2.1.558 Problem 574

Internal problem ID [9730]
Book : Collection of Kovacic problems
Section : section 1
Problem number : 574
Date solved : Sunday, March 30, 2025 at 02:45:21 PM
CAS classification : [[_2nd_order, _with_linear_symmetries]]

Solved as second order ode using Kovacic algorithm

Time used: 0.322 (sec)

Writing the ode as

$$\begin{array}{}\text{(1)}& (-x^3+x^2)y^{\prime \prime }+(x^2+7x)y^{\prime }+(9-x)y& =0\text{(2)}& A{y}^{\prime \prime }+B{y}^{\prime }+Cy& =0\end{array}$$

Comparing (1) and (2) shows that

$$\begin{array}{rl}A& =-x^3+x^2\\ \text{(3)}& B& =x^2+7xC& =9-x\end{array}$$

Applying the Liouville transformation on the dependent variable gives

$$\begin{array}{rl}z(x)& =y{e}^{\int \frac{B}{2A}dx}\end{array}$$

Then (2) becomes

$$\begin{array}{}\text{(4)}& z^{″}(x)=rz(x)\end{array}$$

Where $r$ is given by

$$\begin{array}{rl}\text{(5)}& r& =\frac{s}{t}& =\frac{2A{B}^{\prime }-2B{A}^{\prime }+B^2-4AC}{4A^2}\end{array}$$

Substituting the values of $A,B,C$ from (3) in the above and simplifying gives

$$\begin{array}{}\text{(6)}& r& =\frac{-x^2+82x-1}{4{(x^2-x)}^2}\end{array}$$

Comparing the above to (5) shows that

$$\begin{array}{rl}s& =-x^2+82x-1\\ t& =4{(x^2-x)}^2\end{array}$$

Therefore eq. (4) becomes

$$\begin{array}{}\text{(7)}& z^{″}(x)& =\left(\frac{-x^2+82x-1}{4{(x^2-x)}^2}\right)z(x)\end{array}$$

Equation (7) is now solved. After finding $z(x)$ then $y$ is found using the inverse transformation

$$\begin{array}{rl}y& =z\left(x\right)e^{-\int \frac{B}{2A}dx}\end{array}$$

The first step is to determine the case of Kovacic algorithm this ode belongs to. There are 3 cases depending on the order of poles of $r$ and the order of $r$ at $\mathrm{\infty }$. The following table summarizes these cases.

Case	Allowed pole order for $r$	Allowed value for $\mathcal{O}(\mathrm{\infty })$
1	$\{0,1,2,4,6,8,\cdots \}$	$\{\cdots ,-6,-4,-2,0,2,3,4,5,6,\cdots \}$
2	Need to have at least one pole that is either order $2$ or odd order greater than $2$. Any other pole order is allowed as long as the above condition is satisfied. Hence the following set of pole orders are all allowed. $\{1,2\}$,$\{1,3\}$,$\{2\}$,$\{3\}$,$\{3,4\}$,$\{1,2,5\}$.	no condition
3	$\{1,2\}$	$\{2,3,4,5,6,7,\cdots \}$

Table 2.558: Necessary conditions for each Kovacic case

The order of $r$ at $\mathrm{\infty }$ is the degree of $t$ minus the degree of $s$. Therefore

$$\begin{array}{rl}O\left(\mathrm{\infty }\right)& =\text{deg}(t)-\text{deg}(s)\\ & =4-2\\ & =2\end{array}$$

The poles of $r$ in eq. (7) and the order of each pole are determined by solving for the roots of $t=4{(x^2-x)}^2$. There is a pole at $x=0$ of order $2$. There is a pole at $x=1$ of order $2$. Since there is no odd order pole larger than $2$ and the order at $\mathrm{\infty }$ is $2$ then the necessary conditions for case one are met. Since there is a pole of order $2$ then necessary conditions for case two are met. Since pole order is not larger than $2$ and the order at $\mathrm{\infty }$ is $2$ then the necessary conditions for case three are met. Therefore

$$\begin{array}{rl}L& =[1,2,4,6,12]\end{array}$$

Attempting to find a solution using case $n=1$.

