cpu_time := timelimit(60*10,CodeTools[Usage](assign('sol', pdsolve([pde, ic, bc],u(x,t))),output='realtime'));

\[u \left (x , t\right ) = \pi \cos \left (2 x \right ) {\mathrm e}^{-4 t}+\frac {\left (4004001 t +{\mathrm e}^{-4004001 t}-1\right ) \cos \left (2001 x \right )}{16032024008001}\]

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4.1.1.45 [195] Diﬀusion Reaction. Euler-Cauchy Sturm-Liouville

Solve the parabolic pde for $u(x,t)$ \[ u_t = x^2 u_{xx} + x u_x \] For $1<x<b$ and $t>0$. The boundary conditions are \begin {align*} u_x(1,t) &= 0\\ h u(b,t) + u_x(b,t) &= 0 \end {align*}

Mathematica ✓

ClearAll["Global`*"]; 
pde = D[u[x, t], t] == x^2*D[u[x, t], {x, 2}] + x*D[u[x, t], x]; 
ic  = u[x, 0] == Log[x]; 
bc  = {Derivative[1, 0][u][1, t] == 0, h*u[b, t] + Derivative[1, 0][u][b, t] == 0}; 
sol = AbsoluteTiming[TimeConstrained[DSolve[{pde, ic, bc}, u[x, t], {x, t}, Assumptions -> {b > 1, t > 0, h > 0}], 60*10]];

\[\left \{\left \{u(x,t)\to \begin {array}{cc} \{ & \begin {array}{cc} \sum _{K[1]=1}^\infty \frac {2 b e^{-t K[2,K[1]]} h \cos \left (\sqrt {K[2,K[1]]} \log (x)\right ) \left (\cos \left (\sqrt {K[2,K[1]]} \log (b)\right )+\sqrt {K[2,K[1]]} \log (b) \sin \left (\sqrt {K[2,K[1]]} \log (b)\right )-1\right )}{K[2,K[1]] \left (\sin ^2\left (\sqrt {K[2,K[1]]} \log (b)\right )+b h \log (b)\right )} & \frac {b h}{\sqrt {K[2,K[1]]}}=\tan \left (\sqrt {K[2,K[1]]} \log (b)\right )\land K[1]\in \mathbb {Z}\land K[1]\geq 1\land K[2,K[1]]>0 \\ \text {Indeterminate} & \text {True} \\\end {array} \\\end {array}\right \}\right \}\]

Maple ✓

restart; 
pde := diff(u(x,t),t)=x^2*diff(u(x,t),x$2)+x*diff(u(x,t),x); 
bc:=eval( diff(u(x,t),x),x=1)=0,h*u(b,t)+eval( diff(u(x,t),x),x=b)=0; 
ic  := u(x,0)=ln(x); 
cpu_time := timelimit(60*10,CodeTools[Usage](assign('sol', pdsolve({pde, ic, bc}, u(x, t))),output='realtime'));

\[u \left (x , t\right ) = \infty \,\mathrm {signum}\left (c_{2} \cos \left (\sqrt {\frac {b^{2} h^{2} \left (\cos ^{2}\left (\lambda _{\textit {\_Z65}}\right )\right )}{\sin \left (\lambda _{\textit {\_Z65}}\right )^{2}}}\, \ln \left (x \right )\right ) {\mathrm e}^{-\frac {b^{2} h^{2} t \left (\cos ^{2}\left (\lambda _{\textit {\_Z65}}\right )\right )}{\sin \left (\lambda _{\textit {\_Z65}}\right )^{2}}}\right )\boldsymbol {\mathrm {where}}\left \{\lambda _{\textit {\_Z65}}-\sqrt {\frac {b^{2} h^{2}}{\tan \left (\lambda _{\textit {\_Z65}}\right )^{2}}}\, \ln \left (b \right )=0\wedge -\infty \le \lambda _{\textit {\_Z65}}\le \infty \right \}\]

