Internal problem ID [1297]
Internal file name [OUTPUT/1298_Sunday_June_05_2022_02_08_54_AM_14302186/index.tex]
Book: Elementary differential equations with boundary value problems. William F. Trench.
Brooks/Cole 2001
Section: Chapter 7 Series Solutions of Linear Second Equations. 7.5 THE METHOD OF
FROBENIUS I. Exercises 7.5. Page 358
Problem number: 3.
ODE order: 2.
ODE degree: 1.
The type(s) of ODE detected by this program : "second order series method. Regular singular point. Difference not integer"
Maple gives the following as the ode type
[[_2nd_order, _with_linear_symmetries]]
\[ \boxed {x^{2} \left (x^{2}+3 x +3\right ) y^{\prime \prime }+x \left (7 x^{2}+8 x +5\right ) y^{\prime }-\left (-9 x^{2}-2 x +1\right ) y=0} \] With the expansion point for the power series method at \(x = 0\).
The type of the expansion point is first determined. This is done on the homogeneous part of the ODE. \[ \left (x^{4}+3 x^{3}+3 x^{2}\right ) y^{\prime \prime }+\left (7 x^{3}+8 x^{2}+5 x \right ) y^{\prime }+\left (9 x^{2}+2 x -1\right ) y = 0 \] The following is summary of singularities for the above ode. Writing the ode as \begin {align*} y^{\prime \prime }+p(x) y^{\prime } + q(x) y &=0 \end {align*}
Where \begin {align*} p(x) &= \frac {7 x^{2}+8 x +5}{x \left (x^{2}+3 x +3\right )}\\ q(x) &= \frac {9 x^{2}+2 x -1}{x^{2} \left (x^{2}+3 x +3\right )}\\ \end {align*}
| \(p(x)=\frac {7 x^{2}+8 x +5}{x \left (x^{2}+3 x +3\right )}\) | |
| singularity | type |
| \(x = 0\) | \(\text {``regular''}\) |
| \(x = -\frac {i \sqrt {3}}{2}-\frac {3}{2}\) | \(\text {``regular''}\) |
| \(x = \frac {i \sqrt {3}}{2}-\frac {3}{2}\) | \(\text {``regular''}\) |
| \(q(x)=\frac {9 x^{2}+2 x -1}{x^{2} \left (x^{2}+3 x +3\right )}\) | |
| singularity | type |
| \(x = 0\) | \(\text {``regular''}\) |
| \(x = -\frac {i \sqrt {3}}{2}-\frac {3}{2}\) | \(\text {``regular''}\) |
| \(x = \frac {i \sqrt {3}}{2}-\frac {3}{2}\) | \(\text {``regular''}\) |
Combining everything together gives the following summary of singularities for the ode as
Regular singular points : \(\left [0, -\frac {i \sqrt {3}}{2}-\frac {3}{2}, \frac {i \sqrt {3}}{2}-\frac {3}{2}, \infty \right ]\)
Irregular singular points : \([]\)
Since \(x = 0\) is regular singular point, then Frobenius power series is used. The ode is normalized to be \[ x^{2} \left (x^{2}+3 x +3\right ) y^{\prime \prime }+\left (7 x^{3}+8 x^{2}+5 x \right ) y^{\prime }+\left (9 x^{2}+2 x -1\right ) y = 0 \] Let the solution be represented as Frobenius power series of the form \[ y = \moverset {\infty }{\munderset {n =0}{\sum }}a_{n} x^{n +r} \] Then \begin{align*} y^{\prime } &= \moverset {\infty }{\munderset {n =0}{\sum }}\left (n +r \right ) a_{n} x^{n +r -1} \\ y^{\prime \prime } &= \moverset {\infty }{\munderset {n =0}{\sum }}\left (n +r \right ) \left (n +r -1\right ) a_{n} x^{n +r -2} \\ \end{align*} Substituting the above back into the ode gives \begin{equation} \tag{1} x^{2} \left (x^{2}+3 x +3\right ) \left (\moverset {\infty }{\munderset {n =0}{\sum }}\left (n +r \right ) \left (n +r -1\right ) a_{n} x^{n +r -2}\right )+\left (7 x^{3}+8 x^{2}+5 x \right ) \left (\moverset {\infty }{\munderset {n =0}{\sum }}\left (n +r \right ) a_{n} x^{n +r -1}\right )+\left (9 x^{2}+2 x -1\right ) \left (\moverset {\infty }{\munderset {n =0}{\sum }}a_{n} x^{n +r}\right ) = 0 \end{equation} Which simplifies to \begin{equation} \tag{2A} \left (\moverset {\infty }{\munderset {n =0}{\sum }}x^{n +r +2} a_{n} \left (n +r \right ) \left (n +r -1\right )\right )+\left (\moverset {\infty }{\munderset {n =0}{\sum }}3 x^{1+n +r} a_{n} \left (n +r \right ) \left (n +r -1\right )\right )+\left (\moverset {\infty }{\munderset {n =0}{\sum }}3 x^{n +r} a_{n} \left (n +r \right ) \left (n +r -1\right )\right )+\left (\moverset {\infty }{\munderset {n =0}{\sum }}7 x^{n +r +2} a_{n} \left (n +r \right )\right )+\left (\moverset {\infty }{\munderset {n =0}{\sum }}8 x^{1+n +r} a_{n} \left (n +r \right )\right )+\left (\moverset {\infty }{\munderset {n =0}{\sum }}5 x^{n +r} a_{n} \left (n +r \right )\right )+\left (\moverset {\infty }{\munderset {n =0}{\sum }}9 x^{n +r +2} a_{n}\right )+\left (\moverset {\infty }{\munderset {n =0}{\sum }}2 x^{1+n +r} a_{n}\right )+\moverset {\infty }{\munderset {n =0}{\sum }}\left (-a_{n} x^{n +r}\right ) = 0 \end{equation} The next step is to make all powers of \(x\) be \(n +r\) in each summation term. Going over each summation term above with power of \(x\) in it which is not already \(x^{n +r}\) and adjusting the power and the corresponding index gives \begin{align*} \moverset {\infty }{\munderset {n =0}{\sum }}x^{n +r +2} a_{n} \left (n +r \right ) \left (n +r -1\right ) &= \moverset {\infty }{\munderset {n =2}{\sum }}a_{n -2} \left (n +r -2\right ) \left (n -3+r \right ) x^{n +r} \\ \moverset {\infty }{\munderset {n =0}{\sum }}3 x^{1+n +r} a_{n} \left (n +r \right ) \left (n +r -1\right ) &= \moverset {\infty }{\munderset {n =1}{\sum }}3 a_{n -1} \left (n +r -1\right ) \left (n +r -2\right ) x^{n +r} \\ \moverset {\infty }{\munderset {n =0}{\sum }}7 x^{n +r +2} a_{n} \left (n +r \right ) &= \moverset {\infty }{\munderset {n =2}{\sum }}7 a_{n -2} \left (n +r -2\right ) x^{n +r} \\ \moverset {\infty }{\munderset {n =0}{\sum }}8 x^{1+n +r} a_{n} \left (n +r \right ) &= \moverset {\infty }{\munderset {n =1}{\sum }}8 a_{n -1} \left (n +r -1\right ) x^{n +r} \\ \moverset {\infty }{\munderset {n =0}{\sum }}9 x^{n +r +2} a_{n} &= \moverset {\infty }{\munderset {n =2}{\sum }}9 a_{n -2} x^{n +r} \\ \moverset {\infty }{\munderset {n =0}{\sum }}2 x^{1+n +r} a_{n} &= \moverset {\infty }{\munderset {n =1}{\sum }}2 a_{n -1} x^{n +r} \\ \end{align*} Substituting all the above in Eq (2A) gives the following equation where now all powers of \(x\) are the same and equal to \(n +r\). \begin{equation} \tag{2B} \left (\moverset {\infty }{\munderset {n =2}{\sum }}a_{n -2} \left (n +r -2\right ) \left (n -3+r \right ) x^{n +r}\right )+\left (\moverset {\infty }{\munderset {n =1}{\sum }}3 a_{n -1} \left (n +r -1\right ) \left (n +r -2\right ) x^{n +r}\right )+\left (\moverset {\infty }{\munderset {n =0}{\sum }}3 x^{n +r} a_{n} \left (n +r \right ) \left (n +r -1\right )\right )+\left (\moverset {\infty }{\munderset {n =2}{\sum }}7 a_{n -2} \left (n +r -2\right ) x^{n +r}\right )+\left (\moverset {\infty }{\munderset {n =1}{\sum }}8 a_{n -1} \left (n +r -1\right ) x^{n +r}\right )+\left (\moverset {\infty }{\munderset {n =0}{\sum }}5 x^{n +r} a_{n} \left (n +r \right )\right )+\left (\moverset {\infty }{\munderset {n =2}{\sum }}9 a_{n -2} x^{n +r}\right )+\left (\moverset {\infty }{\munderset {n =1}{\sum }}2 a_{n -1} x^{n +r}\right )+\moverset {\infty }{\munderset {n =0}{\sum }}\left (-a_{n} x^{n +r}\right ) = 0 \end{equation} The indicial equation is obtained from \(n = 0\). From Eq (2B) this gives \[ 3 x^{n +r} a_{n} \left (n +r \right ) \left (n +r -1\right )+5 x^{n +r} a_{n} \left (n +r \right )-a_{n} x^{n +r} = 0 \] When \(n = 0\) the above becomes \[ 3 x^{r} a_{0} r \left (-1+r \right )+5 x^{r} a_{0} r -a_{0} x^{r} = 0 \] Or \[ \left (3 x^{r} r \left (-1+r \right )+5 x^{r} r -x^{r}\right ) a_{0} = 0 \] Since \(a_{0}\neq 0\) then the above simplifies to \[ \left (3 r^{2}+2 r -1\right ) x^{r} = 0 \] Since the above is true for all \(x\) then the indicial equation becomes \[ 3 r^{2}+2 r -1 = 0 \] Solving for \(r\) gives the roots of the indicial equation as \begin {align*} r_1 &= {\frac {1}{3}}\\ r_2 &= -1 \end {align*}
Since \(a_{0}\neq 0\) then the indicial equation becomes \[ \left (3 r^{2}+2 r -1\right ) x^{r} = 0 \] Solving for \(r\) gives the roots of the indicial equation as \(\left [{\frac {1}{3}}, -1\right ]\).