Looking at poles of order 2. The partial fractions decomposition of $r$ is

$$r=\frac{20}{{(-1+x)}^2}+\frac{20}{x}-\frac{20}{-1+x}-\frac{1}{4x^2}$$

For the pole at $x=0$ let $b$ be the coefficient of $\frac{1}{x^2}$ in the partial fractions decomposition of $r$ given above. Therefore $b=-\frac{1}{4}$. Hence

$$\begin{array}{rl}[\sqrt{r}{]}_c& =0\\ {\alpha }_c^{+}& =\frac{1}{2}+\sqrt{1+4b}& & =\frac{1}{2}\\ {\alpha }_c^{-}& =\frac{1}{2}-\sqrt{1+4b}& & =\frac{1}{2}\end{array}$$

For the pole at $x=1$ let $b$ be the coefficient of $\frac{1}{{(-1+x)}^2}$ in the partial fractions decomposition of $r$ given above. Therefore $b=20$. Hence

$$\begin{array}{rl}[\sqrt{r}{]}_c& =0\\ {\alpha }_c^{+}& =\frac{1}{2}+\sqrt{1+4b}& & =5\\ {\alpha }_c^{-}& =\frac{1}{2}-\sqrt{1+4b}& & =-4\end{array}$$

Since the order of $r$ at $\mathrm{\infty }$ is 2 then $[\sqrt{r}{]}_{\mathrm{\infty }}=0$. Let $b$ be the coefficient of $\frac{1}{x^2}$ in the Laurent series expansion of $r$ at $\mathrm{\infty }$. which can be found by dividing the leading coefficient of $s$ by the leading coefficient of $t$ from

$$\begin{array}{rlrl}r& =\frac{s}{t}& & =\frac{-x^2+82x-1}{4{(x^2-x)}^2}\end{array}$$

Since the $\text{gcd}(s,t)=1$. This gives $b=-\frac{1}{4}$. Hence

$$\begin{array}{rl}[\sqrt{r}{]}_{\mathrm{\infty }}& =0\\ {\alpha }_{\mathrm{\infty }}^{+}& =\frac{1}{2}+\sqrt{1+4b}& & =\frac{1}{2}\\ {\alpha }_{\mathrm{\infty }}^{-}& =\frac{1}{2}-\sqrt{1+4b}& & =\frac{1}{2}\end{array}$$

The following table summarizes the findings so far for poles and for the order of $r$ at $\mathrm{\infty }$ where $r$ is

$$r=\frac{-x^2+82x-1}{4{(x^2-x)}^2}$$

pole $c$ location	pole order	$[\sqrt{r}{]}_c$	${\alpha }_c^{+}$	${\alpha }_c^{-}$
$0$	$2$	$0$	$\frac{1}{2}$	$\frac{1}{2}$
$1$	$2$	$0$	$5$	$-4$

Order of $r$ at $\mathrm{\infty }$	$[\sqrt{r}{]}_{\mathrm{\infty }}$	${\alpha }_{\mathrm{\infty }}^{+}$	${\alpha }_{\mathrm{\infty }}^{-}$
$2$	$0$	$\frac{1}{2}$	$\frac{1}{2}$

Now that the all $[\sqrt{r}{]}_c$ and its associated ${\alpha }_c^{\pm }$ have been determined for all the poles in the set $\mathrm{\Gamma }$ and $[\sqrt{r}{]}_{\mathrm{\infty }}$ and its associated ${\alpha }_{\mathrm{\infty }}^{\pm }$ have also been found, the next step is to determine possible non negative integer $d$ from these using

$$\begin{array}{rl}d& ={\alpha }_{\mathrm{\infty }}^{s(\mathrm{\infty })}-\sum _{c\in \mathrm{\Gamma }}{\alpha }_c^{s(c)}\end{array}$$

