Internal problem ID [10535]
Internal file name [OUTPUT/9483_Monday_June_06_2022_02_50_30_PM_22071506/index.tex
]
Book: Handbook of exact solutions for ordinary differential equations. By Polyanin and Zaitsev.
Second edition
Section: Chapter 1, section 1.2. Riccati Equation. subsection 1.2.6-4. Equations with
cotangent.
Problem number: 38.
ODE order: 1.
ODE degree: 1.
The type(s) of ODE detected by this program : "riccati"
Maple gives the following as the ode type
[_Riccati]
\[ \boxed {y^{\prime }-y^{2}=\lambda a +a \left (-a +\lambda \right ) \cot \left (\lambda x \right )^{2}} \]
In canonical form the ODE is \begin {align*} y' &= F(x,y)\\ &= -a^{2} \cot \left (\lambda x \right )^{2}+a \cot \left (\lambda x \right )^{2} \lambda +\lambda a +y^{2} \end {align*}
This is a Riccati ODE. Comparing the ODE to solve \[ y' = -a^{2} \cot \left (\lambda x \right )^{2}+a \cot \left (\lambda x \right )^{2} \lambda +\lambda a +y^{2} \] With Riccati ODE standard form \[ y' = f_0(x)+ f_1(x)y+f_2(x)y^{2} \] Shows that \(f_0(x)=-a^{2} \cot \left (\lambda x \right )^{2}+a \cot \left (\lambda x \right )^{2} \lambda +\lambda a\), \(f_1(x)=0\) and \(f_2(x)=1\). Let \begin {align*} y &= \frac {-u'}{f_2 u} \\ &= \frac {-u'}{u} \tag {1} \end {align*}
Using the above substitution in the given ODE results (after some simplification)in a second order ODE to solve for \(u(x)\) which is \begin {align*} f_2 u''(x) -\left ( f_2' + f_1 f_2 \right ) u'(x) + f_2^2 f_0 u(x) &= 0 \tag {2} \end {align*}
But \begin {align*} f_2' &=0\\ f_1 f_2 &=0\\ f_2^2 f_0 &=-a^{2} \cot \left (\lambda x \right )^{2}+a \cot \left (\lambda x \right )^{2} \lambda +\lambda a \end {align*}
Substituting the above terms back in equation (2) gives \begin {align*} u^{\prime \prime }\left (x \right )+\left (-a^{2} \cot \left (\lambda x \right )^{2}+a \cot \left (\lambda x \right )^{2} \lambda +\lambda a \right ) u \left (x \right ) &=0 \end {align*}
Solving the above ODE (this ode solved using Maple, not this program), gives
\[ u \left (x \right ) = \sqrt {\sin \left (\lambda x \right )}\, \left (c_{1} \operatorname {LegendreP}\left (\frac {2 a -\lambda }{2 \lambda }, \frac {2 a -\lambda }{2 \lambda }, \cos \left (\lambda x \right )\right )+c_{2} \operatorname {LegendreQ}\left (\frac {2 a -\lambda }{2 \lambda }, \frac {2 a -\lambda }{2 \lambda }, \cos \left (\lambda x \right )\right )\right ) \] The above shows that \[ u^{\prime }\left (x \right ) = -\frac {\cos \left (\lambda x \right ) \operatorname {LegendreP}\left (\frac {2 a -\lambda }{2 \lambda }, \frac {2 a -\lambda }{2 \lambda }, \cos \left (\lambda x \right )\right ) c_{1} a +\cos \left (\lambda x \right ) \operatorname {LegendreQ}\left (\frac {2 a -\lambda }{2 \lambda }, \frac {2 a -\lambda }{2 \lambda }, \cos \left (\lambda x \right )\right ) c_{2} a -\lambda \left (\operatorname {LegendreP}\left (\frac {2 a +\lambda }{2 \lambda }, \frac {2 a -\lambda }{2 \lambda }, \cos \left (\lambda x \right )\right ) c_{1} +\operatorname {LegendreQ}\left (\frac {2 a +\lambda }{2 \lambda }, \frac {2 a -\lambda }{2 \lambda }, \cos \left (\lambda x \right )\right ) c_{2} \right )}{\sqrt {\sin \left (\lambda x \right )}} \] Using the above in (1) gives the solution \[ y = \frac {\cos \left (\lambda x \right ) \operatorname {LegendreP}\left (\frac {2 a -\lambda }{2 \lambda }, \frac {2 a -\lambda }{2 \lambda }, \cos \left (\lambda x \right )\right ) c_{1} a +\cos \left (\lambda x \right ) \operatorname {LegendreQ}\left (\frac {2 a -\lambda }{2 \lambda }, \frac {2 a -\lambda }{2 \lambda }, \cos \left (\lambda x \right )\right ) c_{2} a -\lambda \left (\operatorname {LegendreP}\left (\frac {2 a +\lambda }{2 \lambda }, \frac {2 a -\lambda }{2 \lambda }, \cos \left (\lambda x \right )\right ) c_{1} +\operatorname {LegendreQ}\left (\frac {2 a +\lambda }{2 \lambda }, \frac {2 a -\lambda }{2 \lambda }, \cos \left (\lambda x \right )\right ) c_{2} \right )}{\sin \left (\lambda x \right ) \left (c_{1} \operatorname {LegendreP}\left (\frac {2 a -\lambda }{2 \lambda }, \frac {2 a -\lambda }{2 \lambda }, \cos \left (\lambda x \right )\right )+c_{2} \operatorname {LegendreQ}\left (\frac {2 a -\lambda }{2 \lambda }, \frac {2 a -\lambda }{2 \lambda }, \cos \left (\lambda x \right )\right )\right )} \] Dividing both numerator and denominator by \(c_{1}\) gives, after renaming the constant \(\frac {c_{2}}{c_{1}}=c_{3}\) the following solution
\[ y = \frac {\csc \left (\lambda x \right ) \left (\cos \left (\lambda x \right ) \operatorname {LegendreP}\left (\frac {2 a -\lambda }{2 \lambda }, \frac {2 a -\lambda }{2 \lambda }, \cos \left (\lambda x \right )\right ) c_{3} a +\cos \left (\lambda x \right ) \operatorname {LegendreQ}\left (\frac {2 a -\lambda }{2 \lambda }, \frac {2 a -\lambda }{2 \lambda }, \cos \left (\lambda x \right )\right ) a -\lambda \left (\operatorname {LegendreP}\left (\frac {2 a +\lambda }{2 \lambda }, \frac {2 a -\lambda }{2 \lambda }, \cos \left (\lambda x \right )\right ) c_{3} +\operatorname {LegendreQ}\left (\frac {2 a +\lambda }{2 \lambda }, \frac {2 a -\lambda }{2 \lambda }, \cos \left (\lambda x \right )\right )\right )\right )}{c_{3} \operatorname {LegendreP}\left (\frac {2 a -\lambda }{2 \lambda }, \frac {2 a -\lambda }{2 \lambda }, \cos \left (\lambda x \right )\right )+\operatorname {LegendreQ}\left (\frac {2 a -\lambda }{2 \lambda }, \frac {2 a -\lambda }{2 \lambda }, \cos \left (\lambda x \right )\right )} \]
The solution(s) found are the following \begin{align*} \tag{1} y &= \frac {\csc \left (\lambda x \right ) \left (\cos \left (\lambda x \right ) \operatorname {LegendreP}\left (\frac {2 a -\lambda }{2 \lambda }, \frac {2 a -\lambda }{2 \lambda }, \cos \left (\lambda x \right )\right ) c_{3} a +\cos \left (\lambda x \right ) \operatorname {LegendreQ}\left (\frac {2 a -\lambda }{2 \lambda }, \frac {2 a -\lambda }{2 \lambda }, \cos \left (\lambda x \right )\right ) a -\lambda \left (\operatorname {LegendreP}\left (\frac {2 a +\lambda }{2 \lambda }, \frac {2 a -\lambda }{2 \lambda }, \cos \left (\lambda x \right )\right ) c_{3} +\operatorname {LegendreQ}\left (\frac {2 a +\lambda }{2 \lambda }, \frac {2 a -\lambda }{2 \lambda }, \cos \left (\lambda x \right )\right )\right )\right )}{c_{3} \operatorname {LegendreP}\left (\frac {2 a -\lambda }{2 \lambda }, \frac {2 a -\lambda }{2 \lambda }, \cos \left (\lambda x \right )\right )+\operatorname {LegendreQ}\left (\frac {2 a -\lambda }{2 \lambda }, \frac {2 a -\lambda }{2 \lambda }, \cos \left (\lambda x \right )\right )} \\ \end{align*}
Verification of solutions
\[ y = \frac {\csc \left (\lambda x \right ) \left (\cos \left (\lambda x \right ) \operatorname {LegendreP}\left (\frac {2 a -\lambda }{2 \lambda }, \frac {2 a -\lambda }{2 \lambda }, \cos \left (\lambda x \right )\right ) c_{3} a +\cos \left (\lambda x \right ) \operatorname {LegendreQ}\left (\frac {2 a -\lambda }{2 \lambda }, \frac {2 a -\lambda }{2 \lambda }, \cos \left (\lambda x \right )\right ) a -\lambda \left (\operatorname {LegendreP}\left (\frac {2 a +\lambda }{2 \lambda }, \frac {2 a -\lambda }{2 \lambda }, \cos \left (\lambda x \right )\right ) c_{3} +\operatorname {LegendreQ}\left (\frac {2 a +\lambda }{2 \lambda }, \frac {2 a -\lambda }{2 \lambda }, \cos \left (\lambda x \right )\right )\right )\right )}{c_{3} \operatorname {LegendreP}\left (\frac {2 a -\lambda }{2 \lambda }, \frac {2 a -\lambda }{2 \lambda }, \cos \left (\lambda x \right )\right )+\operatorname {LegendreQ}\left (\frac {2 a -\lambda }{2 \lambda }, \frac {2 a -\lambda }{2 \lambda }, \cos \left (\lambda x \right )\right )} \] Verified OK.
