2.1.1 Problem 1

Internal problem ID [4076]
Book : Differential equations, Shepley L. Ross, 1964
Section : 2.4, page 55
Problem number : 1
Date solved : Saturday, December 06, 2025 at 04:16:17 PM
CAS classification : [_rational, [_Abel, `2nd type`, `class B`]]

2.1.1.1 Solved using first_order_ode_exact

0.123 (sec)

Entering first order ode exact solver

\begin{align*} 5 y x +4 y^{2}+1+\left (x^{2}+2 y x \right ) y^{\prime }&=0 \\ \end{align*}

To solve an ode of the form

\begin{equation} M\left ( x,y\right ) +N\left ( x,y\right ) \frac {dy}{dx}=0\tag {A}\end{equation}

We assume there exists a function \(\phi \left ( x,y\right ) =c\) where \(c\) is constant, that satisfies the ode. Taking derivative of \(\phi \) w.r.t. \(x\) gives

\[ \frac {d}{dx}\phi \left ( x,y\right ) =0 \]

Hence

\begin{equation} \frac {\partial \phi }{\partial x}+\frac {\partial \phi }{\partial y}\frac {dy}{dx}=0\tag {B}\end{equation}

Comparing (A,B) shows that

\begin{align*} \frac {\partial \phi }{\partial x} & =M\\ \frac {\partial \phi }{\partial y} & =N \end{align*}

But since \(\frac {\partial ^{2}\phi }{\partial x\partial y}=\frac {\partial ^{2}\phi }{\partial y\partial x}\) then for the above to be valid, we require that

\[ \frac {\partial M}{\partial y}=\frac {\partial N}{\partial x}\]

If the above condition is satisfied, then the original ode is called exact. We still need to determine \(\phi \left ( x,y\right ) \) but at least we know now that we can do that since the condition \(\frac {\partial ^{2}\phi }{\partial x\partial y}=\frac {\partial ^{2}\phi }{\partial y\partial x}\) is satisfied. If this condition is not satisfied then this method will not work and we have to now look for an integrating factor to force this condition, which might or might not exist. The first step is to write the ODE in standard form to check for exactness, which is

\[ M(x,y) \mathop {\mathrm {d}x}+ N(x,y) \mathop {\mathrm {d}y}=0 \tag {1A} \]

Therefore

\begin{align*} \left (x^{2}+2 y x\right )\mathop {\mathrm {d}y} &= \left (-5 y x -4 y^{2}-1\right )\mathop {\mathrm {d}x}\\ \left (5 y x +4 y^{2}+1\right )\mathop {\mathrm {d}x} + \left (x^{2}+2 y x\right )\mathop {\mathrm {d}y} &= 0 \tag {2A} \end{align*}

Comparing (1A) and (2A) shows that

\begin{align*} M(x,y) &= 5 y x +4 y^{2}+1\\ N(x,y) &= x^{2}+2 y x \end{align*}

The next step is to determine if the ODE is is exact or not. The ODE is exact when the following condition is satisfied

\[ \frac {\partial M}{\partial y} = \frac {\partial N}{\partial x} \]

Using result found above gives

\begin{align*} \frac {\partial M}{\partial y} &= \frac {\partial }{\partial y} \left (5 y x +4 y^{2}+1\right )\\ &= 5 x +8 y \end{align*}

And

\begin{align*} \frac {\partial N}{\partial x} &= \frac {\partial }{\partial x} \left (x^{2}+2 y x\right )\\ &= 2 x +2 y \end{align*}

Since \(\frac {\partial M}{\partial y} \neq \frac {\partial N}{\partial x}\), then the ODE is not exact. Since the ODE is not exact, we will try to find an integrating factor to make it exact. Let

\begin{align*} A &= \frac {1}{N} \left (\frac {\partial M}{\partial y} - \frac {\partial N}{\partial x} \right ) \\ &=\frac {1}{x \left (x +2 y \right )}\left ( \left ( 5 x +8 y\right ) - \left (2 x +2 y \right ) \right ) \\ &=\frac {3}{x} \end{align*}

Since \(A\) does not depend on \(y\), then it can be used to find an integrating factor. The integrating factor \(\mu \) is

\begin{align*} \mu &= e^{ \int A \mathop {\mathrm {d}x} } \\ &= e^{\int \frac {3}{x}\mathop {\mathrm {d}x} } \end{align*}

