2.1.321 problem 328

Internal problem ID [9169]
Book : Collection of Kovacic problems
Section : section 1
Problem number : 328
Date solved : Thursday, December 12, 2024 at 10:01:35 AM
CAS classification : [[_2nd_order, _with_linear_symmetries]]

Solve

\begin{align*} 2 x^{2} y^{\prime \prime }+3 x y^{\prime }+\left (2 x -1\right ) y&=0 \end{align*}

Solved as second order ode using Kovacic algorithm

Time used: 0.243 (sec)

Writing the ode as

\begin{align*} 2 x^{2} y^{\prime \prime }+3 x y^{\prime }+\left (2 x -1\right ) y &= 0 \tag {1} \\ A y^{\prime \prime } + B y^{\prime } + C y &= 0 \tag {2} \end{align*}

Comparing (1) and (2) shows that

\begin{align*} A &= 2 x^{2} \\ B &= 3 x\tag {3} \\ C &= 2 x -1 \end{align*}

Applying the Liouville transformation on the dependent variable gives

\begin{align*} z(x) &= y e^{\int \frac {B}{2 A} \,dx} \end{align*}

Then (2) becomes

\begin{align*} z''(x) = r z(x)\tag {4} \end{align*}

Where \(r\) is given by

\begin{align*} r &= \frac {s}{t}\tag {5} \\ &= \frac {2 A B' - 2 B A' + B^2 - 4 A C}{4 A^2} \end{align*}

Substituting the values of \(A,B,C\) from (3) in the above and simplifying gives

\begin{align*} r &= \frac {5-16 x}{16 x^{2}}\tag {6} \end{align*}

Comparing the above to (5) shows that

\begin{align*} s &= 5-16 x\\ t &= 16 x^{2} \end{align*}

Therefore eq. (4) becomes

\begin{align*} z''(x) &= \left ( \frac {5-16 x}{16 x^{2}}\right ) z(x)\tag {7} \end{align*}

Equation (7) is now solved. After finding \(z(x)\) then \(y\) is found using the inverse transformation

\begin{align*} y &= z \left (x \right ) e^{-\int \frac {B}{2 A} \,dx} \end{align*}

The first step is to determine the case of Kovacic algorithm this ode belongs to. There are 3 cases depending on the order of poles of \(r\) and the order of \(r\) at \(\infty \). The following table summarizes these cases.

Case	Allowed pole order for \(r\)	Allowed value for \(\mathcal {O}(\infty )\)
1	\(\left \{ 0,1,2,4,6,8,\cdots \right \} \)	\(\left \{ \cdots ,-6,-4,-2,0,2,3,4,5,6,\cdots \right \} \)
2	Need to have at least one pole that is either order \(2\) or odd order greater than \(2\). Any other pole order is allowed as long as the above condition is satisfied. Hence the following set of pole orders are all allowed. \(\{1,2\}\),\(\{1,3\}\),\(\{2\}\),\(\{3\}\),\(\{3,4\}\),\(\{1,2,5\}\).	no condition
3	\(\left \{ 1,2\right \} \)	\(\left \{ 2,3,4,5,6,7,\cdots \right \} \)

Table 2.321: Necessary conditions for each Kovacic case

The order of \(r\) at \(\infty \) is the degree of \(t\) minus the degree of \(s\). Therefore

\begin{align*} O\left (\infty \right ) &= \text {deg}(t) - \text {deg}(s) \\ &= 2 - 1 \\ &= 1 \end{align*}

The poles of \(r\) in eq. (7) and the order of each pole are determined by solving for the roots of \(t=16 x^{2}\). There is a pole at \(x=0\) of order \(2\). Since there is a pole of order \(2\) then necessary conditions for case two are met. Therefore

\begin{align*} L &= [2] \end{align*}

Attempting to find a solution using case \(n=2\).