Solve\begin {equation} u_{t}=x^{2}u_{xx}+xu_{x}\tag {1} \end {equation} With $1<x\,<b,t>0$. BC\begin {align*} u_{x}\left ( 1,t\right ) & =0\\ hu\left ( b,t\right ) +u_{x}\left ( b,t\right ) & =0 \end {align*}

Where $h>0$. And initial conditions\[ u\left ( x,0\right ) =\ln x \] Let $u=X\left ( x\right ) T\left ( x\right ) $. Substituting into (1) gives \begin {align*} T^{\prime }X & =x^{2}X^{\prime \prime }T+xX^{\prime }T\\ \frac {T^{\prime }}{T} & =x^{2}\frac {X^{\prime \prime }}{X}+x\frac {X^{\prime }}{X}=-\lambda \end {align*}

Where $\lambda $ is the separation constant. From the boundary conditions, we know that $\lambda $ will be only positive. So we do not need to check for possibility of negative of zero eigenvalue. Letting $\lambda =\alpha ^{2}$, then the above reduces to\begin {align} x^{2}X^{\prime \prime }+xX^{\prime }+\alpha ^{2}X & =0\tag {2}\\ T^{\prime }+\alpha ^{2}T & =0\tag {3} \end {align}

Equation (2) is Euler ODE. Assuming $X=x^{r}$, then $X^{\prime }=rx^{r-1},X^{\prime \prime }=r\left ( r-1\right ) x^{r-2}$. Substituting back into (2) gives the characteristic equation\begin {align*} r\left ( r-1\right ) x^{r}+rx^{r}+\alpha ^{2}x^{r} & =0\\ r^{2}+\alpha ^{2} & =0\\ r & =\pm i\alpha \end {align*}

Hence the solution to (2) is\begin {align*} X\left ( x\right ) & =Ax^{i\alpha }+Bx^{-i\alpha }\\ & =Ae^{\ln x^{i\alpha }}+Be^{\ln x^{-i\alpha }}\\ & =Ae^{i\alpha \ln x}+Be^{-i\alpha \ln x} \end {align*}

Which using Euler relation can be written as (using new constants, but the name of the constants kept the same for simplicity)\[ X\left ( x\right ) =A\cos \left ( \alpha \ln x\right ) +B\sin \left ( \alpha \ln x\right ) \] Applying ﬁrst BC. $X^{\prime }\left ( 1,t\right ) =0$ gives\begin {align*} X^{\prime }\left ( x\right ) & =-\frac {\alpha }{x}A\sin \left ( \alpha \ln x\right ) +B\frac {\alpha }{x}\cos \left ( \alpha \ln x\right ) \\ 0 & =-\alpha A\sin \left ( \alpha \ln 1\right ) +B\alpha \cos \left ( \alpha \ln 1\right ) \\ & =B\alpha \end {align*}

Since $\alpha >0$ then $B=0$. Hence the solution becomes \[ X\left ( x\right ) =A\cos \left ( \alpha \ln x\right ) \] Applying second BC. $hX\left ( b\right ) +X^{\prime }\left ( b\right ) =0$ gives\begin {align} hA\cos \left ( \alpha \ln b\right ) -A\frac {\alpha }{b}\sin \left ( \alpha \ln b\right ) & =0\nonumber \\ h-\frac {\alpha }{b}\tan \left ( \alpha \ln b\right ) & =0\nonumber \\ \tan \left ( \alpha \ln b\right ) & =\frac {hb}{\alpha }\tag {4} \end {align}

There is no analytical solution to the above. The eigenvalues $\alpha _{n}$ are the solutions to the above nonlinear equation. Therefore the eigenfunctions are \[ X_{n}\left ( x\right ) =\cos \left ( \alpha _{n}\ln x\right ) \] With eigenvalues $\alpha _{n}>0$ given by solutions to (4). The solution to the time ODE is\begin {align*} T_{n}^{\prime }+\alpha _{n}^{2}T_{n} & =0\\ T_{n}\left ( t\right ) & =T_{n}\left ( 0\right ) e^{-\alpha _{n}^{2}t} \end {align*}