The result of integrating gives

\begin{align*} \mu &= e^{3 \ln \left (x \right ) } \\ &= x^{3} \end{align*}

\(M\) and \(N\) are multiplied by this integrating factor, giving new \(M\) and new \(N\) which are called \(\overline {M}\) and \(\overline {N}\) for now so not to confuse them with the original \(M\) and \(N\).

\begin{align*} \overline {M} &=\mu M \\ &= x^{3}\left (5 y x +4 y^{2}+1\right ) \\ &= \left (5 y x +4 y^{2}+1\right ) x^{3} \end{align*}

And

\begin{align*} \overline {N} &=\mu N \\ &= x^{3}\left (x^{2}+2 y x\right ) \\ &= x^{4} \left (x +2 y \right ) \end{align*}

Now a modified ODE is ontained from the original ODE, which is exact and can be solved. The modified ODE is

\begin{align*} \overline {M} + \overline {N} \frac { \mathop {\mathrm {d}y}}{\mathop {\mathrm {d}x}} &= 0 \\ \left (\left (5 y x +4 y^{2}+1\right ) x^{3}\right ) + \left (x^{4} \left (x +2 y \right )\right ) \frac { \mathop {\mathrm {d}y}}{\mathop {\mathrm {d}x}} &= 0 \end{align*}

The following equations are now set up to solve for the function \(\phi \left (x,y\right )\)

\begin{align*} \frac {\partial \phi }{\partial x } &= \overline {M}\tag {1} \\ \frac {\partial \phi }{\partial y } &= \overline {N}\tag {2} \end{align*}

Integrating (1) w.r.t. \(x\) gives

\begin{align*} \int \frac {\partial \phi }{\partial x} \mathop {\mathrm {d}x} &= \int \overline {M}\mathop {\mathrm {d}x} \\ \int \frac {\partial \phi }{\partial x} \mathop {\mathrm {d}x} &= \int \left (5 y x +4 y^{2}+1\right ) x^{3}\mathop {\mathrm {d}x} \\ \tag{3} \phi &= y \,x^{5}+x^{4} y^{2}+\frac {1}{4} x^{4}+ f(y) \\ \end{align*}

Where \(f(y)\) is used for the constant of integration since \(\phi \) is a function of both \(x\) and \(y\). Taking derivative of equation (3) w.r.t \(y\) gives

\begin{align*} \tag{4} \frac {\partial \phi }{\partial y} &= x^{5}+2 y \,x^{4}+f'(y) \\ &=x^{4} \left (x +2 y \right )+f'(y) \\ \end{align*}

But equation (2) says that \(\frac {\partial \phi }{\partial y} = x^{4} \left (x +2 y \right )\). Therefore equation (4) becomes

\begin{equation} \tag{5} x^{4} \left (x +2 y \right ) = x^{4} \left (x +2 y \right )+f'(y) \end{equation}

Solving equation (5) for \( f'(y)\) gives

\[ f'(y) = 0 \]

Therefore

\[ f(y) = c_1 \]

Where \(c_1\) is constant of integration. Substituting this result for \(f(y)\) into equation (3) gives \(\phi \)

\[ \phi = y \,x^{5}+x^{4} y^{2}+\frac {1}{4} x^{4}+ c_1 \]

But since \(\phi \) itself is a constant function, then let \(\phi =c_2\) where \(c_2\) is new constant and combining \(c_1\) and \(c_2\) constants into the constant \(c_1\) gives the solution as

\[ c_1 = y \,x^{5}+x^{4} y^{2}+\frac {1}{4} x^{4} \]

Solving for \(y\) gives

\begin{align*} y &= \frac {-x^{3}-\sqrt {x^{6}-x^{4}+4 c_1}}{2 x^{2}} \\ y &= \frac {-x^{3}+\sqrt {x^{6}-x^{4}+4 c_1}}{2 x^{2}} \\ \end{align*}

Figure 2.1: Slope field \(5 y x +4 y^{2}+1+\left (x^{2}+2 y x \right ) y^{\prime } = 0\)