Looking at poles of order 2. The partial fractions decomposition of \(r\) is

\[ r = -\frac {1}{x}+\frac {5}{16 x^{2}} \]

For the pole at \(x=0\) let \(b\) be the coefficient of \(\frac {1}{ x^{2}}\) in the partial fractions decomposition of \(r\) given above. Therefore \(b={\frac {5}{16}}\). Hence

\begin{align*} E_c &= \{2, 2+2\sqrt {1+4 b}, 2-2\sqrt {1+4 b} \} \\ &= \{-1, 2, 5\} \end{align*}

Since the order of \(r\) at \(\infty \) is \(1 <2\) then

\begin{align*} E_\infty = \{1\} \end{align*}

The following table summarizes the findings so far for poles and for the order of \(r\) at \(\infty \) for case 2 of Kovacic algorithm.

pole \(c\) location	pole order	\(E_c\)
\(0\)	\(2\)	\(\{-1, 2, 5\}\)

Order of \(r\) at \(\infty \)	\(E_\infty \)
\(1\)	\(\{1\}\)

Using the family \(\{e_1,e_2,\dots ,e_\infty \}\) given by

\[ e_1=-1,\hspace {3pt} e_\infty =1 \]

Gives a non negative integer \(d\) (the degree of the polynomial \(p(x)\)), which is generated using

\begin{align*} d &= \frac {1}{2} \left ( e_\infty - \sum _{c \in \Gamma } e_c \right )\\ &= \frac {1}{2} \left ( 1 - \left (-1\right )\right )\\ &= 1 \end{align*}

We now form the following rational function

\begin{align*} \theta &= \frac {1}{2} \sum _{c \in \Gamma } \frac {e_c}{x-c} \\ &= \frac {1}{2} \left (\frac {-1}{\left (x-\left (0\right )\right )}\right ) \\ &= -\frac {1}{2 x} \end{align*}

Now we search for a monic polynomial \(p(x)\) of degree \(d=1\) such that

\[ p'''+3 \theta p'' + \left (3 \theta ^2 + 3 \theta ' - 4 r\right )p' + \left (\theta '' + 3 \theta \theta ' + \theta ^3 - 4 r \theta - 2 r' \right ) p = 0 \tag {1A} \]

Since \(d=1\), then letting

\[ p = x +a_{0}\tag {2A} \]

Substituting \(p\) and \(\theta \) into Eq. (1A) gives

\[ \frac {1-4 a_{0}}{x^{2}} = 0 \]

And solving for \(p\) gives

\[ p = x +\frac {1}{4} \]

Now that \(p(x)\) is found let

\begin{align*} \phi &= \theta + \frac {p'}{p}\\ &= \frac {1}{x +\frac {1}{4}}-\frac {1}{2 x} \end{align*}

Let \(\omega \) be the solution of

\begin{align*} \omega ^2 - \phi \omega + \left ( \frac {1}{2} \phi ' + \frac {1}{2} \phi ^2 - r \right ) &= 0 \end{align*}

Substituting the values for \(\phi \) and \(r\) into the above equation gives

\[ w^{2}-\left (\frac {1}{x +\frac {1}{4}}-\frac {1}{2 x}\right ) w +\frac {64 x^{2}-12 x +1}{64 x^{3}+16 x^{2}} = 0 \]

Solving for \(\omega \) gives

\begin{align*} \omega &= \frac {16 x \sqrt {-x}+4 x -1}{4 \left (4 x +1\right ) x} \end{align*}

Therefore the first solution to the ode \(z'' = r z\) is

\begin{align*} z_1(x) &= e^{ \int \omega \,dx} \\ &= {\mathrm e}^{\int \frac {16 x \sqrt {-x}+4 x -1}{4 \left (4 x +1\right ) x}d x}\\ &= \frac {\left (2 \sqrt {-x}-1\right ) {\mathrm e}^{2 \sqrt {-x}}}{\left (-x \right )^{{1}/{4}}} \end{align*}

The first solution to the original ode in \(y\) is found from

\begin{align*} y_1 &= z_1 e^{ \int -\frac {1}{2} \frac {B}{A} \,dx} \\ &= z_1 e^{ -\int \frac {1}{2} \frac {3 x}{2 x^{2}} \,dx} \\ &= z_1 e^{-\frac {3 \ln \left (x \right )}{4}} \\ &= z_1 \left (\frac {1}{x^{{3}/{4}}}\right ) \\ \end{align*}

