problem 5

Internal problem ID [5706]
Internal ﬁle name [OUTPUT/4954_Sunday_June_05_2022_03_14_45_PM_37094733/index.tex]

Book: ADVANCED ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS. ERWIN KREYSZIG, HERBERT KREYSZIG, EDWARD J. NORMINTON. 10th edition. John Wiley USA. 2011
Section: Chapter 6. Laplace Transforms. Problem set 6.4, page 230
Problem number: 5.
ODE order: 2.
ODE degree: 1.

The type(s) of ODE detected by this program : "second_order_laplace", "second_order_linear_constant_coeﬀ", "second_order_ode_can_be_made_integrable"

\[ \boxed {y^{\prime \prime }+y=\delta \left (t -\pi \right )-\delta \left (t -2 \pi \right )} \] With initial conditions \begin {align*} [y \left (0\right ) = 0, y^{\prime }\left (0\right ) = 1] \end {align*}

8.3.1 Existence and uniqueness analysis

This is a linear ODE. In canonical form it is written as \begin {align*} y^{\prime \prime } + p(t)y^{\prime } + q(t) y &= F \end {align*}

Where here \begin {align*} p(t) &=0\\ q(t) &=1\\ F &=\delta \left (t -\pi \right )-\delta \left (t -2 \pi \right ) \end {align*}

Hence the ode is \begin {align*} y^{\prime \prime }+y = \delta \left (t -\pi \right )-\delta \left (t -2 \pi \right ) \end {align*}

Solving using the Laplace transform method. Let \begin {align*} \mathcal {L}\left (y\right ) =Y(s) \end {align*}

Taking the Laplace transform of the ode and using the relations that \begin {align*} \mathcal {L}\left (y^{\prime }\right ) &= s Y(s) - y \left (0\right )\\ \mathcal {L}\left (y^{\prime \prime }\right ) &= s^2 Y(s) - y'(0) - s y \left (0\right ) \end {align*}

The given ode now becomes an algebraic equation in the Laplace domain \begin {align*} s^{2} Y \left (s \right )-y^{\prime }\left (0\right )-s y \left (0\right )+Y \left (s \right ) = {\mathrm e}^{-\pi s}-{\mathrm e}^{-2 \pi s}\tag {1} \end {align*}

But the initial conditions are \begin {align*} y \left (0\right )&=0\\ y'(0) &=1 \end {align*}

Substituting these initial conditions in above in Eq (1) gives \begin {align*} s^{2} Y \left (s \right )-1+Y \left (s \right ) = {\mathrm e}^{-\pi s}-{\mathrm e}^{-2 \pi s} \end {align*}

Solving the above equation for \(Y(s)\) results in \begin {align*} Y(s) = \frac {{\mathrm e}^{-\pi s}-{\mathrm e}^{-2 \pi s}+1}{s^{2}+1} \end {align*}

Taking the inverse Laplace transform gives \begin {align*} y&= \mathcal {L}^{-1}\left (Y(s)\right )\\ &= \mathcal {L}^{-1}\left (\frac {{\mathrm e}^{-\pi s}-{\mathrm e}^{-2 \pi s}+1}{s^{2}+1}\right )\\ &= \sin \left (t \right ) \left (-\operatorname {Heaviside}\left (t -\pi \right )+\operatorname {Heaviside}\left (2 \pi -t \right )\right ) \end {align*}

Converting the above solution to piecewise it becomes \[ y = \left \{\begin {array}{cc} \sin \left (t \right ) & t <\pi \\ 0 & t \le 2 \pi \\ -\sin \left (t \right ) & 2 \pi

Summary

The solution(s) found are the following \begin{align*} \tag{1} y &= \sin \left (t \right ) \left (\left \{\begin {array}{cc} 1 & t <\pi \\ 0 & t \le 2 \pi \\ -1 & 2 \pi