Hence the solution to (1) is\begin {equation} u\left ( x,t\right ) =\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }T_{n}\left ( 0\right ) e^{-\alpha _{n}^{2}t}\cos \left ( \alpha _{n}\ln x\right ) \tag {5} \end {equation} At $t=0$\[ \ln x=\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }T_{n}\left ( 0\right ) \cos \left ( \alpha _{n}\ln x\right ) \] Applying orthogonality gives\begin {align*} \int _{1}^{b}\ln x\cos \left ( \alpha _{n}\ln x\right ) dx & =T_{n}\left ( 0\right ) \int _{1}^{b}\cos ^{2}\left ( \alpha _{n}\ln x\right ) dx\\ T_{n}\left ( 0\right ) & =\frac {\int _{1}^{b}\ln x\cos \left ( \alpha _{n}\ln x\right ) dx}{\int _{1}^{b}\cos ^{2}\left ( \alpha _{n}\ln x\right ) dx} \end {align*}

Hence the solution (5) becomes\[ u\left ( x,t\right ) =\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }\left ( \frac {\int _{1}^{b}\ln x\cos \left ( \alpha _{n}\ln x\right ) dx}{\int _{1}^{b}\cos ^{2}\left ( \alpha _{n}\ln x\right ) dx}\right ) e^{-\alpha _{n}^{2}t}\cos \left ( \alpha _{n}\ln x\right ) \]

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4.1.1.46 [196] convection heat loss

Problem 4, section 74, Fourier series and Boundary value problem, 8th edition by Brown and Churchill.

For $0<x<1,t>0$. The boundary conditions are, on the left end $u(0,t)=0$ and on the right end $u_x(1,t)=-h u(1,t)$ with $h>0$. Initial conditions $u(x,0)=f(x)$

Mathematica ✓

ClearAll["Global`*"]; 
pde = D[u[x, t], t] == k*D[u[x, t], {x, 2}]; 
ic  = u[x, 0] == f[x]; 
bc  = {u[0, t] == 0, Derivative[1, 0][u][1, t] == -h u[1, t]}; 
sol = AbsoluteTiming[TimeConstrained[DSolve[{pde, bc, ic}, u[x, t], {x, t}, Assumptions -> {k > 0, t > 0, h > 0}], 60*10]];

\[\left \{\left \{u(x,t)\to \begin {array}{cc} \{ & \begin {array}{cc} \sum _{K[1]=1}^\infty -\frac {\sqrt {2} e^{-k t K[2,K[1]]} \sqrt {h} \left (\int _0^1 -\frac {2 \sqrt {h} f(x) \sin \left (x \sqrt {K[2,K[1]]}\right )}{\sqrt {2 h+\cos \left (2 \sqrt {K[2,K[1]]}\right )+1}} \, dx\right ) \sin \left (x \sqrt {K[2,K[1]]}\right )}{\sqrt {\cos ^2\left (\sqrt {K[2,K[1]]}\right )+h}} & h \tan \left (\sqrt {K[2,K[1]]}\right )+\sqrt {K[2,K[1]]}=0\land K[1]\in \mathbb {Z}\land K[1]\geq 1\land K[2,K[1]]>0 \\ \text {Indeterminate} & \text {True} \\\end {array} \\\end {array}\right \}\right \}\]

Maple ✓

restart; 
pde := diff(u(x,t), t) = k*(diff(u(x,t), x, x)); 
ic  := u(x,0) = f(x); 
bc  := u(0,t)=0, eval(diff(u(x,t), x), x = 1)=-h*u(1,t); 
cpu_time := timelimit(60*10,CodeTools[Usage](assign('sol',pdsolve([pde,bc,ic],u(x,t)) assuming k>0,h>0,t>0),output='realtime'));