Which simplifies to

\[ y_1 = \frac {\left (2 \sqrt {-x}-1\right ) {\mathrm e}^{2 \sqrt {-x}}}{x^{{3}/{4}} \left (-x \right )^{{1}/{4}}} \]

The second solution \(y_2\) to the original ode is found using reduction of order

\[ y_2 = y_1 \int \frac { e^{\int -\frac {B}{A} \,dx}}{y_1^2} \,dx \]

Substituting gives

\begin{align*} y_2 &= y_1 \int \frac { e^{\int -\frac {3 x}{2 x^{2}} \,dx}}{\left (y_1\right )^2} \,dx \\ &= y_1 \int \frac { e^{-\frac {3 \ln \left (x \right )}{2}}}{\left (y_1\right )^2} \,dx \\ &= y_1 \left (\frac {{\mathrm e}^{-4 \sqrt {-x}}}{8}+\frac {{\mathrm e}^{-4 \sqrt {-x}}}{8 \sqrt {-x}-4}\right ) \\ \end{align*}

Therefore the solution is

\begin{align*} y &= c_1 y_1 + c_2 y_2 \\ &= c_1 \left (\frac {\left (2 \sqrt {-x}-1\right ) {\mathrm e}^{2 \sqrt {-x}}}{x^{{3}/{4}} \left (-x \right )^{{1}/{4}}}\right ) + c_2 \left (\frac {\left (2 \sqrt {-x}-1\right ) {\mathrm e}^{2 \sqrt {-x}}}{x^{{3}/{4}} \left (-x \right )^{{1}/{4}}}\left (\frac {{\mathrm e}^{-4 \sqrt {-x}}}{8}+\frac {{\mathrm e}^{-4 \sqrt {-x}}}{8 \sqrt {-x}-4}\right )\right ) \\ \end{align*}

Will add steps showing solving for IC soon.

