Internal problem ID [10992]
Internal file name [OUTPUT/10249_Sunday_December_31_2023_11_24_09_AM_34106090/index.tex]
Book: Handbook of exact solutions for ordinary differential equations. By Polyanin and Zaitsev.
Second edition
Section: Chapter 2, Second-Order Differential Equations. section 2.1.2-5 Equation of form
\((a x^2+b x+c) y''+f(x)y'+g(x)y=0\)
Problem number: 169.
ODE order: 2.
ODE degree: 1.
The type(s) of ODE detected by this program : "unknown"
Maple gives the following as the ode type
[[_2nd_order, _with_linear_symmetries]]
Unable to solve or complete the solution.
\[ \boxed {\left (a \,x^{2}+b \right ) y^{\prime \prime }+\left (c \,x^{2}+d \right ) y^{\prime }+\lambda \left (\left (-a \lambda +c \right ) x^{2}+d -b \lambda \right ) y=0} \]
Maple trace Kovacic algorithm successful
`Methods for second order ODEs: --- Trying classification methods --- trying a quadrature checking if the LODE has constant coefficients checking if the LODE is of Euler type trying a symmetry of the form [xi=0, eta=F(x)] checking if the LODE is missing y -> Trying a Liouvillian solution using Kovacics algorithm A Liouvillian solution exists Reducible group (found an exponential solution) Group is reducible, not completely reducible Solution has integrals. Trying a special function solution free of integrals... -> Trying a solution in terms of special functions: -> Bessel -> elliptic -> Legendre -> Kummer -> hyper3: Equivalence to 1F1 under a power @ Moebius -> hypergeometric -> heuristic approach -> hyper3: Equivalence to 2F1, 1F1 or 0F1 under a power @ Moebius -> Mathieu -> Equivalence to the rational form of Mathieu ODE under a power @ Moebius -> Heun: Equivalence to the GHE or one of its 4 confluent cases under a power @ Moebius <- Heun successful: received ODE is equivalent to the HeunC ODE, case a <> 0, e <> 0, c = 0 <- Kovacics algorithm successful`
✓ Solution by Maple
Time used: 0.281 (sec). Leaf size: 939
dsolve((a*x^2+b)*diff(y(x),x$2)+(c*x^2+d)*diff(y(x),x)+lambda*((c-a*lambda)*x^2+d-b*lambda)*y(x)=0,y(x), singsol=all)
\[ y \left (x \right ) = \left (-a x +\sqrt {-a b}\right )^{\frac {2 a^{2} b +\sqrt {4 a^{2} b \left (a d -b c \right ) \sqrt {-a b}+4 a^{4} b^{2}-a^{3} b \,d^{2}+2 d \,b^{2} c \,a^{2}-b^{3} c^{2} a}}{4 a^{2} b}} \left (c_{2} \left (a x +\sqrt {-a b}\right )^{-\frac {-2 a^{2} b +\sqrt {-a b \left (4 \sqrt {-a b}\, a^{2} d -4 \sqrt {-a b}\, a b c -4 a^{3} b +a^{2} d^{2}-2 a b c d +b^{2} c^{2}\right )}}{4 a^{2} b}} \operatorname {HeunC}\left (\frac {\left (4 a \lambda -2 c \right ) \sqrt {-\frac {b}{a}}}{a}, -\frac {\sqrt {-a b \left (4 \sqrt {-a b}\, a^{2} d -4 \sqrt {-a b}\, a b c -4 a^{3} b +a^{2} d^{2}-2 a b c d +b^{2} c^{2}\right )}}{2 a^{2} b}, \frac {\sqrt {4 a^{2} b \left (a d -b c \right ) \sqrt {-a b}+4 a^{4} b^{2}-a^{3} b \,d^{2}+2 d \,b^{2} c \,a^{2}-b^{3} c^{2} a}}{2 a^{2} b}, 0, \frac {\lambda d}{a}-\frac {b c \lambda }{a^{2}}+\frac {1}{2}-\frac {d^{2}}{8 a b}-\frac {c d}{4 a^{2}}+\frac {3 b \,c^{2}}{8 a^{3}}, \frac {a x}{2 \sqrt {-a b}}+\frac {1}{2}\right ) {\mathrm e}^{\frac {-i \pi \sqrt {4 a^{2} b \left (a d -b c \right ) \sqrt {-a b}+4 a^{4} b^{2}-a^{3} b \,d^{2}+2 d \,b^{2} c \,a^{2}-b^{3} c^{2} a}+i \pi \sqrt {-a b \left (4 \sqrt {-a b}\, a^{2} d -4 \sqrt {-a b}\, a b c -4 a^{3} b +a^{2} d^{2}-2 a b c d +b^{2} c^{2}\right )}-4 b \left (a^{2} \left (\frac {d}{\sqrt {b}\, \sqrt {a}}-\frac {\sqrt {b}\, c}{a^{\frac {3}{2}}}\right ) \arctan \left (\frac {\sqrt {a}\, x}{\sqrt {b}}\right )+\left (-2 a \lambda +c \right ) \sqrt {-a b}-2 a x \left (a \lambda -c \right )\right )}{8 a^{2} b}}+c_{1} \left (a x +\sqrt {-a b}\right )^{\frac {2 a^{2} b +\sqrt {-a b \left (4 \sqrt {-a b}\, a^{2} d -4 \sqrt {-a b}\, a b c -4 a^{3} b +a^{2} d^{2}-2 a b c d +b^{2} c^{2}\right )}}{4 a^{2} b}} {\mathrm e}^{x \lambda +\frac {\sqrt {-a b}\, \lambda }{a}-\frac {c x}{a}-\frac {\sqrt {-a b}\, c}{2 a^{2}}-\frac {\arctan \left (\frac {\sqrt {a}\, x}{\sqrt {b}}\right ) d}{2 \sqrt {a}\, \sqrt {b}}+\frac {\sqrt {b}\, \arctan \left (\frac {\sqrt {a}\, x}{\sqrt {b}}\right ) c}{2 a^{\frac {3}{2}}}} \operatorname {HeunC}\left (\frac {\left (4 a \lambda -2 c \right ) \sqrt {-\frac {b}{a}}}{a}, \frac {\sqrt {-a b \left (4 \sqrt {-a b}\, a^{2} d -4 \sqrt {-a b}\, a b c -4 a^{3} b +a^{2} d^{2}-2 a b c d +b^{2} c^{2}\right )}}{2 a^{2} b}, \frac {\sqrt {4 a^{2} b \left (a d -b c \right ) \sqrt {-a b}+4 a^{4} b^{2}-a^{3} b \,d^{2}+2 d \,b^{2} c \,a^{2}-b^{3} c^{2} a}}{2 a^{2} b}, 0, \frac {\lambda d}{a}-\frac {b c \lambda }{a^{2}}+\frac {1}{2}-\frac {d^{2}}{8 a b}-\frac {c d}{4 a^{2}}+\frac {3 b \,c^{2}}{8 a^{3}}, \frac {a x}{2 \sqrt {-a b}}+\frac {1}{2}\right )\right ) \]
✓ Solution by Mathematica
Time used: 2.859 (sec). Leaf size: 74
DSolve[(a*x^2+b)*y''[x]+(c*x^2+d)*y'[x]+\[Lambda]*((c-a*\[Lambda])*x^2+d-b*\[Lambda])*y[x]==0,y[x],x,IncludeSingularSolutions -> True]
\[ y(x)\to e^{\lambda (-x)} \left (c_2 \int _1^x\exp \left (\frac {(b c-a d) \arctan \left (\frac {\sqrt {a} K[1]}{\sqrt {b}}\right )}{a^{3/2} \sqrt {b}}+\left (2 \lambda -\frac {c}{a}\right ) K[1]\right )dK[1]+c_1\right ) \]