Since \(r_1 - r_2 = {\frac {4}{3}}\) is not an integer, then we can construct two linearly independent solutions \begin {align*} y_{1}\left (x \right ) &= x^{r_{1}} \left (\moverset {\infty }{\munderset {n =0}{\sum }}a_{n} x^{n}\right )\\ y_{2}\left (x \right ) &= x^{r_{2}} \left (\moverset {\infty }{\munderset {n =0}{\sum }}b_{n} x^{n}\right ) \end {align*}
Or \begin {align*} y_{1}\left (x \right ) &= \moverset {\infty }{\munderset {n =0}{\sum }}a_{n} x^{n +\frac {1}{3}}\\ y_{2}\left (x \right ) &= \moverset {\infty }{\munderset {n =0}{\sum }}b_{n} x^{n -1} \end {align*}
We start by finding \(y_{1}\left (x \right )\). Eq (2B) derived above is now used to find all \(a_{n}\) coefficients. The case \(n = 0\) is skipped since it was used to find the roots of the indicial equation. \(a_{0}\) is arbitrary and taken as \(a_{0} = 1\). Substituting \(n = 1\) in Eq. (2B) gives \[ a_{1} = \frac {-1-r}{r +2} \] For \(2\le n\) the recursive equation is \begin{equation} \tag{3} a_{n -2} \left (n +r -2\right ) \left (n -3+r \right )+3 a_{n -1} \left (n +r -1\right ) \left (n +r -2\right )+3 a_{n} \left (n +r \right ) \left (n +r -1\right )+7 a_{n -2} \left (n +r -2\right )+8 a_{n -1} \left (n +r -1\right )+5 a_{n} \left (n +r \right )+9 a_{n -2}+2 a_{n -1}-a_{n} = 0 \end{equation} Solving for \(a_{n}\) from recursive equation (4) gives \[ a_{n} = -\frac {n^{2} a_{n -2}+3 n^{2} a_{n -1}+2 n r a_{n -2}+6 n r a_{n -1}+r^{2} a_{n -2}+3 r^{2} a_{n -1}+2 n a_{n -2}-n a_{n -1}+2 r a_{n -2}-r a_{n -1}+a_{n -2}}{3 n^{2}+6 n r +3 r^{2}+2 n +2 r -1}\tag {4} \] Which for the root \(r = {\frac {1}{3}}\) becomes \[ a_{n} = \frac {\left (-9 a_{n -2}-27 a_{n -1}\right ) n^{2}+\left (-24 a_{n -2}-9 a_{n -1}\right ) n -16 a_{n -2}}{27 n^{2}+36 n}\tag {5} \] At this point, it is a good idea to keep track of \(a_{n}\) in a table both before substituting \(r = {\frac {1}{3}}\) and after as more terms are found using the above recursive equation.
| \(n\) | \(a_{n ,r}\) | \(a_{n}\) |
| \(a_{0}\) | \(1\) | \(1\) |
| \(a_{1}\) | \(\frac {-1-r}{r +2}\) | \(-{\frac {4}{7}}\) |
For \(n = 2\), using the above recursive equation gives \[ a_{2}=\frac {2 r^{2}+2 r -4}{3 r^{2}+14 r +15} \] Which for the root \(r = {\frac {1}{3}}\) becomes \[ a_{2}=-{\frac {7}{45}} \] And the table now becomes
| \(n\) | \(a_{n ,r}\) | \(a_{n}\) |
| \(a_{0}\) | \(1\) | \(1\) |
| \(a_{1}\) | \(\frac {-1-r}{r +2}\) | \(-{\frac {4}{7}}\) |
| \(a_{2}\) | \(\frac {2 r^{2}+2 r -4}{3 r^{2}+14 r +15}\) | \(-{\frac {7}{45}}\) |
For \(n = 3\), using the above recursive equation gives \[ a_{3}=\frac {-3 r^{4}-2 r^{3}+69 r^{2}+192 r +144}{9 r^{4}+93 r^{3}+346 r^{2}+552 r +320} \] Which for the root \(r = {\frac {1}{3}}\) becomes \[ a_{3}={\frac {970}{2457}} \] And the table now becomes
| \(n\) | \(a_{n ,r}\) | \(a_{n}\) |
| \(a_{0}\) | \(1\) | \(1\) |
| \(a_{1}\) | \(\frac {-1-r}{r +2}\) | \(-{\frac {4}{7}}\) |
| \(a_{2}\) | \(\frac {2 r^{2}+2 r -4}{3 r^{2}+14 r +15}\) | \(-{\frac {7}{45}}\) |
| \(a_{3}\) | \(\frac {-3 r^{4}-2 r^{3}+69 r^{2}+192 r +144}{9 r^{4}+93 r^{3}+346 r^{2}+552 r +320}\) | \(\frac {970}{2457}\) |
For \(n = 4\), using the above recursive equation gives \[ a_{4}=\frac {3 r^{6}-28 r^{5}-606 r^{4}-3196 r^{3}-7445 r^{2}-7976 r -3152}{\left (3 r^{2}+26 r +55\right ) \left (9 r^{3}+57 r^{2}+118 r +80\right ) \left (r +3\right )} \] Which for the root \(r = {\frac {1}{3}}\) becomes \[ a_{4}=-{\frac {5707}{22680}} \] And the table now becomes
| \(n\) | \(a_{n ,r}\) | \(a_{n}\) |
