Internal problem ID [11049]
Internal file name [OUTPUT/10306_Wednesday_January_24_2024_10_07_00_PM_65258785/index.tex]
Book: Handbook of exact solutions for ordinary differential equations. By Polyanin and Zaitsev.
Second edition
Section: Chapter 2, Second-Order Differential Equations. section 2.1.2-7 Equation of form
\((a_4 x^4+a_3 x^3+a_2 x^2 x+a_1 x+a_0) y''+f(x)y'+g(x)y=0\)
Problem number: 225.
ODE order: 2.
ODE degree: 1.
The type(s) of ODE detected by this program : "unknown"
Maple gives the following as the ode type
[[_2nd_order, _with_linear_symmetries]]
Unable to solve or complete the solution.
\[ \boxed {\left (x^{2}-1\right )^{2} y^{\prime \prime }+2 x \left (x^{2}-1\right ) y^{\prime }-\left (\nu \left (\nu +1\right ) \left (x^{2}-1\right )+n^{2}\right ) y=0} \]
\[ \begin {array}{lll} & {} & \textrm {Let's solve}\hspace {3pt} \\ {} & {} & \left (\frac {d}{d x}y^{\prime }\right ) \left (x^{4}-2 x^{2}+1\right )+\left (2 x^{3}-2 x \right ) y^{\prime }+\left (-\nu ^{2} x^{2}-\nu \,x^{2}-n^{2}+\nu ^{2}+\nu \right ) y=0 \\ \bullet & {} & \textrm {Highest derivative means the order of the ODE is}\hspace {3pt} 2 \\ {} & {} & \frac {d}{d x}y^{\prime } \\ \bullet & {} & \textrm {Isolate 2nd derivative}\hspace {3pt} \\ {} & {} & \frac {d}{d x}y^{\prime }=\frac {\left (\nu ^{2} x^{2}+\nu \,x^{2}+n^{2}-\nu ^{2}-\nu \right ) y}{x^{4}-2 x^{2}+1}-\frac {2 x y^{\prime }}{x^{2}-1} \\ \bullet & {} & \textrm {Group terms with}\hspace {3pt} y\hspace {3pt}\textrm {on the lhs of the ODE and the rest on the rhs of the ODE; ODE is linear}\hspace {3pt} \\ {} & {} & \frac {d}{d x}y^{\prime }+\frac {2 x y^{\prime }}{x^{2}-1}-\frac {\left (\nu ^{2} x^{2}+\nu \,x^{2}+n^{2}-\nu ^{2}-\nu \right ) y}{x^{4}-2 x^{2}+1}=0 \\ \square & {} & \textrm {Check to see if}\hspace {3pt} x_{0}\hspace {3pt}\textrm {is a regular singular point}\hspace {3pt} \\ {} & \circ & \textrm {Define functions}\hspace {3pt} \\ {} & {} & \left [P_{2}\left (x \right )=\frac {2 x}{x^{2}-1}, P_{3}\left (x \right )=-\frac {\nu ^{2} x^{2}+\nu \,x^{2}+n^{2}-\nu ^{2}-\nu }{x^{4}-2 x^{2}+1}\right ] \\ {} & \circ & \left (x +1\right )\cdot P_{2}\left (x \right )\textrm {is analytic at}\hspace {3pt} x =-1 \\ {} & {} & \left (\left (x +1\right )\cdot P_{2}\left (x \right )\right )\bigg | {\mstack {}{_{x \hiderel {=}-1}}}=1 \\ {} & \circ & \left (x +1\right )^{2}\cdot P_{3}\left (x \right )\textrm {is analytic at}\hspace {3pt} x =-1 \\ {} & {} & \left (\left (x +1\right )^{2}\cdot P_{3}\left (x \right )\right )\bigg | {\mstack {}{_{x \hiderel {=}-1}}}=-\frac {n^{2}}{4} \\ {} & \circ & x =-1\textrm {is a regular singular point}\hspace {3pt} \\ & {} & \textrm {Check to see if}\hspace {3pt} x_{0}\hspace {3pt}\textrm {is a regular singular point}\hspace {3pt} \\ {} & {} & x_{0}=-1 \\ \bullet & {} & \textrm {Multiply by denominators}\hspace {3pt} \\ {} & {} & \left (\frac {d}{d