\[ \begin {array}{lll} & {} & \textrm {Let's solve}\hspace {3pt} \\ {} & {} & y^{\prime }-y^{2}=\lambda a +a \left (-a +\lambda \right ) \cot \left (\lambda x \right )^{2} \\ \bullet & {} & \textrm {Highest derivative means the order of the ODE is}\hspace {3pt} 1 \\ {} & {} & y^{\prime } \\ \bullet & {} & \textrm {Solve for the highest derivative}\hspace {3pt} \\ {} & {} & y^{\prime }=y^{2}+\lambda a +a \left (-a +\lambda \right ) \cot \left (\lambda x \right )^{2} \end {array} \]
Maple trace Kovacic algorithm successful
`Methods for first order ODEs: --- Trying classification methods --- trying a quadrature trying 1st order linear trying Bernoulli trying separable trying inverse linear trying homogeneous types: trying Chini differential order: 1; looking for linear symmetries trying exact Looking for potential symmetries trying Riccati trying Riccati Special trying Riccati sub-methods: trying Riccati_symmetries trying Riccati to 2nd Order -> Calling odsolve with the ODE`, diff(diff(y(x), x), x) = (a^2*cot(lambda*x)^2-a*cot(lambda*x)^2*lambda-a*lambda)*y(x), y(x)` Methods for second order ODEs: --- Trying classification methods --- trying a symmetry of the form [xi=0, eta=F(x)] checking if the LODE is missing y -> Heun: Equivalence to the GHE or one of its 4 confluent cases under a power @ Moebius -> trying a solution of the form r0(x) * Y + r1(x) * Y where Y = exp(int(r(x), dx)) * 2F1([a1, a2], [b1], f) -> Trying changes of variables to rationalize or make the ODE simpler trying a quadrature checking if the LODE has constant coefficients checking if the LODE is of Euler type trying a symmetry of the form [xi=0, eta=F(x)] checking if the LODE is missing y -> Trying a Liouvillian solution using Kovacics algorithm A Liouvillian solution exists Reducible group (found an exponential solution) Group is reducible, not completely reducible Solution has integrals. Trying a special function solution free of integrals... -> Trying a solution in terms of special functions: -> Bessel -> elliptic -> Legendre <- Legendre successful <- special function solution successful -> Trying to convert hypergeometric functions to elementary form... <- elementary form is not straightforward to achieve - returning special function solution free of uncomputed integra <- Kovacics algorithm successful Change of variables used: [x = 1/lambda*arccos(t)] Linear ODE actually solved: (a^2*t^2-a*lambda)*u(t)+(-lambda^2*t^3+lambda^2*t)*diff(u(t),t)+(-lambda^2*t^4+2*lambda^2*t^2-lambda^2)*diff(diff(u(t),t <- change of variables successful <- Riccati to 2nd Order successful`
✓ Solution by Maple
Time used: 0.0 (sec). Leaf size: 204
dsolve(diff(y(x),x)=y(x)^2+a*lambda+a*(lambda-a)*cot(lambda*x)^2,y(x), singsol=all)
\[ y \left (x \right ) = \frac {\left (\cos \left (x \lambda \right ) \operatorname {LegendreP}\left (\frac {2 a -\lambda }{2 \lambda }, \frac {2 a -\lambda }{2 \lambda }, \cos \left (x \lambda \right )\right ) a +\operatorname {LegendreQ}\left (\frac {2 a -\lambda }{2 \lambda }, \frac {2 a -\lambda }{2 \lambda }, \cos \left (x \lambda \right )\right ) \cos \left (x \lambda \right ) c_{1} a -\lambda \left (\operatorname {LegendreQ}\left (\frac {2 a +\lambda }{2 \lambda }, \frac {2 a -\lambda }{2 \lambda }, \cos \left (x \lambda \right )\right ) c_{1} +\operatorname {LegendreP}\left (\frac {2 a +\lambda }{2 \lambda }, \frac {2 a -\lambda }{2 \lambda }, \cos \left (x \lambda \right )\right )\right )\right ) \csc \left (x \lambda \right )}{\operatorname {LegendreQ}\left (\frac {2 a -\lambda }{2 \lambda }, \frac {2 a -\lambda }{2 \lambda }, \cos \left (x \lambda \right )\right ) c_{1} +\operatorname {LegendreP}\left (\frac {2 a -\lambda }{2 \lambda }, \frac {2 a -\lambda }{2 \lambda }, \cos \left (x \lambda \right )\right )} \]
✗ Solution by Mathematica
Time used: 0.0 (sec). Leaf size: 0
DSolve[y'[x]==y[x]^2+a*\[Lambda]+a*(\[Lambda]-a)*Cot[\[Lambda]*x]^2,y[x],x,IncludeSingularSolutions -> True]
Not solved