| \(a_{0}\) | \(1\) | \(1\) |
| \(a_{1}\) | \(\frac {-1-r}{r +2}\) | \(-{\frac {4}{7}}\) |
| \(a_{2}\) | \(\frac {2 r^{2}+2 r -4}{3 r^{2}+14 r +15}\) | \(-{\frac {7}{45}}\) |
| \(a_{3}\) | \(\frac {-3 r^{4}-2 r^{3}+69 r^{2}+192 r +144}{9 r^{4}+93 r^{3}+346 r^{2}+552 r +320}\) | \(\frac {970}{2457}\) |
| \(a_{4}\) | \(\frac {3 r^{6}-28 r^{5}-606 r^{4}-3196 r^{3}-7445 r^{2}-7976 r -3152}{\left (3 r^{2}+26 r +55\right ) \left (9 r^{3}+57 r^{2}+118 r +80\right ) \left (r +3\right )}\) | \(-{\frac {5707}{22680}}\) |
For \(n = 5\), using the above recursive equation gives \[ a_{5}=\frac {180 r^{6}+3066 r^{5}+20450 r^{4}+66790 r^{3}+107050 r^{2}+68544 r +2720}{\left (3 r^{2}+32 r +84\right ) \left (r +3\right ) \left (9 r^{2}+39 r +40\right ) \left (3 r +11\right ) \left (r +4\right )} \] Which for the root \(r = {\frac {1}{3}}\) becomes \[ a_{5}={\frac {13568}{300105}} \] And the table now becomes
| \(n\) | \(a_{n ,r}\) | \(a_{n}\) |
| \(a_{0}\) | \(1\) | \(1\) |
| \(a_{1}\) | \(\frac {-1-r}{r +2}\) | \(-{\frac {4}{7}}\) |
| \(a_{2}\) | \(\frac {2 r^{2}+2 r -4}{3 r^{2}+14 r +15}\) | \(-{\frac {7}{45}}\) |
| \(a_{3}\) | \(\frac {-3 r^{4}-2 r^{3}+69 r^{2}+192 r +144}{9 r^{4}+93 r^{3}+346 r^{2}+552 r +320}\) | \(\frac {970}{2457}\) |
| \(a_{4}\) | \(\frac {3 r^{6}-28 r^{5}-606 r^{4}-3196 r^{3}-7445 r^{2}-7976 r -3152}{\left (3 r^{2}+26 r +55\right ) \left (9 r^{3}+57 r^{2}+118 r +80\right ) \left (r +3\right )}\) | \(-{\frac {5707}{22680}}\) |
| \(a_{5}\) | \(\frac {180 r^{6}+3066 r^{5}+20450 r^{4}+66790 r^{3}+107050 r^{2}+68544 r +2720}{\left (3 r^{2}+32 r +84\right ) \left (r +3\right ) \left (9 r^{2}+39 r +40\right ) \left (3 r +11\right ) \left (r +4\right )}\) | \(\frac {13568}{300105}\) |
Using the above table, then the solution \(y_{1}\left (x \right )\) is \begin {align*} y_{1}\left (x \right )&= x^{\frac {1}{3}} \left (a_{0}+a_{1} x +a_{2} x^{2}+a_{3} x^{3}+a_{4} x^{4}+a_{5} x^{5}+a_{6} x^{6}\dots \right ) \\ &= x^{\frac {1}{3}} \left (1-\frac {4 x}{7}-\frac {7 x^{2}}{45}+\frac {970 x^{3}}{2457}-\frac {5707 x^{4}}{22680}+\frac {13568 x^{5}}{300105}+O\left (x^{6}\right )\right ) \end {align*}
Now the second solution \(y_{2}\left (x \right )\) is found. Eq (2B) derived above is now used to find all \(b_{n}\) coefficients. The case \(n = 0\) is skipped since it was used to find the roots of the indicial equation. \(b_{0}\) is arbitrary and taken as \(b_{0} = 1\). Substituting \(n = 1\) in Eq. (2B) gives \[ b_{1} = \frac {-1-r}{r +2} \] For \(2\le n\) the recursive equation is \begin{equation} \tag{3} b_{n -2} \left (n +r -2\right ) \left (n -3+r \right )+3 b_{n -1} \left (n +r -1\right ) \left (n +r -2\right )+3 b_{n} \left (n +r \right ) \left (n +r -1\right )+7 b_{n -2} \left (n +r -2\right )+8 b_{n -1} \left (n +r -1\right )+5 b_{n} \left (n +r \right )+9 b_{n -2}+2 b_{n -1}-b_{n} = 0 \end{equation} Solving for \(b_{n}\) from recursive equation (4) gives \[ b_{n} = -\frac {n^{2} b_{n -2}+3 n^{2} b_{n -1}+2 n r b_{n -2}+6 n r b_{n -1}+r^{2} b_{n -2}+3 r^{2} b_{n -1}+2 n b_{n -2}-n b_{n -1}+2 r b_{n -2}-r b_{n -1}+b_{n -2}}{3 n^{2}+6 n r +3 r^{2}+2 n +2 r -1}\tag {4} \] Which for the root \(r = -1\) becomes \[ b_{n} = \frac {\left (-b_{n -2}-3 b_{n -1}\right ) n^{2}+7 n b_{n -1}-4 b_{n -1}}{3 n^{2}-4 n}\tag {5} \] At this point, it is a good idea to keep track of \(b_{n}\) in a table both before substituting \(r = -1\) and after as more terms are found using the above recursive equation.