Where $s(c)$ is either $+$ or $-$ and $s(\mathrm{\infty })$ is the sign of ${\alpha }_{\mathrm{\infty }}^{\pm }$. This is done by trial over all set of families $s=(s(c){)}_{c\in \mathrm{\Gamma }\cup \mathrm{\infty }}$ until such $d$ is found to work in finding candidate $\omega$. Trying ${\alpha }_{\mathrm{\infty }}^{-}=\frac{1}{2}$ then

$$\begin{array}{rl}d& ={\alpha }_{\mathrm{\infty }}^{-}-({\alpha }_{c_1}^{+}+{\alpha }_{c_2}^{-})\\ & =\frac{1}{2}-(-\frac{7}{2})\\ & =4\end{array}$$

Since $d$ an integer and $d\ge 0$ then it can be used to find $\omega$ using

$$\begin{array}{rl}\omega & =\sum _{c\in \mathrm{\Gamma }}(s(c)[\sqrt{r}{]}_c+\frac{{\alpha }_c^{s(c)}}{x-c})+s(\mathrm{\infty })[\sqrt{r}{]}_{\mathrm{\infty }}\end{array}$$

The above gives

$$\begin{array}{rl}\omega & =((+)[\sqrt{r}{]}_{c_1}+\frac{{\alpha }_{c_1}^{+}}{x-c_1})+((-)[\sqrt{r}{]}_{c_2}+\frac{{\alpha }_{c_2}^{-}}{x-c_2})+(-)[\sqrt{r}{]}_{\mathrm{\infty }}\\ & =\frac{1}{2x}-\frac{4}{-1+x}+(-)\left(0\right)\\ & =\frac{1}{2x}-\frac{4}{-1+x}\\ & =-\frac{1+7x}{2x(-1+x)}\end{array}$$

Now that $\omega$ is determined, the next step is find a corresponding minimal polynomial $p(x)$ of degree $d=4$ to solve the ode. The polynomial $p(x)$ needs to satisfy the equation

$$\begin{array}{}\text{(1A)}& p^{″}+2\omega p^{\prime }+({\omega }^{\prime }+{\omega }^2-r)p=0\end{array}$$

Let

$$\begin{array}{}\text{(2A)}& p(x)& =x^4+a_3{x}^3+a_2{x}^2+a_{1}x+a_0\end{array}$$

Substituting the above in eq. (1A) gives

$$\begin{array}{rl}(12x^2+6x{a}_3+2a_2)+2(\frac{1}{2x}-\frac{4}{-1+x})(4x^3+3x^2{a}_3+2a_{2}x+a_1)+((-\frac{1}{2x^2}+\frac{4}{{(-1+x)}^2})+{(\frac{1}{2x}-\frac{4}{-1+x})}^2-\left(\frac{-x^2+82x-1}{4{(x^2-x)}^2}\right))& =0\\ \frac{(a_3-16)x^3+(4a_2-9a_3)x^2+(9a_1-4a_2)x+16a_0-a_1}{x(-1+x)}=0\end{array}$$

Solving for the coefficients $a_i$ in the above using method of undetermined coefficients gives

$$\{a_0=1,a_1=16,a_2=36,a_3=16\}$$

Substituting these coefficients in $p(x)$ in eq. (2A) results in

$$\begin{array}{rl}p(x)& =x^4+16x^3+36x^2+16x+1\end{array}$$

Therefore the first solution to the ode $z^{″}=rz$ is

$$\begin{array}{rl}{z}_1(x)& =p{e}^{\int \omega dx}\\ & =(x^4+16x^3+36x^2+16x+1){\mathrm{e}}^{\int (\frac{1}{2x}-\frac{4}{-1+x})dx}\\ & =(x^4+16x^3+36x^2+16x+1){\mathrm{e}}^{\frac{\ln \left(x\right)}{2}-4\ln (-1+x)}\\ & =\frac{(x^4+16x^3+36x^2+16x+1)\sqrt{x}}{{(-1+x)}^4}\end{array}$$

The first solution to the original ode in $y$ is found from

$$\begin{array}{rl}{y}_1& =z_1{e}^{\int -\frac{1}{2}\frac{B}{A}dx}\\ & =z_1{e}^{-\int \frac{1}{2}\frac{x^2+7x}{-x^3+x^2}dx}\\ & =z_1{e}^{-\frac{7\ln \left(x\right)}{2}+4\ln (-1+x)}\\ & =z_1\left(\frac{{(-1+x)}^4}{x^{7/2}}\right)\end{array}$$

