Internal problem ID [9378]
Internal file name [OUTPUT/8315_Monday_June_06_2022_02_42_22_AM_22116297/index.tex]
Book: Differential Gleichungen, E. Kamke, 3rd ed. Chelsea Pub. NY, 1948
Section: Chapter 2, linear second order
Problem number: 1046.
ODE order: 2.
ODE degree: 1.
The type(s) of ODE detected by this program : "unknown"
Maple gives the following as the ode type
[[_2nd_order, _with_linear_symmetries]]
Unable to solve or complete the solution.
\[ \boxed {y^{\prime \prime }-2 x y^{\prime }+a y=0} \]
\[ \begin {array}{lll} & {} & \textrm {Let's solve}\hspace {3pt} \\ {} & {} & \frac {d}{d x}y^{\prime }-2 x y^{\prime }+a y=0 \\ \bullet & {} & \textrm {Highest derivative means the order of the ODE is}\hspace {3pt} 2 \\ {} & {} & \frac {d}{d x}y^{\prime } \\ \bullet & {} & \textrm {Assume series solution for}\hspace {3pt} y \\ {} & {} & y=\moverset {\infty }{\munderset {k =0}{\sum }}a_{k} x^{k} \\ \square & {} & \textrm {Rewrite DE with series expansions}\hspace {3pt} \\ {} & \circ & \textrm {Convert}\hspace {3pt} x \cdot y^{\prime }\hspace {3pt}\textrm {to series expansion}\hspace {3pt} \\ {} & {} & x \cdot y^{\prime }=\moverset {\infty }{\munderset {k =0}{\sum }}a_{k} k \,x^{k} \\ {} & \circ & \textrm {Convert}\hspace {3pt} \frac {d}{d x}y^{\prime }\hspace {3pt}\textrm {to series expansion}\hspace {3pt} \\ {} & {} & \frac {d}{d x}y^{\prime }=\moverset {\infty }{\munderset {k =2}{\sum }}a_{k} k \left (k -1\right ) x^{k -2} \\ {} & \circ & \textrm {Shift index using}\hspace {3pt} k \mathrm {->}k +2 \\ {} & {} & \frac {d}{d x}y^{\prime }=\moverset {\infty }{\munderset {k =0}{\sum }}a_{k +2} \left (k +2\right ) \left (k +1\right ) x^{k} \\ & {} & \textrm {Rewrite DE with series expansions}\hspace {3pt} \\ {} & {} & \moverset {\infty }{\munderset {k =0}{\sum }}\left (a_{k +2} \left (k +2\right ) \left (k +1\right )+a_{k} \left (a -2 k \right )\right ) x^{k}=0 \\ \bullet & {} & \textrm {Each term in the series must be 0, giving the recursion relation}\hspace {3pt} \\ {} & {} & \left (k^{2}+3 k +2\right ) a_{k +2}+a_{k} \left (a -2 k \right )=0 \\ \bullet & {} & \textrm {Recursion relation that defines the series solution to the ODE}\hspace {3pt} \\ {} & {} & \left [y=\moverset {\infty }{\munderset {k =0}{\sum }}a_{k} x^{k}, a_{k +2}=-\frac {a_{k} \left (a -2 k \right )}{k^{2}+3 k +2}\right ] \end {array} \]
Maple trace
`Methods for second order ODEs: --- Trying classification methods --- trying a quadrature checking if the LODE has constant coefficients checking if the LODE is of Euler type trying a symmetry of the form [xi=0, eta=F(x)] checking if the LODE is missing y -> Trying a Liouvillian solution using Kovacics algorithm <- No Liouvillian solutions exists -> Trying a solution in terms of special functions: -> Bessel -> elliptic -> Legendre -> Kummer -> hyper3: Equivalence to 1F1 under a power @ Moebius <- hyper3 successful: received ODE is equivalent to the 1F1 ODE <- Kummer successful <- special function solution successful`
✓ Solution by Maple
Time used: 0.078 (sec). Leaf size: 31
dsolve(diff(diff(y(x),x),x)-2*x*diff(y(x),x)+a*y(x)=0,y(x), singsol=all)
\[ y \left (x \right ) = x \left (\operatorname {KummerU}\left (\frac {1}{2}-\frac {a}{4}, \frac {3}{2}, x^{2}\right ) c_{2} +\operatorname {KummerM}\left (\frac {1}{2}-\frac {a}{4}, \frac {3}{2}, x^{2}\right ) c_{1} \right ) \]
✓ Solution by Mathematica
Time used: 0.022 (sec). Leaf size: 31
DSolve[a*y[x] - 2*x*y'[x] + y''[x] == 0,y[x],x,IncludeSingularSolutions -> True]
\[ y(x)\to c_1 \operatorname {HermiteH}\left (\frac {a}{2},x\right )+c_2 \operatorname {Hypergeometric1F1}\left (-\frac {a}{4},\frac {1}{2},x^2\right ) \]