| \(n\) | \(b_{n ,r}\) | \(b_{n}\) |
| \(b_{0}\) | \(1\) | \(1\) |
| \(b_{1}\) | \(\frac {-1-r}{r +2}\) | \(0\) |
For \(n = 2\), using the above recursive equation gives \[ b_{2}=\frac {2 r^{2}+2 r -4}{3 r^{2}+14 r +15} \] Which for the root \(r = -1\) becomes \[ b_{2}=-1 \] And the table now becomes
| \(n\) | \(b_{n ,r}\) | \(b_{n}\) |
| \(b_{0}\) | \(1\) | \(1\) |
| \(b_{1}\) | \(\frac {-1-r}{r +2}\) | \(0\) |
| \(b_{2}\) | \(\frac {2 r^{2}+2 r -4}{3 r^{2}+14 r +15}\) | \(-1\) |
For \(n = 3\), using the above recursive equation gives \[ b_{3}=\frac {-3 r^{4}-2 r^{3}+69 r^{2}+192 r +144}{9 r^{4}+93 r^{3}+346 r^{2}+552 r +320} \] Which for the root \(r = -1\) becomes \[ b_{3}={\frac {2}{3}} \] And the table now becomes
| \(n\) | \(b_{n ,r}\) | \(b_{n}\) |
| \(b_{0}\) | \(1\) | \(1\) |
| \(b_{1}\) | \(\frac {-1-r}{r +2}\) | \(0\) |
| \(b_{2}\) | \(\frac {2 r^{2}+2 r -4}{3 r^{2}+14 r +15}\) | \(-1\) |
| \(b_{3}\) | \(\frac {-3 r^{4}-2 r^{3}+69 r^{2}+192 r +144}{9 r^{4}+93 r^{3}+346 r^{2}+552 r +320}\) | \(\frac {2}{3}\) |
For \(n = 4\), using the above recursive equation gives \[ b_{4}=\frac {3 r^{6}-28 r^{5}-606 r^{4}-3196 r^{3}-7445 r^{2}-7976 r -3152}{\left (3 r^{2}+26 r +55\right ) \left (9 r^{3}+57 r^{2}+118 r +80\right ) \left (r +3\right )} \] Which for the root \(r = -1\) becomes \[ b_{4}=0 \] And the table now becomes
| \(n\) | \(b_{n ,r}\) | \(b_{n}\) |
| \(b_{0}\) | \(1\) | \(1\) |
| \(b_{1}\) | \(\frac {-1-r}{r +2}\) | \(0\) |
| \(b_{2}\) | \(\frac {2 r^{2}+2 r -4}{3 r^{2}+14 r +15}\) | \(-1\) |
| \(b_{3}\) | \(\frac {-3 r^{4}-2 r^{3}+69 r^{2}+192 r +144}{9 r^{4}+93 r^{3}+346 r^{2}+552 r +320}\) | \(\frac {2}{3}\) |
| \(b_{4}\) | \(\frac {3 r^{6}-28 r^{5}-606 r^{4}-3196 r^{3}-7445 r^{2}-7976 r -3152}{\left (3 r^{2}+26 r +55\right ) \left (9 r^{3}+57 r^{2}+118 r +80\right ) \left (r +3\right )}\) | \(0\) |
For \(n = 5\), using the above recursive equation gives \[ b_{5}=\frac {180 r^{6}+3066 r^{5}+20450 r^{4}+66790 r^{3}+107050 r^{2}+68544 r +2720}{\left (3 r^{2}+32 r +84\right ) \left (r +3\right ) \left (9 r^{2}+39 r +40\right ) \left (3 r +11\right ) \left (r +4\right )} \] Which for the root \(r = -1\) becomes \[ b_{5}=-{\frac {10}{33}} \] And the table now becomes
| \(n\) | \(b_{n ,r}\) | \(b_{n}\) |
| \(b_{0}\) | \(1\) | \(1\) |
| \(b_{1}\) | \(\frac {-1-r}{r +2}\) | \(0\) |
| \(b_{2}\) | \(\frac {2 r^{2}+2 r -4}{3 r^{2}+14 r +15}\) | \(-1\) |
| \(b_{3}\) | \(\frac {-3 r^{4}-2 r^{3}+69 r^{2}+192 r +144}{9 r^{4}+93 r^{3}+346 r^{2}+552 r +320}\) | \(\frac {2}{3}\) |
| \(b_{4}\) | \(\frac {3 r^{6}-28 r^{5}-606 r^{4}-3196 r^{3}-7445 r^{2}-7976 r -3152}{\left (3 r^{2}+26 r +55\right ) \left (9 r^{3}+57 r^{2}+118 r +80\right ) \left (r +3\right )}\) | \(0\) |
| \(b_{5}\) | \(\frac {180 r^{6}+3066 r^{5}+20450 r^{4}+66790 r^{3}+107050 r^{2}+68544 r +2720}{\left (3 r^{2}+32 r +84\right ) \left (r +3\right ) \left (9 r^{2}+39 r +40\right ) \left (3 r +11\right ) \left (r +4\right )}\) | \(-{\frac {10}{33}}\) |
Using the above table, then the solution \(y_{2}\left (x \right )\) is \begin {align*} y_{2}\left (x \right )&= x^{\frac {1}{3}} \left (b_{0}+b_{1} x +b_{2} x^{2}+b_{3} x^{3}+b_{4} x^{4}+b_{5} x^{5}+b_{6} x^{6}\dots \right ) \\ &= \frac {1-x^{2}+\frac {2 x^{3}}{3}-\frac {10 x^{5}}{33}+O\left (x^{6}\right )}{x} \end {align*}