Summary of solutions found

\begin{align*} y &= \frac {-x^{3}-\sqrt {x^{6}-x^{4}+4 c_1}}{2 x^{2}} \\ y &= \frac {-x^{3}+\sqrt {x^{6}-x^{4}+4 c_1}}{2 x^{2}} \\ \end{align*}

Entering first order ode abel second kind solver

\begin{align*} 5 y x +4 y^{2}+1+\left (x^{2}+2 y x \right ) y^{\prime }&=0 \\ \end{align*}

2.1.1.2 Solved using first_order_ode_abel_second_kind_case_5

0.040 (sec) Simplifying the above gives

\begin{align*} y &= \frac {-x^{3}+\sqrt {x^{6}-x^{4}+4 c_1}}{2 x^{2}} \\ y &= \frac {-x^{3}-\sqrt {x^{6}-x^{4}+4 c_1}}{2 x^{2}} \\ \end{align*}

Figure 2.2: Slope field \(5 y x +4 y^{2}+1+\left (x^{2}+2 y x \right ) y^{\prime } = 0\)

Figure 2.3: Slope field \(5 y x +4 y^{2}+1+\left (x^{2}+2 y x \right ) y^{\prime } = 0\)

Summary of solutions found

\begin{align*} y &= \frac {-x^{3}-\sqrt {x^{6}-x^{4}+4 c_1}}{2 x^{2}} \\ y &= \frac {-x^{3}+\sqrt {x^{6}-x^{4}+4 c_1}}{2 x^{2}} \\ \end{align*}

2.1.1.3 ✓ Maple. Time used: 0.002 (sec). Leaf size: 59

ode:=5*y(x)*x+4*y(x)^2+1+(x^2+2*y(x)*x)*diff(y(x),x) = 0; 
dsolve(ode,y(x), singsol=all);
 

\begin{align*} y &= \frac {-x^{3}-\sqrt {x^{6}-x^{4}-4 c_1}}{2 x^{2}} \\ y &= \frac {-x^{3}+\sqrt {x^{6}-x^{4}-4 c_1}}{2 x^{2}} \\ \end{align*}

Maple trace

Methods for first order ODEs: 
--- Trying classification methods --- 
trying a quadrature 
trying 1st order linear 
trying Bernoulli 
trying separable 
trying inverse linear 
trying homogeneous types: 
trying Chini 
differential order: 1; looking for linear symmetries 
trying exact 
<- exact successful
 

Maple step by step

\[ \begin {array}{lll} & {} & \textrm {Let's solve}\hspace {3pt} \\ {} & {} & 5 x y \left (x \right )+4 y \left (x \right )^{2}+1+\left (x^{2}+2 x y \left (x \right )\right ) \left (\frac {d}{d x}y \left (x \right )\right )=0 \\ \bullet & {} & \textrm {Highest derivative means the order of the ODE is}\hspace {3pt} 1 \\ {} & {} & \frac {d}{d x}y \left (x \right ) \\ \bullet & {} & \textrm {Solve for the highest derivative}\hspace {3pt} \\ {} & {} & \frac {d}{d x}y \left (x \right )=\frac {-5 x y \left (x \right )-4 y \left (x \right )^{2}-1}{x^{2}+2 x y \left (x \right )} \end {array} \]

2.1.1.4 ✓ Mathematica. Time used: 0.455 (sec). Leaf size: 84

ode=(5*x*y[x]+4*y[x]^2+1)+(x^2+2*x*y[x])*D[y[x],x]==0; 
ic={}; 
DSolve[{ode,ic},y[x],x,IncludeSingularSolutions->True]
 

\begin{align*} y(x)&\to -\frac {x^5+\sqrt {x^3} \sqrt {x^7-x^5+4 c_1 x}}{2 x^4}\\ y(x)&\to -\frac {x}{2}+\frac {\sqrt {x^3} \sqrt {x^7-x^5+4 c_1 x}}{2 x^4} \end{align*}

2.1.1.5 ✗ Sympy

from sympy import * 
x = symbols("x") 
y = Function("y") 
ode = Eq(5*x*y(x) + (x**2 + 2*x*y(x))*Derivative(y(x), x) + 4*y(x)**2 + 1,0) 
ics = {} 
dsolve(ode,func=y(x),ics=ics)
                                                                                  
                                                                                  
 

Timed Out