Veriﬁcation of solutions

\[ y = \sin \left (t \right ) \left (\left \{\begin {array}{cc} 1 & t <\pi \\ 0 & t \le 2 \pi \\ -1 & 2 \pi

8.3.2 Maple step by step solution

\[ \begin {array}{lll} & {} & \textrm {Let's solve}\hspace {3pt} \\ {} & {} & \left [y^{\prime \prime }+y=\mathit {Dirac}\left (t -\pi \right )-\mathit {Dirac}\left (t -2 \pi \right ), y \left (0\right )=0, y^{\prime }{\raise{-0.36em}{\Big |}}{\mstack {}{_{\left \{t \hiderel {=}0\right \}}}}=1\right ] \\ \bullet & {} & \textrm {Highest derivative means the order of the ODE is}\hspace {3pt} 2 \\ {} & {} & y^{\prime \prime } \\ \bullet & {} & \textrm {Characteristic polynomial of homogeneous ODE}\hspace {3pt} \\ {} & {} & r^{2}+1=0 \\ \bullet & {} & \textrm {Use quadratic formula to solve for}\hspace {3pt} r \\ {} & {} & r =\frac {0\pm \left (\sqrt {-4}\right )}{2} \\ \bullet & {} & \textrm {Roots of the characteristic polynomial}\hspace {3pt} \\ {} & {} & r =\left (\mathrm {-I}, \mathrm {I}\right ) \\ \bullet & {} & \textrm {1st solution of the homogeneous ODE}\hspace {3pt} \\ {} & {} & y_{1}\left (t \right )=\cos \left (t \right ) \\ \bullet & {} & \textrm {2nd solution of the homogeneous ODE}\hspace {3pt} \\ {} & {} & y_{2}\left (t \right )=\sin \left (t \right ) \\ \bullet & {} & \textrm {General solution of the ODE}\hspace {3pt} \\ {} & {} & y=c_{1} y_{1}\left (t \right )+c_{2} y_{2}\left (t \right )+y_{p}\left (t \right ) \\ \bullet & {} & \textrm {Substitute in solutions of the homogeneous ODE}\hspace {3pt} \\ {} & {} & y=c_{1} \cos \left (t \right )+c_{2} \sin \left (t \right )+y_{p}\left (t \right ) \\ \square & {} & \textrm {Find a particular solution}\hspace {3pt} y_{p}\left (t \right )\hspace {3pt}\textrm {of the ODE}\hspace {3pt} \\ {} & \circ & \textrm {Use variation of parameters to find}\hspace {3pt} y_{p}\hspace {3pt}\textrm {here}\hspace {3pt} f \left (t \right )\hspace {3pt}\textrm {is the forcing function}\hspace {3pt} \\ {} & {} & \left [y_{p}\left (t \right )=-y_{1}\left (t \right ) \left (\int \frac {y_{2}\left (t \right ) f \left (t \right )}{W \left (y_{1}\left (t \right ), y_{2}\left (t \right )\right )}d t \right )+y_{2}\left (t \right ) \left (\int \frac {y_{1}\left (t \right ) f \left (t \right )}{W \left (y_{1}\left (t \right ), y_{2}\left (t \right )\right )}d t \right ), f \left (t \right )=\mathit {Dirac}\left (t -\pi \right )-\mathit {Dirac}\left (t -2 \pi \right )\right ] \\ {} & \circ & \textrm {Wronskian of solutions of the homogeneous equation}\hspace {3pt} \\ {} & {} & W \left (y_{1}\left (t \right ), y_{2}\left (t \right )\right )=\left [\begin {array}{cc} \cos \left (t \right ) & \sin \left (t \right ) \\ -\sin \left (t \right ) & \cos \left (t \right ) \end {array}\right ] \\ {} & \circ & \textrm {Compute Wronskian}\hspace {3pt} \\ {} & {} & W \left (y_{1}\left (t \right ), y_{2}\left (t \right )\right )=1 \\ {} & \circ & \textrm {Substitute functions into equation for}\hspace {3pt} y_{p}\left (t \right ) \\ {} & {} & y_{p}\left (t \right )=\sin \left (t \right ) \left (\int \left (-\mathit {Dirac}\left (t -2 \pi \right )-\mathit {Dirac}\left (t -\pi \right )\right )d t \right ) \\ {} & \circ & \textrm {Compute integrals}\hspace {3pt} \\ {} & {} & y_{p}\left (t \right )=\sin \left (t \right ) \left (-\mathit {Heaviside}\left (t -2 \pi \right )-\mathit {Heaviside}\left (t -\pi \right )\right ) \\ \bullet & {} & \textrm {Substitute particular solution into general solution to ODE}\hspace {3pt} \\ {} & {} & y=c_{1} \cos \left (t \right )+c_{2} \sin \left (t \right )+\sin \left (t \right ) \left (-\mathit {Heaviside}\left (t -2 \pi \right )-\mathit {Heaviside}\left (t -\pi \right )\right ) \\ \square & {} & \textrm {Check validity of solution}\hspace {3pt} y=c_{1} \cos \left (t \right )+c_{2} \sin \left (t \right )+\sin \left (t \right ) \left (-\mathit {Heaviside}\left (t -2 \pi \right )-\mathit {Heaviside}\left (t -\pi \right )\right ) \\ {} & \circ & \textrm {Use initial condition}\hspace {3pt} y \left (0\right )=0 \\ {} & {} & 0=c_{1} \\ {} & \circ & \textrm {Compute derivative of the solution}\hspace {3pt} \\ {} & {} & y^{\prime }=-c_{1} \sin \left (t \right )+c_{2} \cos \left (t \right )+\cos \left (t \right ) \left (-\mathit {Heaviside}\left (t -2 \pi \right )-\mathit {Heaviside}\left (t -\pi \right )\right )+\sin \left (t \right ) \left (-\mathit {Dirac}\left (t -2 \pi \right )-\mathit {Dirac}\left (t -\pi \right )\right ) \\ {} & \circ & \textrm {Use the initial condition}\hspace {3pt} y^{\prime }{\raise{-0.36em}{\Big |}}{\mstack {}{_{\left \{t \hiderel {=}0\right \}}}}=1 \\ {} & {} & 1=c_{2} \\ {} & \circ & \textrm {Solve for}\hspace {3pt} c_{1} \hspace {3pt}\textrm {and}\hspace {3pt} c_{2} \\ {} & {} & \left \{c_{1} =0, c_{2} =1\right \} \\ {} & \circ & \textrm {Substitute constant values into general solution and simplify}\hspace {3pt} \\ {} & {} & y=\sin \left (t \right ) \left (1-\mathit {Heaviside}\left (t -2 \pi \right )-\mathit {Heaviside}\left (t -\pi \right )\right ) \\ \bullet & {} & \textrm {Solution to the IVP}\hspace {3pt} \\ {} & {} & y=\sin \left (t \right ) \left (1-\mathit {Heaviside}\left (t -2 \pi \right )-\mathit {Heaviside}\left (t -\pi \right )\right ) \end {array} \]

Maple trace

`Methods for second order ODEs: 
--- Trying classification methods --- 
trying a quadrature 
trying high order exact linear fully integrable 
trying differential order: 2; linear nonhomogeneous with symmetry [0,1] 
trying a double symmetry of the form [xi=0, eta=F(x)] 
-> Try solving first the homogeneous part of the ODE 
   checking if the LODE has constant coefficients 
   <- constant coefficients successful 
<- solving first the homogeneous part of the ODE successful`

\[ y \left (t \right ) = \sin \left (t \right ) \left (1-\operatorname {Heaviside}\left (t -2 \pi \right )-\operatorname {Heaviside}\left (t -\pi \right )\right ) \]

8.3 problem 5

8.3.1 Existence and uniqueness analysis

8.3.2 Maple step by step solution