\[u \left (x , t\right ) = \sum _{n=0}^\infty \frac {2 h \left (\int _{0}^{1}f \left (x \right ) \sin \left (\frac {h x \sin \left (\lambda _{n}\right )}{\cos \left (\lambda _{n}\right )}\right )d x \right ) {\mathrm e}^{-\frac {h^{2} k t \left (\sin ^{2}\left (\lambda _{n}\right )\right )}{\cos \left (\lambda _{n}\right )^{2}}} \sin \left (\lambda _{n}\right ) \sin \left (\frac {h x \sin \left (\lambda _{n}\right )}{\cos \left (\lambda _{n}\right )}\right )}{-\cos \left (\lambda _{n}\right ) \cos \left (\frac {h \,\mathrm {signum}\left (\frac {\sin \left (\lambda _{n}\right )}{\cos \left (\lambda _{n}\right )}\right ) \sin \left (\lambda _{n}\right )}{\cos \left (\lambda _{n}\right )}\right ) \sin \left (\frac {h \sin \left (\lambda _{n}\right )}{\cos \left (\lambda _{n}\right )}\right )+h \sin \left (\lambda _{n}\right )}\boldsymbol {\mathrm {where}}\left \{-\sqrt {\tan ^{2}\left (\lambda _{n}\right )}\, h +\lambda _{n}=0\wedge -\infty \le \lambda _{n}\le \infty \right \}\]

To solve the PDE, we ﬁrst check the boundary conditions by writing them as\begin {align*} a_{1}u\left ( 0,t\right ) +a_{2}u_{x}\left ( 0,t\right ) & =0\\ b_{1}u\left ( 1,t\right ) +b_{2}u_{x}\left ( 1,t\right ) & =0 \end {align*}

Then $a_{1}=0,a_{2}=0$. Hence $a_{1}a_{2}=0$. And $b_{1}=1,b_{2}=h$. Then since it is assumed that $h>0$, then $b_{1}b_{2}\geq 0$. And since $q\left ( x\right ) =0$ from the PDE itself, then we know that eigenvalues must be $\lambda \geq 0$.

Let $u=X\left ( x\right ) T\left ( t\right ) $ then the PDE becomes\begin {align*} T^{\prime }X & =X^{\prime \prime }T\\ \frac {T^{\prime }}{T} & =\frac {X^{\prime \prime }}{X}=-\lambda \end {align*}

Hence the Sturm Liouville problem is \begin {align*} X^{\prime \prime }+\lambda X & =0\\ X\left ( 0\right ) & =0\\ X^{\prime }\left ( 1\right ) +hX\left ( 1\right ) & =0 \end {align*}

Solution is \[ X\left ( x\right ) =Ax+B \] At $x=0$\[ 0=B \] Hence solution becomes\[ X\left ( x\right ) =Ax \] At $x=1$ the second boundary conditions gives\begin {align*} A+hA & =0\\ A\left ( 1+h\right ) & =0 \end {align*}

For non trivial solution $1+h=0$ or $h=-1$. But we assumed that $h>0$. Therefore $\lambda =0$ is not eigenvalue.

Let $\lambda =\alpha ^{2},\alpha >0$. Hence solution is \[ X\left ( x\right ) =A\cos \left ( \alpha x\right ) +B\sin \left ( \alpha x\right ) \] At $X\left ( 0\right ) =0$\[ 0=A \] The solution becomes\[ X\left ( x\right ) =B\sin \left ( \alpha x\right ) \] At $x=1$ the second boundary conditions gives\begin {align*} B\alpha \cos \left ( \alpha \right ) +hB\sin \left ( \alpha \right ) & =0\\ \alpha \cos \left ( \alpha \right ) +h\sin \left ( \alpha \right ) & =0\\ \tan \left ( \alpha \right ) & =-\frac {\alpha }{h} \end {align*}