Maple step by step solution

\[ \begin {array}{lll} & {} & \textrm {Let's solve}\hspace {3pt} \\ {} & {} & 2 x^{2} \left (\frac {d^{2}}{d x^{2}}y \left (x \right )\right )+3 x \left (\frac {d}{d x}y \left (x \right )\right )+\left (2 x -1\right ) y \left (x \right )=0 \\ \bullet & {} & \textrm {Highest derivative means the order of the ODE is}\hspace {3pt} 2 \\ {} & {} & \frac {d^{2}}{d x^{2}}y \left (x \right ) \\ \bullet & {} & \textrm {Isolate 2nd derivative}\hspace {3pt} \\ {} & {} & \frac {d^{2}}{d x^{2}}y \left (x \right )=-\frac {\left (2 x -1\right ) y \left (x \right )}{2 x^{2}}-\frac {3 \left (\frac {d}{d x}y \left (x \right )\right )}{2 x} \\ \bullet & {} & \textrm {Group terms with}\hspace {3pt} y \left (x \right )\hspace {3pt}\textrm {on the lhs of the ODE and the rest on the rhs of the ODE; ODE is linear}\hspace {3pt} \\ {} & {} & \frac {d^{2}}{d x^{2}}y \left (x \right )+\frac {3 \left (\frac {d}{d x}y \left (x \right )\right )}{2 x}+\frac {\left (2 x -1\right ) y \left (x \right )}{2 x^{2}}=0 \\ \square & {} & \textrm {Check to see if}\hspace {3pt} x_{0}=0\hspace {3pt}\textrm {is a regular singular point}\hspace {3pt} \\ {} & \circ & \textrm {Define functions}\hspace {3pt} \\ {} & {} & \left [P_{2}\left (x \right )=\frac {3}{2 x}, P_{3}\left (x \right )=\frac {2 x -1}{2 x^{2}}\right ] \\ {} & \circ & x \cdot P_{2}\left (x \right )\textrm {is analytic at}\hspace {3pt} x =0 \\ {} & {} & \left (x \cdot P_{2}\left (x \right )\right )\bigg | {\mstack {}{_{x \hiderel {=}0}}}=\frac {3}{2} \\ {} & \circ & x^{2}\cdot P_{3}\left (x \right )\textrm {is analytic at}\hspace {3pt} x =0 \\ {} & {} & \left (x^{2}\cdot P_{3}\left (x \right )\right )\bigg | {\mstack {}{_{x \hiderel {=}0}}}=-\frac {1}{2} \\ {} & \circ & x =0\textrm {is a regular singular point}\hspace {3pt} \\ & {} & \textrm {Check to see if}\hspace {3pt} x_{0}=0\hspace {3pt}\textrm {is a regular singular point}\hspace {3pt} \\ {} & {} & x_{0}=0 \\ \bullet & {} & \textrm {Multiply by denominators}\hspace {3pt} \\ {} & {} & 2 x^{2} \left (\frac {d^{2}}{d x^{2}}y \left (x \right )\right )+3 x \left (\frac {d}{d x}y \left (x \right )\right )+\left (2 x -1\right ) y \left (x \right )=0 \\ \bullet & {} & \textrm {Assume series solution for}\hspace {3pt} y \left (x \right ) \\ {} & {} & y \left (x \right )=\moverset {\infty }{\munderset {k =0}{\sum }}a_{k} x^{k +r} \\ \square & {} & \textrm {Rewrite ODE with series expansions}\hspace {3pt} \\ {} & \circ & \textrm {Convert}\hspace {3pt} x^{m}\cdot y \left (x \right )\hspace {3pt}\textrm {to series expansion for}\hspace {3pt} m =0..1 \\ {} & {} & x^{m}\cdot y \left (x \right )=\moverset {\infty }{\munderset {k =0}{\sum }}a_{k} x^{k +r +m} \\ {} & \circ & \textrm {Shift index using}\hspace {3pt} k \mathrm {->}k -m \\ {} & {} & x^{m}\cdot y \left (x \right )=\moverset {\infty }{\munderset {k =m}{\sum }}a_{k -m} x^{k +r} \\ {} & \circ & \textrm {Convert}\hspace {3pt} x \cdot \left (\frac {d}{d x}y \left (x \right )\right )\hspace {3pt}\textrm {to series expansion}\hspace {3pt} \\ {} & {} & x \cdot \left (\frac {d}{d x}y \left (x \right )\right )=\moverset {\infty }{\munderset {k =0}{\sum }}a_{k} \left (k +r \right ) x^{k +r} \\ {} & \circ & \textrm {Convert}\hspace {3pt} x^{2}\cdot \left (\frac {d^{2}}{d x^{2}}y \left (x \right )\right )\hspace {3pt}\textrm {to series expansion}\hspace {3pt} \\ {} & {} & x^{2}\cdot \left (\frac {d^{2}}{d x^{2}}y \left (x \right )\right )=\moverset {\infty }{\munderset {k =0}{\sum }}a_{k} \left (k +r \right ) \left (k +r -1\right ) x^{k +r} \\ & {} & \textrm {Rewrite ODE with series expansions}\hspace {3pt} \\ {} & {} & a_{0} \left (1+r \right ) \left (-1+2 r \right ) x^{r}+\left (\moverset {\infty }{\munderset {k =1}{\sum }}\left (a_{k} \left (k +r +1\right ) \left (2 k +2 r -1\right )+2 a_{k -1}\right ) x^{k +r}\right )=0 \\ \bullet & {} & a_{0}\textrm {cannot be 0 by assumption, giving the indicial equation}\hspace {3pt} \\ {} & {} & \left (1+r \right ) \left (-1+2 r \right )=0 \\ \bullet & {} & \textrm {Values of r that satisfy the indicial equation}\hspace {3pt} \\ {} & {} & r \in \left \{-1, \frac {1}{2}\right \} \\ \bullet & {} & \textrm {Each term in the series must be 0, giving the recursion relation}\hspace {3pt} \\ {} & {} & 2 \left (k +r +1\right ) \left (k +r -\frac {1}{2}\right ) a_{k}+2 a_{k -1}=0 \\ \bullet & {} & \textrm {Shift index using}\hspace {3pt} k \mathrm {->}k +1 \\ {} & {} & 2 \left (k +2+r \right ) \left (k +\frac {1}{2}+r \right ) a_{k +1}+2 a_{k}=0 \\ \bullet & {} & \textrm {Recursion relation that defines series solution to ODE}\hspace {3pt} \\ {} & {} & a_{k +1}=-\frac {2 a_{k}}{\left (k +2+r \right ) \left (2 k +1+2 r \right )} \\ \bullet & {} & \textrm {Recursion relation for}\hspace {3pt} r =-1 \\ {} & {} & a_{k +1}=-\frac {2 a_{k}}{\left (k +1\right ) \left (2 k -1\right )} \\ \bullet & {} & \textrm {Solution for}\hspace {3pt} r =-1 \\ {} & {} & \left [y \left (x \right )=\moverset {\infty }{\munderset {k =0}{\sum }}a_{k} x^{k -1}, a_{k +1}=-\frac {2 a_{k}}{\left (k +1\right ) \left (2 k -1\right )}\right ] \\ \bullet & {} & \textrm {Recursion relation for}\hspace {3pt} r =\frac {1}{2} \\ {} & {} & a_{k +1}=-\frac {2 a_{k}}{\left (k +\frac {5}{2}\right ) \left (2 k +2\right )} \\ \bullet & {} & \textrm {Solution for}\hspace {3pt} r =\frac {1}{2} \\ {} & {} & \left [y \left (x \right )=\moverset {\infty }{\munderset {k =0}{\sum }}a_{k} x^{k +\frac {1}{2}}, a_{k +1}=-\frac {2 a_{k}}{\left (k +\frac {5}{2}\right ) \left (2 k +2\right )}\right ] \\ \bullet & {} & \textrm {Combine solutions and rename parameters}\hspace {3pt} \\ {} & {} & \left [y \left (x \right )=\left (\moverset {\infty }{\munderset {k =0}{\sum }}a_{k} x^{k -1}\right )+\left (\moverset {\infty }{\munderset {k =0}{\sum }}b_{k} x^{k +\frac {1}{2}}\right ), a_{k +1}=-\frac {2 a_{k}}{\left (k +1\right ) \left (2 k -1\right )}, b_{k +1}=-\frac {2 b_{k}}{\left (k +\frac {5}{2}\right ) \left (2 k +2\right )}\right ] \end {array} \]