Therefore the homogeneous solution is \begin{align*} y_h(x) &= c_{1} y_{1}\left (x \right )+c_{2} y_{2}\left (x \right ) \\ &= c_{1} x^{\frac {1}{3}} \left (1-\frac {4 x}{7}-\frac {7 x^{2}}{45}+\frac {970 x^{3}}{2457}-\frac {5707 x^{4}}{22680}+\frac {13568 x^{5}}{300105}+O\left (x^{6}\right )\right ) + \frac {c_{2} \left (1-x^{2}+\frac {2 x^{3}}{3}-\frac {10 x^{5}}{33}+O\left (x^{6}\right )\right )}{x} \\ \end{align*} Hence the final solution is \begin{align*} y &= y_h \\ &= c_{1} x^{\frac {1}{3}} \left (1-\frac {4 x}{7}-\frac {7 x^{2}}{45}+\frac {970 x^{3}}{2457}-\frac {5707 x^{4}}{22680}+\frac {13568 x^{5}}{300105}+O\left (x^{6}\right )\right )+\frac {c_{2} \left (1-x^{2}+\frac {2 x^{3}}{3}-\frac {10 x^{5}}{33}+O\left (x^{6}\right )\right )}{x} \\ \end{align*}
The solution(s) found are the following \begin{align*} \tag{1} y &= c_{1} x^{\frac {1}{3}} \left (1-\frac {4 x}{7}-\frac {7 x^{2}}{45}+\frac {970 x^{3}}{2457}-\frac {5707 x^{4}}{22680}+\frac {13568 x^{5}}{300105}+O\left (x^{6}\right )\right )+\frac {c_{2} \left (1-x^{2}+\frac {2 x^{3}}{3}-\frac {10 x^{5}}{33}+O\left (x^{6}\right )\right )}{x} \\ \end{align*}
Verification of solutions
\[ y = c_{1} x^{\frac {1}{3}} \left (1-\frac {4 x}{7}-\frac {7 x^{2}}{45}+\frac {970 x^{3}}{2457}-\frac {5707 x^{4}}{22680}+\frac {13568 x^{5}}{300105}+O\left (x^{6}\right )\right )+\frac {c_{2} \left (1-x^{2}+\frac {2 x^{3}}{3}-\frac {10 x^{5}}{33}+O\left (x^{6}\right )\right )}{x} \] Verified OK.
\[ \begin {array}{lll} & {} & \textrm {Let's solve}\hspace {3pt} \\ {} & {} & x^{2} \left (x^{2}+3 x +3\right ) y^{\prime \prime }+\left (7 x^{3}+8 x^{2}+5 x \right ) y^{\prime }+\left (9 x^{2}+2 x -1\right ) y=0 \\ \bullet & {} & \textrm {Highest derivative means the order of the ODE is}\hspace {3pt} 2 \\ {} & {} & y^{\prime \prime } \\ \bullet & {} & \textrm {Isolate 2nd derivative}\hspace {3pt} \\ {} & {} & y^{\prime \prime }=-\frac {\left (9 x^{2}+2 x -1\right ) y}{x^{2} \left (x^{2}+3 x +3\right )}-\frac {\left (7 x^{2}+8 x +5\right ) y^{\prime }}{x \left (x^{2}+3 x +3\right )} \\ \bullet & {} & \textrm {Group terms with}\hspace {3pt} y\hspace {3pt}\textrm {on the lhs of the ODE and the rest on the rhs of the ODE; ODE is linear}\hspace {3pt} \\ {} & {} & y^{\prime \prime }+\frac {\left (7 x^{2}+8 x +5\right ) y^{\prime }}{x \left (x^{2}+3 x +3\right )}+\frac {\left (9 x^{2}+2 x -1\right ) y}{x^{2} \left (x^{2}+3 x +3\right )}=0 \\ \square & {} & \textrm {Check to see if}\hspace {3pt} x_{0}\hspace {3pt}\textrm {is a regular singular point}\hspace {3pt} \\ {} & \circ & \textrm {Define functions}\hspace {3pt} \\ {} & {} & \left [P_{2}\left (x \right )=\frac {7 x^{2}+8 x +5}{x \left (x^{2}+3 x +3\right )}, P_{3}\left (x \right )=\frac {9 x^{2}+2 x -1}{x^{2} \left (x^{2}+3 x +3\right )}\right ] \\ {} & \circ & x \cdot P_{2}\left (x \right )\textrm {is analytic at}\hspace {3pt} x =0 \\ {} & {} & \left (x \cdot P_{2}\left (x \right )\right )\bigg | {\mstack {}{_{x \hiderel {=}0}}}=\frac {5}{3} \\ {} & \circ & x^{2}\cdot P_{3}\left (x \right )\textrm {is analytic at}\hspace {3pt} x =0 \\ {} & {} & \left (x^{2}\cdot P_{3}\left (x \right )\right )\bigg | {\mstack {}{_{x \hiderel {=}0}}}=-\frac {1}{3} \\ {} & \circ & x =0\textrm {is a regular singular point}\hspace {3pt} \\ & {} & \textrm {Check to see if}\hspace {3pt} x_{0}\hspace {3pt}\textrm {is a regular singular point}\hspace {3pt} \\ {} & {} & x_{0}=0 \\ \bullet & {} & \textrm {Multiply by denominators}\hspace {3pt} \\ {} & {} & x^{2} \left (x^{2}+3 x +3\right ) y^{\prime \prime }+x \left (7 x^{2}+8 x +5\right ) y^{\prime }+\left (9 x^{2}+2 x -1\right ) y=0 \\ \bullet & {} & \textrm {Assume series solution for}\hspace {3pt} y \\ {} & {} & y=\moverset {\infty }{\munderset {k =0}{\sum }}a_{k} x^{k +r} \\ \square & {} & \textrm {Rewrite ODE with series expansions}\hspace {3pt} \\ {} & \circ & \textrm {Convert}\hspace {3pt} x^{m}\cdot y\hspace {3pt}\textrm {to series expansion for}\hspace {3pt} m =0..2 \\ {} & {} & x^{m}\cdot y=\moverset {\infty }{\munderset {k =0}{\sum }}a_{k} x^{k +r +m} \\ {} & \circ & \textrm {Shift index using}\hspace {3pt} k \mathrm {->}k -m \\ {} & {} & x^{m}\cdot y=\moverset {\infty }{\munderset {k =m}{\sum }}a_{k -m} x^{k +r} \\ {} & \circ & \textrm {Convert}\hspace {3pt} x^{m}\cdot y^{\prime }\hspace {3pt}\textrm {to series expansion for}\hspace {3pt} m =1..3 \\ {} & {} & x^{m}\cdot y^{\prime }=\moverset {\infty }{\munderset {k =0}{\sum }}a_{k} \left (k +r \right ) x^{k +r -1+m} \\ {} & \circ & \textrm {Shift index using}\hspace {3pt} k \mathrm {->}k +1-m \\ {} & {} & x^{m}\cdot y^{\prime }=\moverset {\infty }{\munderset {k =-1+m}{\sum }}a_{k +1-m} \left (k +1-m +r \right ) x^{k +r} \\ {} & \circ & \textrm {Convert}\hspace {3pt} x^{m}\cdot y^{\prime \prime }\hspace {3pt}\textrm {to series expansion for}\hspace {3pt} m =2..4 \\ {} & {} & x^{m}\cdot y^{\prime \prime }=\moverset {\infty }{\munderset {k =0}{\sum }}a_{k} \left (k +r \right ) \left (k +r -1\right ) x^{k +r -2+m} \\ {} & \circ & \textrm {Shift index using}\hspace {3pt} k \mathrm {->}k +2-m \\ {} & {} & x^{m}\cdot y^{\prime \prime }=\moverset {\infty }{\munderset {k =-2+m}{\sum }}a_{k +2-m} \left (k +2-m +r \right ) \left (k +1-m +r \right ) x^{k +r} \\ & {} & \textrm {Rewrite ODE with series expansions}\hspace {3pt} \\ {} & {} & a_{0} \left (1+r \right ) \left (-1+3 r \right ) x^{r}+\left (a_{1} \left (2+r \right ) \left (2+3 r \right )+a_{0} \left (1+r \right ) \left (2+3 r \right )\right ) x^{1+r}+\left (\moverset {\infty }{\munderset {k =2}{\sum }}\left (a_{k} \left (k +r +1\right ) \left (3 k +3 r -1\right )+a_{k -1} \left (k +r \right ) \left (3 k +3 r -1\right )+a_{k -2} \left (k +r +1\right )^{2}\right ) x^{k +r}\right )=0 \\ \bullet & {} & a_{0}\textrm {cannot be 0 by assumption, giving the indicial equation}\hspace {3pt} \\ {} & {} & \left (1+r \right ) \left (-1+3 r \right )=0 \\ \bullet & {} & \textrm {Values of r that satisfy the indicial equation}\hspace {3pt} \\ {} & {} & r \in \left \{-1, \frac {1}{3}\right \} \\ \bullet & {} & \textrm {Each term must be 0}\hspace {3pt} \\ {} & {} & a_{1} \left (2+r \right ) \left (2+3 r \right )+a_{0} \left (1+r \right ) \left (2+3 r \right )=0 \\ \bullet & {} & \textrm {Solve for the dependent coefficient(s)}\hspace {3pt} \\ {} & {} & a_{1}=-\frac {\left (1+r \right ) a_{0}}{2+r} \\ \bullet & {} & \textrm {Each term in the series must be 0, giving the recursion relation}\hspace {3pt} \\ {} & {} & a_{k -2} \left (k +r +1\right )^{2}+3 \left (k +r -\frac {1}{3}\right ) \left (a_{k} \left (k +r +1\right )+a_{k -1} \left (k +r \right )\right )=0 \\ \bullet & {} & \textrm {Shift index using}\hspace {3pt} k \mathrm {->}k +2 \\ {} & {} & a_{k} \left (k +r +3\right )^{2}+3 \left (k +\frac {5}{3}+r \right ) \left (a_{k +2} \left (k +r +3\right )+a_{k +1} \left (k +2+r \right )\right )=0 \\ \bullet & {} & \textrm {Recursion relation that defines series solution to ODE}\hspace {3pt} \\ {} & {} & a_{k +2}=-\frac {k^{2} a_{k}+3 k^{2} a_{k +1}+2 k r a_{k}+6 k r a_{k +1}+r^{2} a_{k}+3 r^{2} a_{k +1}+6 k a_{k}+11 k a_{k +1}+6 r a_{k}+11 r a_{k +1}+9 a_{k}+10 a_{k +1}}{\left (3 k +5+3 r \right ) \left (k +r +3\right )} \\ \bullet & {} & \textrm {Recursion relation for}\hspace {3pt} r =-1 \\ {} & {} & a_{k +2}=-\frac {k^{2} a_{k}+3 k^{2} a_{k +1}+4 k a_{k}+5 k a_{k +1}+4 a_{k}+2 a_{k +1}}{\left (3 k +2\right ) \left (k +2\right )} \\ \bullet & {} & \textrm {Solution for}\hspace {3pt} r =-1 \\ {} & {} & \left [y=\moverset {\infty }{\munderset {k =0}{\sum }}a_{k} x^{k -1}, a_{k +2}=-\frac {k^{2} a_{k}+3 k^{2} a_{k +1}+4 k a_{k}+5 k a_{k +1}+4 a_{k}+2 a_{k +1}}{\left (3 k +2\right ) \left (k +2\right )}, a_{1}=0\right ] \\ \bullet & {} & \textrm {Recursion relation for}\hspace {3pt} r =\frac {1}{3} \\ {} & {} & a_{k +2}=-\frac {k^{2} a_{k}+3 k^{2} a_{k +1}+\frac {20}{3} k a_{k}+13 k a_{k +1}+\frac {100}{9} a_{k}+14 a_{k +1}}{\left (3 k +6\right ) \left (k +\frac {10}{3}\right )} \\ \bullet & {} & \textrm {Solution for}\hspace {3pt} r =\frac {1}{3} \\ {} & {} & \left [y=\moverset {\infty }{\munderset {k =0}{\sum }}a_{k} x^{k +\frac {1}{3}}, a_{k +2}=-\frac {k^{2} a_{k}+3 k^{2} a_{k +1}+\frac {20}{3} k a_{k}+13 k a_{k +1}+\frac {100}{9} a_{k}+14 a_{k +1}}{\left (3 k +6\right ) \left (k +\frac {10}{3}\right )}, a_{1}=-\frac {4 a_{0}}{7}\right ] \\ \bullet & {} & \textrm {Combine solutions and rename parameters}\hspace {3pt} \\ {} & {} & \left [y=\left (\moverset {\infty }{\munderset {k =0}{\sum }}a_{k} x^{k -1}\right )+\left (\moverset {\infty }{\munderset {k =0}{\sum }}b_{k} x^{k +\frac {1}{3}}\right ), a_{k +2}=-\frac {k^{2} a_{k}+3 k^{2} a_{1+k}+4 k a_{k}+5 k a_{1+k}+4 a_{k}+2 a_{1+k}}{\left (3 k +2\right ) \left (k +2\right )}, a_{1}=0, b_{k +2}=-\frac {k^{2} b_{k}+3 k^{2} b_{1+k}+\frac {20}{3} k b_{k}+13 k b_{1+k}+\frac {100}{9} b_{k}+14 b_{1+k}}{\left (3 k +6\right ) \left (k +\frac {10}{3}\right )}, b_{1}=-\frac {4 b_{0}}{7}\right ] \end {array} \]
Maple trace
`Methods for second order ODEs: --- Trying classification methods --- trying a quadrature checking if the LODE has constant coefficients checking if the LODE is of Euler type trying a symmetry of the form [xi=0, eta=F(x)] checking if the LODE is missing y -> Trying a Liouvillian solution using Kovacics algorithm <- No Liouvillian solutions exists -> Trying a solution in terms of special functions: -> Bessel -> elliptic -> Legendre -> Kummer -> hyper3: Equivalence to 1F1 under a power @ Moebius -> hypergeometric -> heuristic approach -> hyper3: Equivalence to 2F1, 1F1 or 0F1 under a power @ Moebius -> Mathieu -> Equivalence to the rational form of Mathieu ODE under a power @ Moebius trying a solution in terms of MeijerG functions -> Heun: Equivalence to the GHE or one of its 4 confluent cases under a power @ Moebius <- Heun successful: received ODE is equivalent to the HeunG ODE, case a <> 0, e <> 0, g <> 0, c = 0 `
✓ Solution by Maple
Time used: 0.031 (sec). Leaf size: 43
Order:=6; dsolve(x^2*(3+3*x+x^2)*diff(y(x),x$2)+x*(5+8*x+7*x^2)*diff(y(x),x)-(1-2*x-9*x^2)*y(x)=0,y(x),type='series',x=0);
\[ y \left (x \right ) = \frac {c_{2} x^{\frac {4}{3}} \left (1-\frac {4}{7} x -\frac {7}{45} x^{2}+\frac {970}{2457} x^{3}-\frac {5707}{22680} x^{4}+\frac {13568}{300105} x^{5}+\operatorname {O}\left (x^{6}\right )\right )+c_{1} \left (1-x^{2}+\frac {2}{3} x^{3}-\frac {10}{33} x^{5}+\operatorname {O}\left (x^{6}\right )\right )}{x} \]
✓ Solution by Mathematica
Time used: 0.007 (sec). Leaf size: 74
AsymptoticDSolveValue[x^2*(3+3*x+x^2)*y''[x]+x*(5+8*x+7*x^2)*y'[x]-(1-2*x-9*x^2)*y[x]==0,y[x],{x,0,5}]
\[ y(x)\to \frac {c_2 \left (-\frac {10 x^5}{33}+\frac {2 x^3}{3}-x^2+1\right )}{x}+c_1 \sqrt [3]{x} \left (\frac {13568 x^5}{300105}-\frac {5707 x^4}{22680}+\frac {970 x^3}{2457}-\frac {7 x^2}{45}-\frac {4 x}{7}+1\right ) \]