Therefore the eigenvalues are given by solution to \[ \tan \left ( \alpha _{n}\right ) =-\frac {\alpha _{n}}{h}\qquad n=1,2,3,\cdots \] And eigenfunctions are\[ X_{n}\left ( x\right ) =\sin \left ( \alpha _{n}x\right ) \] The normalized eigenfunctions are\[ \phi _{n}\left ( x\right ) =\frac {X_{n}\left ( x\right ) }{\left \Vert X_{n}\left ( x\right ) \right \Vert }\] But \begin {align*} \left \Vert X_{n}\left ( x\right ) \right \Vert ^{2} & =\int _{0}^{1}p\left ( x\right ) X_{n}^{2}\left ( x\right ) dx\\ & =\int _{0}^{1}\sin ^{2}\left ( \alpha _{n}x\right ) dx\\ & =\frac {1}{2}\int _{0}^{1}1-\cos \left ( 2\alpha _{n}x\right ) dx\\ & =\frac {1}{2}\left ( 1-\left [ \frac {\sin \left ( 2\alpha _{n}x\right ) }{2\alpha _{n}}\right ] _{0}^{1}\right ) \\ & =\frac {1}{2}\left ( 1-\frac {1}{2\alpha _{n}}\left [ \sin \left ( 2\alpha _{n}x\right ) \right ] _{0}^{1}\right ) \\ & =\frac {1}{2}\left ( 1-\frac {\sin \left ( 2\alpha _{n}\right ) }{2\alpha _{n}}\right ) \\ & =\frac {1}{2}-\frac {\sin \left ( 2\alpha _{n}\right ) }{4\alpha _{n}} \end {align*}

But $\sin \left ( 2\alpha _{n}\right ) =2\sin \alpha _{n}\cos \alpha _{n}$ and $\alpha _{n}=-h\frac {\sin \left ( \alpha _{n}\right ) }{\cos \left ( \alpha _{n}\right ) }$, therefore the above becomes\begin {align*} \left \Vert X_{n}\left ( x\right ) \right \Vert ^{2} & =\frac {1}{2}+\frac {2\sin \alpha _{n}\cos \alpha _{n}}{4h\frac {\sin \left ( \alpha _{n}\right ) }{\cos \left ( \alpha _{n}\right ) }}\\ & =\frac {1}{2}+\frac {\cos ^{2}\alpha _{n}}{2h}\\ & =\frac {h+\cos ^{2}\alpha _{n}}{2h} \end {align*}

Hence\begin {align*} \phi _{n}\left ( x\right ) & =\frac {X_{n}\left ( x\right ) }{\sqrt {\frac {h+\cos ^{2}\alpha _{n}}{2h}}}\\ & =\sqrt {\frac {2h}{h+\cos ^{2}\alpha _{n}}}\sin \left ( \alpha _{n}x\right ) \end {align*}

Now we use generalized Fourier series to ﬁnd the solution. Let\begin {equation} u\left ( x,t\right ) =\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }B_{n}\left ( t\right ) \phi _{n}\left ( x\right ) \tag {1} \end {equation} Substituting this back into the PDE gives\[ \sum _{n=1}^{\infty }B_{n}^{\prime }\left ( t\right ) \phi _{n}\left ( x\right ) =k\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }B_{n}\left ( t\right ) \phi _{n}^{\prime \prime }\left ( x\right ) \] But $\phi _{n}^{\prime \prime }\left ( x\right ) =-\lambda _{n}\phi _{n}\left ( x\right ) =-\alpha _{n}^{2}\phi _{n}\left ( x\right ) $. The above becomes\begin {align*} \sum _{n=1}^{\infty }B_{n}^{\prime }\left ( t\right ) \phi _{n}\left ( x\right ) & =-k\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }B_{n}\left ( t\right ) \alpha _{n}^{2}\phi _{n}\left ( x\right ) \\ B_{n}^{\prime }\left ( t\right ) +k\alpha _{n}^{2}B_{n}\left ( t\right ) & =0 \end {align*}

The solution is \[ B_{n}\left ( t\right ) =B_{n}\left ( 0\right ) e^{-k\alpha _{n}^{2}t}\] Hence (1) becomes\[ u\left ( x,t\right ) =\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }B_{n}\left ( 0\right ) e^{-k\alpha _{n}^{2}t}\phi _{n}\left ( x\right ) \] At $t=0$ the above becomes\[ f\left ( x\right ) =\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }B_{n}\left ( 0\right ) \phi _{n}\left ( x\right ) \] Therefore\begin {align*} B_{n}\left ( 0\right ) & =\left \langle f\left ( x\right ) ,\phi _{n}\left ( x\right ) \right \rangle \\ & =\int _{0}^{1}p\left ( x\right ) f\left ( x\right ) \phi _{n}\left ( x\right ) dx\\ & =\sqrt {\frac {2h}{h+\cos ^{2}\alpha _{n}}}\int _{0}^{1}f\left ( x\right ) \sin \left ( \alpha _{n}x\right ) dx \end {align*}