Maple trace

`Methods for second order ODEs: 
--- Trying classification methods --- 
trying a quadrature 
checking if the LODE has constant coefficients 
checking if the LODE is of Euler type 
trying a symmetry of the form [xi=0, eta=F(x)] 
checking if the LODE is missing y 
-> Trying a Liouvillian solution using Kovacics algorithm 
   A Liouvillian solution exists 
   Group is reducible or imprimitive 
<- Kovacics algorithm successful`
 

Maple dsolve solution

Solving time : 0.402 (sec)
Leaf size : 73

dsolve(2*x^2*diff(diff(y(x),x),x)+3*diff(y(x),x)*x+(2*x-1)*y(x) = 0, 
       y(x),singsol=all)
 

\[ y = \frac {c_{2} \sqrt {\frac {\left (-2 \sqrt {x}+i\right ) \left (4 x +1\right )}{2 \sqrt {x}+i}}\, {\mathrm e}^{-2 i \sqrt {x}}+c_{1} \sqrt {\frac {\left (2 \sqrt {x}+i\right ) \left (4 x +1\right )}{-2 \sqrt {x}+i}}\, {\mathrm e}^{2 i \sqrt {x}}}{x} \]

Mathematica DSolve solution

Solving time : 0.135 (sec)
Leaf size : 64

DSolve[{2*x^2*D[y[x],{x,2}]+3*x*D[y[x],x]+(2*x-1)*y[x]==0,{}}, 
       y[x],x,IncludeSingularSolutions->True]
 

\[ y(x)\to \frac {e^{-2 i \sqrt {x}} \left (8 c_1 e^{4 i \sqrt {x}} \left (2 \sqrt {x}+i\right )+c_2 \left (1+2 i \sqrt {x}\right )\right )}{8 x} \]