5.4 problem 34

Internal problem ID [6659]
Internal file name [OUTPUT/5907_Sunday_June_05_2022_04_01_06_PM_46553927/index.tex]

Book: DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS with Boundary Value Problems. DENNIS G. ZILL, WARREN S. WRIGHT, MICHAEL R. CULLEN. Brooks/Cole. Boston, MA. 2013. 8th edition.
Section: CHAPTER 7 THE LAPLACE TRANSFORM. 7.2.2 TRANSFORMS OF DERIVATIVES Page 289
Problem number: 34.
ODE order: 1.
ODE degree: 1.

The type(s) of ODE detected by this program : "exact", "linear", "first_order_ode_lie_symmetry_lookup"

Maple gives the following as the ode type

[[_linear, `class A`]]

\[ \boxed {y^{\prime }-y=2 \cos \left (5 t \right )} \] With initial conditions \begin {align*} [y \left (0\right ) = 0] \end {align*}

5.4.1 Existence and uniqueness analysis

This is a linear ODE. In canonical form it is written as \begin {align*} y^{\prime } + p(t)y &= q(t) \end {align*}

Where here \begin {align*} p(t) &=-1\\ q(t) &=2 \cos \left (5 t \right ) \end {align*}

Hence the ode is \begin {align*} y^{\prime }-y = 2 \cos \left (5 t \right ) \end {align*}

The domain of \(p(t)=-1\) is \[ \{-\infty

5.4.2 Solving as laplace ode

Solving using the Laplace transform method. Let \[ \mathcal {L}\left (y\right ) =Y(s) \] Taking the Laplace transform of the ode and using the relations that \begin {align*} \mathcal {L}\left (y^{\prime }\right )&= s Y(s) - y \left (0\right ) \end {align*}

The given ode now becomes an algebraic equation in the Laplace domain \begin {align*} s Y \left (s \right )-y \left (0\right )-Y \left (s \right ) = \frac {2 s}{s^{2}+25}\tag {1} \end {align*}

Replacing initial condition gives \begin {align*} s Y \left (s \right )-Y \left (s \right ) = \frac {2 s}{s^{2}+25} \end {align*}

Solving for \(Y(s)\) gives \begin {align*} Y(s) = \frac {2 s}{\left (s^{2}+25\right ) \left (s -1\right )} \end {align*}

Applying partial fractions decomposition results in \[ Y(s)= \frac {1}{13 s -13}+\frac {-\frac {1}{26}-\frac {5 i}{26}}{s -5 i}+\frac {-\frac {1}{26}+\frac {5 i}{26}}{s +5 i} \] The inverse Laplace of each term above is now found, which gives \begin {align*} \mathcal {L}^{-1}\left (\frac {1}{13 s -13}\right ) &= \frac {{\mathrm e}^{t}}{13}\\ \mathcal {L}^{-1}\left (\frac {-\frac {1}{26}-\frac {5 i}{26}}{s -5 i}\right ) &= \left (-\frac {1}{26}-\frac {5 i}{26}\right ) {\mathrm e}^{5 i t}\\ \mathcal {L}^{-1}\left (\frac {-\frac {1}{26}+\frac {5 i}{26}}{s +5 i}\right ) &= \left (-\frac {1}{26}+\frac {5 i}{26}\right ) {\mathrm e}^{-5 i t} \end {align*}

Adding the above results and simplifying gives \[ y=\frac {{\mathrm e}^{t}}{13}-\frac {\cos \left (5 t \right )}{13}+\frac {5 \sin \left (5 t \right )}{13} \]

Summary

The solution(s) found are the following \begin{align*} \tag{1} y &= \frac {{\mathrm e}^{t}}{13}-\frac {\cos \left (5 t \right )}{13}+\frac {5 \sin \left (5 t \right )}{13} \\ \end{align*}

(a) Solution plot

(b) Slope field plot

Verification of solutions

\[ y = \frac {{\mathrm e}^{t}}{13}-\frac {\cos \left (5 t \right )}{13}+\frac {5 \sin \left (5 t \right )}{13} \] Verified OK.