Therefore \begin {align*} B_{n}\left ( t\right ) & =B_{n}\left ( 0\right ) e^{-k\alpha _{n}^{2}t}\\ & =\left ( \sqrt {\frac {2h}{h+\cos ^{2}\alpha _{n}}}\int _{0}^{1}f\left ( x\right ) \sin \left ( \alpha _{n}x\right ) dx\right ) e^{-k\alpha _{n}^{2}t} \end {align*}

and solution (1) becomes\begin {align*} u\left ( x,t\right ) & =\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }\sqrt {\frac {2h}{h+\cos ^{2}\alpha _{n}}}\left ( \int _{0}^{1}f\left ( x\right ) \sin \left ( \alpha _{n}x\right ) dx\right ) e^{-k\alpha _{n}^{2}t}\sqrt {\frac {2h}{h+\cos ^{2}\alpha _{n}}}\sin \left ( \alpha _{n}x\right ) \\ & =\frac {2h}{h+\cos ^{2}\alpha _{n}}\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }\left ( \int _{0}^{1}f\left ( x\right ) \sin \left ( \alpha _{n}x\right ) dx\right ) e^{-k\alpha _{n}^{2}t}\sin \left ( \alpha _{n}x\right ) \end {align*}

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4.1.1.47 [197] Mixed BC

For $0<x<L$ and $t>0$. The boundary conditions are \begin {align*} \frac { \partial u}{\partial x}(0,t) +u(0,t) &=0 \\ \frac { \partial u}{\partial x}(L,t) +u(L,t) &=0 \end {align*}

Mathematica ✓

ClearAll["Global`*"]; 
pde =  D[u[x, t], t] == k*D[u[x, t], {x, 2}]; 
bc  = {Derivative[1, 0][u][0, t] + u[0, t] == 0, Derivative[1, 0][u][L, t] + u[L, t] == 0}; 
ic  = u[x, 0] == f[x]; 
sol =  AbsoluteTiming[TimeConstrained[DSolve[{pde, bc, ic}, u[x, t], {x, t}, Assumptions -> {k > 0, x > 0, x < L}], 60*10]];

\[\left \{\left \{u(x,t)\to \begin {array}{cc} \{ & \begin {array}{cc} \sum _{K[1]=1}^\infty \frac {\sqrt {2} e^{-k t K[2,K[1]]} \left (\int _0^L \frac {\sqrt {2} f(x) \sqrt {K[2,K[1]]+1} \left (\cos \left (x \sqrt {K[2,K[1]]}\right ) \sqrt {K[2,K[1]]}-\sin \left (x \sqrt {K[2,K[1]]}\right )\right )}{\sqrt {(K[2,K[1]]+1) \left (K[2,K[1]] L+L+\cos \left (2 L \sqrt {K[2,K[1]]}\right )-1\right )}} \, dx\right ) \sqrt {K[2,K[1]]+1} \left (\cos \left (x \sqrt {K[2,K[1]]}\right ) \sqrt {K[2,K[1]]}-\sin \left (x \sqrt {K[2,K[1]]}\right )\right )}{\sqrt {2 K[2,K[1]] \cos ^2\left (L \sqrt {K[2,K[1]]}\right )+2 \cos ^2\left (L \sqrt {K[2,K[1]]}\right )+L K[2,K[1]]^2+L+2 L K[2,K[1]]-2 K[2,K[1]]-2}} & (K[2,K[1]]+1) \sin \left (L \sqrt {K[2,K[1]]}\right )=0\land K[1]\in \mathbb {Z}\land K[1]\geq 1\land K[2,K[1]]>0 \\ \text {Indeterminate} & \text {True} \\\end {array} \\\end {array}\right \}\right \}\]