Which simplifies to

$$y_1=\frac{x^4+16x^3+36x^2+16x+1}{x^3}$$

The second solution $y_2$ to the original ode is found using reduction of order

$$y_2=y_1\int \frac{e^{\int -\frac{B}{A}dx}}{y_1^2}dx$$

Substituting gives

$$\begin{array}{rl}{y}_2& =y_1\int \frac{e^{\int -\frac{x^2+7x}{-x^3+x^2}dx}}{{\left(y_1\right)}^2}dx\\ & =y_1\int \frac{e^{-7\ln \left(x\right)+8\ln (-1+x)}}{{\left(y_1\right)}^2}dx\\ & =y_1(\ln \left(x\right)-\frac{20(-2x^3-\frac{15}{2}{x}^2-\frac{14}{3}x-\frac{5}{12})}{x^4+16x^3+36x^2+16x+1})\end{array}$$

Therefore the solution is

$$\begin{array}{rl}y& =c_1{y}_1+c_2{y}_2\\ & =c_1\left(\frac{x^4+16x^3+36x^2+16x+1}{x^3}\right)+c_2\left(\frac{x^4+16x^3+36x^2+16x+1}{x^3}(\ln \left(x\right)-\frac{20(-2x^3-\frac{15}{2}{x}^2-\frac{14}{3}x-\frac{5}{12})}{x^4+16x^3+36x^2+16x+1})\right)\end{array}$$

Will add steps showing solving for IC soon.

✓ Maple. Time used: 0.005 (sec). Leaf size: 72

ode:=x^2*(1-x)*diff(diff(y(x),x),x)+x*(7+x)*diff(y(x),x)+(9-x)*y(x) = 0; 
dsolve(ode,y(x), singsol=all);
 

$$y=\frac{3c_2(x^4+16x^3+36x^2+16x+1)\ln \left(x\right)+c_1{x}^4+(16c_1+120c_2)x^3+(36c_1+450c_2)x^2+(16c_1+280c_2)x+c_1+25c_2}{x^3}$$

Maple trace

Methods for second order ODEs: 
--- Trying classification methods --- 
trying a quadrature 
checking if the LODE has constant coefficients 
checking if the LODE is of Euler type 
trying a symmetry of the form [xi=0, eta=F(x)] 
checking if the LODE is missing y 
-> Trying a Liouvillian solution using Kovacics algorithm 
   A Liouvillian solution exists 
   Reducible group (found an exponential solution) 
   Group is reducible, not completely reducible 
<- Kovacics algorithm successful
 

✓ Mathematica. Time used: 0.722 (sec). Leaf size: 145

ode=x^2*(1-x)*D[y[x],{x,2}]+x*(7+x)*D[y[x],x]+(9-x)*y[x]==0; 
ic={}; 
DSolve[{ode,ic},y[x],x,IncludeSingularSolutions->True]
 

$$y(x)\to (x^4+16x^3+36x^2+16x+1)\exp ({\int }_1^x(\frac{1}{2K[1]}-\frac{4}{K[1]-1})dK[1]-\frac{1}{2}{\int }_1^x\frac{K[2]+7}{K[2]-K[2{]}^2}dK[2])(c_2{\int }_1^x\frac{\exp (-2{\int }_1^{K[3]}(\frac{1}{2K[1]}-\frac{4}{K[1]-1})dK[1])}{{(K[3{]}^4+16K[3{]}^3+36K[3{]}^2+16K[3]+1)}^2}dK[3]+c_1)$$

✗ Sympy

from sympy import * 
x = symbols("x") 
y = Function("y") 
ode = Eq(x**2*(1 - x)*Derivative(y(x), (x, 2)) + x*(x + 7)*Derivative(y(x), x) + (9 - x)*y(x),0) 
ics = {} 
dsolve(ode,func=y(x),ics=ics)
 

False