5.4.3 Maple step by step solution

\[ \begin {array}{lll} & {} & \textrm {Let's solve}\hspace {3pt} \\ {} & {} & \left [y^{\prime }-y=2 \cos \left (5 t \right ), y \left (0\right )=0\right ] \\ \bullet & {} & \textrm {Highest derivative means the order of the ODE is}\hspace {3pt} 1 \\ {} & {} & y^{\prime } \\ \bullet & {} & \textrm {Solve for the highest derivative}\hspace {3pt} \\ {} & {} & y^{\prime }=y+2 \cos \left (5 t \right ) \\ \bullet & {} & \textrm {Group terms with}\hspace {3pt} y\hspace {3pt}\textrm {on the lhs of the ODE and the rest on the rhs of the ODE}\hspace {3pt} \\ {} & {} & y^{\prime }-y=2 \cos \left (5 t \right ) \\ \bullet & {} & \textrm {The ODE is linear; multiply by an integrating factor}\hspace {3pt} \mu \left (t \right ) \\ {} & {} & \mu \left (t \right ) \left (y^{\prime }-y\right )=2 \mu \left (t \right ) \cos \left (5 t \right ) \\ \bullet & {} & \textrm {Assume the lhs of the ODE is the total derivative}\hspace {3pt} \frac {d}{d t}\left (y \mu \left (t \right )\right ) \\ {} & {} & \mu \left (t \right ) \left (y^{\prime }-y\right )=y^{\prime } \mu \left (t \right )+y \mu ^{\prime }\left (t \right ) \\ \bullet & {} & \textrm {Isolate}\hspace {3pt} \mu ^{\prime }\left (t \right ) \\ {} & {} & \mu ^{\prime }\left (t \right )=-\mu \left (t \right ) \\ \bullet & {} & \textrm {Solve to find the integrating factor}\hspace {3pt} \\ {} & {} & \mu \left (t \right )={\mathrm e}^{-t} \\ \bullet & {} & \textrm {Integrate both sides with respect to}\hspace {3pt} t \\ {} & {} & \int \left (\frac {d}{d t}\left (y \mu \left (t \right )\right )\right )d t =\int 2 \mu \left (t \right ) \cos \left (5 t \right )d t +c_{1} \\ \bullet & {} & \textrm {Evaluate the integral on the lhs}\hspace {3pt} \\ {} & {} & y \mu \left (t \right )=\int 2 \mu \left (t \right ) \cos \left (5 t \right )d t +c_{1} \\ \bullet & {} & \textrm {Solve for}\hspace {3pt} y \\ {} & {} & y=\frac {\int 2 \mu \left (t \right ) \cos \left (5 t \right )d t +c_{1}}{\mu \left (t \right )} \\ \bullet & {} & \textrm {Substitute}\hspace {3pt} \mu \left (t \right )={\mathrm e}^{-t} \\ {} & {} & y=\frac {\int 2 \,{\mathrm e}^{-t} \cos \left (5 t \right )d t +c_{1}}{{\mathrm e}^{-t}} \\ \bullet & {} & \textrm {Evaluate the integrals on the rhs}\hspace {3pt} \\ {} & {} & y=\frac {-\frac {{\mathrm e}^{-t} \cos \left (5 t \right )}{13}+\frac {5 \,{\mathrm e}^{-t} \sin \left (5 t \right )}{13}+c_{1}}{{\mathrm e}^{-t}} \\ \bullet & {} & \textrm {Simplify}\hspace {3pt} \\ {} & {} & y=c_{1} {\mathrm e}^{t}+\frac {5 \sin \left (5 t \right )}{13}-\frac {\cos \left (5 t \right )}{13} \\ \bullet & {} & \textrm {Use initial condition}\hspace {3pt} y \left (0\right )=0 \\ {} & {} & 0=c_{1} -\frac {1}{13} \\ \bullet & {} & \textrm {Solve for}\hspace {3pt} c_{1} \\ {} & {} & c_{1} =\frac {1}{13} \\ \bullet & {} & \textrm {Substitute}\hspace {3pt} c_{1} =\frac {1}{13}\hspace {3pt}\textrm {into general solution and simplify}\hspace {3pt} \\ {} & {} & y=\frac {{\mathrm e}^{t}}{13}-\frac {\cos \left (5 t \right )}{13}+\frac {5 \sin \left (5 t \right )}{13} \\ \bullet & {} & \textrm {Solution to the IVP}\hspace {3pt} \\ {} & {} & y=\frac {{\mathrm e}^{t}}{13}-\frac {\cos \left (5 t \right )}{13}+\frac {5 \sin \left (5 t \right )}{13} \end {array} \]

Maple trace

`Methods for first order ODEs: 
--- Trying classification methods --- 
trying a quadrature 
trying 1st order linear 
<- 1st order linear successful`
 

✓ Solution by Maple

Time used: 1.703 (sec). Leaf size: 21

dsolve([diff(y(t),t)-y(t)=2*cos(5*t),y(0) = 0],y(t), singsol=all)
 

\[ y \left (t \right ) = \frac {{\mathrm e}^{t}}{13}-\frac {\cos \left (5 t \right )}{13}+\frac {5 \sin \left (5 t \right )}{13} \]

✓ Solution by Mathematica

Time used: 0.102 (sec). Leaf size: 25

DSolve[{y'[t]-y[t]==2*Cos[5*t],{y[0]==0}},y[t],t,IncludeSingularSolutions -> True]
 

\[ y(t)\to \frac {1}{13} \left (e^t+5 \sin (5 t)-\cos (5 t)\right ) \]