Maple ✓

restart; 
interface(showassumed=0); 
pde := diff(u(x,t),t)=k*diff(u(x,t),x$2); 
ic  := u(x,0)=f(x); 
bc:=D[1](u)(0,t)+u(0,t)=0,D[1](u)(L,t)+u(L,t)=0; 
cpu_time := timelimit(60*10,CodeTools[Usage](assign('sol',pdsolve([pde,ic,bc],u(x,t)) assuming k>0,x>0,x<L),output='realtime'));

\[u \left (x , t\right ) = \sum _{n=1}^\infty \frac {2 \left (L \sin \left (\frac {\pi n x}{L}\right )-\pi n \cos \left (\frac {\pi n x}{L}\right )\right ) \left (\int _{0}^{L}\left (L \sin \left (\frac {\pi n x}{L}\right )-\pi n \cos \left (\frac {\pi n x}{L}\right )\right ) f \left (x \right )d x \right ) {\mathrm e}^{-\frac {\pi ^{2} k \,n^{2} t}{L^{2}}}}{\left (L^{2}+\pi ^{2} n^{2}\right ) L}\]

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4.1.1.48 [198] Haberman 8.2.1 (f)

This is problem 8.2.1, part(f) from Richard Haberman applied partial diﬀerential equations 5th edition.

\[ \frac { \partial u}{\partial t}= k \frac { \partial ^2 u}{\partial x^2} + \sin \left ( \frac {2 \pi x}{L} \right ) \]

For $0<x<L$ and $t>0$. The boundary conditions are \begin {align*} \frac {\partial u}{\partial x}(0,t) &= 0 \\ \frac {\partial u}{\partial x}(L,t) &= 0 \\ \end {align*}

Mathematica ✓

ClearAll["Global`*"]; 
pde =  D[u[x, t], t] == k*D[u[x, t], {x, 2}] + Sin[(2*Pi*x)/L]; 
bc  = {Derivative[1, 0][u][0, t] == 0, Derivative[1, 0][u][L, t] == 0}; 
ic  = u[x, 0] == f[x]; 
sol =  AbsoluteTiming[TimeConstrained[DSolve[{pde, ic, bc}, u[x, t], x, t, Assumptions -> {L > 0, k > 0, t > 0}], 60*10]];

\[\left \{\left \{u(x,t)\to \sum _{K[1]=1}^\infty \frac {\sqrt {2} \cos \left (\frac {\pi x K[1]}{L}\right ) \left (\frac {\left (1-e^{-\frac {k \pi ^2 t K[1]^2}{L^2}}\right ) \left (\begin {array}{cc} \{ & \begin {array}{cc} 0 & K[1]=2 \\ \frac {2 \sqrt {2} \left (-1+(-1)^{K[1]}\right ) \sqrt {L}}{\pi \left (K[1]^2-4\right )} & \text {True} \\\end {array} \\\end {array}\right ) L^2}{k \pi ^2 K[1]^2}+e^{-\frac {k \pi ^2 t K[1]^2}{L^2}} \int _0^L \frac {\sqrt {2} \cos \left (\frac {\pi x K[1]}{L}\right ) f(x)}{\sqrt {L}} \, dx\right )}{\sqrt {L}}+\frac {\int _0^L \frac {f(x)}{\sqrt {L}} \, dx}{\sqrt {L}}\right \}\right \}\]

Maple ✓

restart; 
interface(showassumed=0); 
pde :=  diff(u(x,t),t)=k*diff(u(x,t),x$2)+sin(2*Pi*x/L); 
ic  :=  u(x,0)=f(x); 
bc  :=  D[1](u)(0,t)=0, D[1](u)(L,t)=0; 
cpu_time := timelimit(60*10,CodeTools[Usage](assign('sol', pdsolve([pde,ic,bc],u(x,t)) assuming L>0,t>0,k>0),output='realtime'));

\[u \left (x , t\right ) = \frac {L^{2} \sin \left (\frac {2 \pi x}{L}\right )}{4 \pi ^{2} k}-\frac {L x}{2 \pi k}+c_{2}+\sum _{n=1}^\infty \left (-\frac {\left (\int _{0}^{L}\left (L^{2} \sin \left (\frac {2 \pi x}{L}\right )-2 \pi L x +4 c_{2} \pi ^{2} k -4 \pi ^{2} k f \left (x \right )\right ) \cos \left (\frac {\pi n x}{L}\right )d x \right ) \cos \left (\frac {\pi n x}{L}\right ) {\mathrm e}^{-\frac {\pi ^{2} k \,n^{2} t}{L^{2}}}}{2 \pi ^{2} L k}\right )+\frac {\int _{0}^{L}\frac {-L^{2} \sin \left (\frac {2 \pi x}{L}\right )+2 \pi L x -4 c_{2} \pi ^{2} k +4 \pi ^{2} k f \left (x \right )}{4 \pi ^{2} k}d x}{L}\]

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\(a=1\)	\(a=7\)

4.1.1 Finite domain (bar), Both ends homogeneous BC

4.1.1.1 [151] General initial conditions

4.1.1.2 [152] Speciﬁc initial condition

4.1.1.3 [153] IC \(u=x(1-x)\)

4.1.1.4 [154] Haberman 2.3.3 (a)

4.1.1.5 [155] IC hat function

4.1.1.6 [156] Haberman 2.3.3 (b)

4.1.1.7 [157] Haberman 2.3.3 (c)

4.1.1.8 [158] Haberman 2.3.3 (d)

4.1.1.9 [159] domain from -1 to +1

4.1.1.10 [160] domain from -1 to +1

4.1.1.11 [161] with source that depends on space only (general case)

4.1.1.12 [162] with source that depends on space only (special case)

4.1.1.13 [163] with source that depends on space and time (general case)

4.1.1.14 [164] with source that depends on space and time (special case)

4.1.1.15 [165] Math 4567 Exam

4.1.1.16 [166] With source

4.1.1.17 [167] special initial condition

4.1.1.18 [168] Diﬀusion Reaction and Euler-Cauchy Sturm-Liouville

4.1.1.19 [169] Diﬀusion Reaction. Using growth form reaction term

4.1.1.20 [170] Diﬀusion Reaction, using logistic form for reaction term

4.1.1.21 [171] Diﬀusion Reaction, using Aleee form for reaction term

4.1.1.22 [172] Diﬀusion Reaction. Haberman 2.3.8

4.1.1.23 [173] Diﬀusion Reaction

4.1.1.24 [174] Diﬀusion Reaction

4.1.1.25 [175] Diﬀusion Reaction

4.1.1.26 [176] Diﬀusion convection (general case)

4.1.1.27 [177] Diﬀusion convection (special case)

4.1.1.28 [178] Haberman 2.4.2 (general case)

4.1.1.29 [179] Left end zero, right end insulated, no source

4.1.1.30 [180] One end insulated

4.1.1.31 [181] Haberman 2.3.7 (general case)

4.1.1.32 [182] speciﬁc case

4.1.1.33 [183] Haberman 2.4.1 (a)

4.1.1.34 [184] Both ends insulated, no source

4.1.1.35 [185] Haberman 2.4.1 (b) (special case)

4.1.1.36 [186] Haberman 2.4.1 (c) (special case)

4.1.1.37 [187] Haberman 2.4.1 (d)

4.1.1.38 [188] both ends insulated

4.1.1.39 [189] convection heat loss

4.1.1.40 [190] Pinchover and Rubinstein 6.25

4.1.1.41 [191] external source

4.1.1.42 [192] Diﬀusion Reaction (general case)

4.1.1.43 [193] Pinchover and Rubinstein 6.23

4.1.1.44 [194] Pinchover and Rubinstein 6.21

4.1.1.45 [195] Diﬀusion Reaction. Euler-Cauchy Sturm-Liouville

4.1.1.46 [196] convection heat loss

4.1.1.47 [197] Mixed BC

4.1.1.48 [198] Haberman 8.2.1 (f)