x}y^{\prime }\right ) \left (x^{2}-1\right ) \left (x^{4}-2 x^{2}+1\right )+2 y^{\prime } x \left (x^{4}-2 x^{2}+1\right )-\left (\nu ^{2} x^{2}+\nu \,x^{2}+n^{2}-\nu ^{2}-\nu \right ) \left (x^{2}-1\right ) y=0 \\ \bullet & {} & \textrm {Change variables using}\hspace {3pt} x =u -1\hspace {3pt}\textrm {so that the regular singular point is at}\hspace {3pt} u =0 \\ {} & {} & \left (u^{6}-6 u^{5}+12 u^{4}-8 u^{3}\right ) \left (\frac {d}{d u}\frac {d}{d u}y \left (u \right )\right )+\left (2 u^{5}-10 u^{4}+16 u^{3}-8 u^{2}\right ) \left (\frac {d}{d u}y \left (u \right )\right )+\left (-\nu ^{2} u^{4}+4 \nu ^{2} u^{3}-\nu \,u^{4}-n^{2} u^{2}-4 \nu ^{2} u^{2}+4 \nu \,u^{3}+2 n^{2} u -4 \nu \,u^{2}\right ) y \left (u \right )=0 \\ \bullet & {} & \textrm {Assume series solution for}\hspace {3pt} y \left (u \right ) \\ {} & {} & y \left (u \right )=\moverset {\infty }{\munderset {k =0}{\sum }}a_{k} u^{k +r} \\ \square & {} & \textrm {Rewrite ODE with series expansions}\hspace {3pt} \\ {} & \circ & \textrm {Convert}\hspace {3pt} u^{m}\cdot y \left (u \right )\hspace {3pt}\textrm {to series expansion for}\hspace {3pt} m =1..4 \\ {} & {} & u^{m}\cdot y \left (u \right )=\moverset {\infty }{\munderset {k =0}{\sum }}a_{k} u^{k +r +m} \\ {} & \circ & \textrm {Shift index using}\hspace {3pt} k \mathrm {->}k -m \\ {} & {} & u^{m}\cdot y \left (u \right )=\moverset {\infty }{\munderset {k =m}{\sum }}a_{k -m} u^{k +r} \\ {} & \circ & \textrm {Convert}\hspace {3pt} u^{m}\cdot \left (\frac {d}{d u}y \left (u \right )\right )\hspace {3pt}\textrm {to series expansion for}\hspace {3pt} m =2..5 \\ {} & {} & u^{m}\cdot \left (\frac {d}{d u}y \left (u \right )\right )=\moverset {\infty }{\munderset {k =0}{\sum }}a_{k} \left (k +r \right ) u^{k +r -1+m} \\ {} & \circ & \textrm {Shift index using}\hspace {3pt} k \mathrm {->}k +1-m \\ {} & {} & u^{m}\cdot \left (\frac {d}{d u}y \left (u \right )\right )=\moverset {\infty }{\munderset {k =-1+m}{\sum }}a_{k +1-m} \left (k +1-m +r \right ) u^{k +r} \\ {} & \circ & \textrm {Convert}\hspace {3pt} u^{m}\cdot \left (\frac {d}{d u}\frac {d}{d u}y \left (u \right )\right )\hspace {3pt}\textrm {to series expansion for}\hspace {3pt} m =3..6 \\ {} & {} & u^{m}\cdot \left (\frac {d}{d u}\frac {d}{d u}y \left (u \right )\right )=\moverset {\infty }{\munderset {k =0}{\sum }}a_{k} \left (k +r \right ) \left (k +r -1\right ) u^{k +r -2+m} \\ {} & \circ & \textrm {Shift index using}\hspace {3pt} k \mathrm {->}k +2-m \\ {} & {} & u^{m}\cdot \left (\frac {d}{d u}\frac {d}{d u}y \left (u \right )\right )=\moverset {\infty }{\munderset {k =-2+m}{\sum }}a_{k +2-m} \left (k +2-m +r \right ) \left (k +1-m +r \right ) u^{k +r} \\ & {} & \textrm {Rewrite ODE with series expansions}\hspace {3pt} \\ {} & {} & -2 a_{0} \left (n +2 r \right ) \left (-n +2 r \right ) u^{1+r}+\left (-2 a_{1} \left (2+n +2 r \right ) \left (2-n +2 r \right )+a_{0} \left (-n^{2}-4 \nu ^{2}+12 r^{2}-4 \nu +4 r \right )\right ) u^{2+r}+\left (-2 a_{2} \left (4+n +2 r \right ) \left (4-n +2 r \right )+a_{1} \left (-n^{2}-4 \nu ^{2}+12 r^{2}-4 \nu +28 r +16\right )-2 a_{0} \left (-2 \nu ^{2}+3 r^{2}-2 \nu +2 r \right )\right ) u^{3+r}+\left (\moverset {\infty }{\munderset {k =4}{\sum }}\left (-2 a_{k -1} \left (2 k -2+n +2 r \right ) \left (2 k -2-n +2 r \right )+a_{k -2} \left (12 \left (k -2\right )^{2}+24 \left (k -2\right ) r -n^{2}-4 \nu ^{2}+12 r^{2}+4 k -8-4 \nu +4 r \right )-2 a_{k -3} \left (3 \left (k -3\right )^{2}+6 \left (k -3\right ) r -2 \nu ^{2}+3 r^{2}+2 k -6-2 \nu +2 r \right )+a_{k -4} \left (r -3+\nu +k \right ) \left (r -\nu +k -4\right )\right ) u^{k +r}\right )=0 \\ \bullet & {} & a_{0}\textrm {cannot be 0 by assumption, giving the indicial equation}\hspace {3pt} \\ {} & {} & -2 \left (n +2 r \right ) \left (-n +2 r \right )=0 \\ \bullet & {} & \textrm {Values of r that satisfy the indicial equation}\hspace {3pt} \\ {} & {} & r \in \left \{-\frac {n}{2}, \frac {n}{2}\right \} \\ \bullet & {} & \textrm {The coefficients of each power of}\hspace {3pt} u \hspace {3pt}\textrm {must be 0}\hspace {3pt} \\ {} & {} & \left [-2 a_{1} \left (2+n +2 r \right ) \left (2-n +2 r \right )+a_{0} \left (-n^{2}-4 \nu ^{2}+12 r^{2}-4 \nu +4 r \right )=0, -2 a_{2} \left (4+n +2 r \right ) \left (4-n +2 r \right )+a_{1} \left (-n^{2}-4 \nu ^{2}+12 r^{2}-4 \nu +28 r +16\right )-2 a_{0} \left (-2 \nu ^{2}+3 r^{2}-2 \nu +2 r \right )=0\right ] \\ \bullet & {} & \textrm {Solve for the dependent coefficient(s)}\hspace {3pt} \\ {} & {} & \left \{a_{1}=\frac {a_{0} \left (n^{2}+4 \nu ^{2}-12 r^{2}+4 \nu -4 r \right )}{2 \left (n^{2}-4 r^{2}-8 r -4\right )}, a_{2}=\frac {a_{0} \left (n^{4}-12 n^{2} r^{2}+16 \nu ^{4}-64 \nu ^{2} r^{2}+96 r^{4}-24 n^{2} r +32 \nu ^{3}-64 \nu ^{2} r -64 \nu \,r^{2}+256 r^{3}-16 n^{2}-16 \nu ^{2}-64 \nu r +192 r^{2}-32 \nu +32 r \right )}{4 \left (n^{4}-8 n^{2} r^{2}+16 r^{4}-24 n^{2} r +96 r^{3}-20 n^{2}+208 r^{2}+192 r +64\right )}\right \} \\ \bullet & {} & \textrm {Each term in the series must be 0, giving the recursion relation}\hspace {3pt} \\ {} & {} & \left (a_{k -4}-6 a_{k -3}+12 a_{k -2}-8 a_{k -1}\right ) k^{2}+\left (2 \left (a_{k -4}-6 a_{k -3}+12 a_{k -2}-8 a_{k -1}\right ) r -7 a_{k -4}+32 a_{k -3}-44 a_{k -2}+16 a_{k -1}\right ) k +\left (a_{k -4}-6 a_{k -3}+12 a_{k -2}-8 a_{k -1}\right ) r^{2}+\left (-7 a_{k -4}+32 a_{k -3}-44 a_{k -2}+16 a_{k -1}\right ) r +\left (-n^{2}-4 \nu ^{2}-4 \nu +40\right ) a_{k -2}+\left (-\nu ^{2}-\nu +12\right ) a_{k -4}+2 \left (2 \nu ^{2}+2 \nu -21\right ) a_{k -3}+2 a_{k -1} \left (n^{2}-4\right )=0 \\ \bullet & {} & \textrm {Shift index using}\hspace {3pt} k \mathrm {->}k +4 \\ {} & {} & \left (a_{k}-6 a_{k +1}+12 a_{k +2}-8 a_{k +3}\right ) \left (k +4\right )^{2}+\left (2 \left (a_{k}-6 a_{k +1}+12 a_{k +2}-8 a_{k +3}\right ) r -7 a_{k}+32 a_{k +1}-44 a_{k +2}+16 a_{k +3}\right ) \left (k +4\right )+\left (a_{k}-6 a_{k +1}+12 a_{k +2}-8 a_{k +3}\right ) r^{2}+\left (-7 a_{k}+32 a_{k +1}-44 a_{k +2}+16 a_{k +3}\right ) r +\left (-n^{2}-4 \nu ^{2}-4 \nu +40\right ) a_{k +2}+\left (-\nu ^{2}-\nu +12\right ) a_{k}+2 \left (2 \nu ^{2}+2 \nu -21\right ) a_{k +1}+2 a_{k +3} \left (n^{2}-4\right )=0 \\ \bullet & {} & \textrm {Recursion relation that defines series solution to ODE}\hspace {3pt} \\ {} & {} & a_{k +3}=\frac {k^{2} a_{k}-6 k^{2} a_{k +1}+12 k^{2} a_{k +2}+2 k r a_{k}-12 k r a_{k +1}+24 k r a_{k +2}-n^{2} a_{k +2}-a_{k} \nu ^{2}+4 \nu ^{2} a_{k +1}-4 \nu ^{2} a_{k +2}+r^{2} a_{k}-6 r^{2} a_{k +1}+12 r^{2} a_{k +2}+k a_{k}-16 k a_{k +1}+52 k a_{k +2}-a_{k} \nu +4 \nu a_{k +1}-4 \nu a_{k +2}+r a_{k}-16 r a_{k +1}+52 r a_{k +2}-10 a_{k +1}+56 a_{k +2}}{2 \left (4 k^{2}+8 k r -n^{2}+4 r^{2}+24 k +24 r +36\right )} \\ \bullet & {} & \textrm {Recursion relation for}\hspace {3pt} r =-\frac {n}{2} \\ {} & {} & a_{k +3}=\frac {k^{2} a_{k}-6 k^{2} a_{k +1}+12 k^{2} a_{k +2}-k n a_{k}+6 k n a_{k +1}-12 k n a_{k +2}+\frac {1}{4} a_{k} n^{2}-\frac {3}{2} n^{2} a_{k +1}+2 n^{2} a_{k +2}-a_{k} \nu ^{2}+4 \nu ^{2} a_{k +1}-4 \nu ^{2} a_{k +2}+k a_{k}-16 k a_{k +1}+52 k a_{k +2}-\frac {1}{2} n a_{k}+8 n a_{k +1}-26 n a_{k +2}-a_{k} \nu +4 \nu a_{k +1}-4 \nu a_{k +2}-10 a_{k +1}+56 a_{k +2}}{2 \left (4 k^{2}-4 k n +24 k -12 n +36\right )} \\ \bullet & {} & \textrm {Solution for}\hspace {3pt} r =-\frac {n}{2} \\ {} & {} & \left [y \left (u \right )=\moverset {\infty }{\munderset {k =0}{\sum }}a_{k} u^{k -\frac {n}{2}}, a_{k +3}=\frac {k^{2} a_{k}-6 k^{2} a_{k +1}+12 k^{2} a_{k +2}-k n a_{k}+6 k n a_{k +1}-12 k n a_{k +2}+\frac {1}{4} a_{k} n^{2}-\frac {3}{2} n^{2} a_{k +1}+2 n^{2} a_{k +2}-a_{k} \nu ^{2}+4 \nu ^{2} a_{k +1}-4 \nu ^{2} a_{k +2}+k a_{k}-16 k a_{k +1}+52 k a_{k +2}-\frac {1}{2} n a_{k}+8 n a_{k +1}-26 n a_{k +2}-a_{k} \nu +4 \nu a_{k +1}-4 \nu a_{k +2}-10 a_{k +1}+56 a_{k +2}}{2 \left (4 k^{2}-4 k n +24 k -12 n +36\right )}, a_{1}=\frac {a_{0} \left (-2 n^{2}+4 \nu ^{2}+2 n +4 \nu \right )}{2 \left (4 n -4\right )}, a_{2}=\frac {a_{0} \left (4 n^{4}-16 n^{2} \nu ^{2}+16 \nu ^{4}-20 n^{3}-16 n^{2} \nu +32 n \,\nu ^{2}+32 \nu ^{3}+32 n^{2}+32 n \nu -16 \nu ^{2}-16 n -32 \nu \right )}{4 \left (32 n^{2}-96 n +64\right )}\right ] \\ \bullet & {} & \textrm {Revert the change of variables}\hspace {3pt} u =x +1 \\ {} & {} & \left [y=\moverset {\infty }{\munderset {k =0}{\sum }}a_{k} \left (x +1\right )^{k -\frac {n}{2}}, a_{k +3}=\frac {k^{2} a_{k}-6 k^{2} a_{k +1}+12 k^{2} a_{k +2}-k n a_{k}+6 k n a_{k +1}-12 k n a_{k +2}+\frac {1}{4} a_{k} n^{2}-\frac {3}{2} n^{2} a_{k +1}+2 n^{2} a_{k +2}-a_{k} \nu ^{2}+4 \nu ^{2} a_{k +1}-4 \nu ^{2} a_{k +2}+k a_{k}-16 k a_{k +1}+52 k a_{k +2}-\frac {1}{2} n a_{k}+8 n a_{k +1}-26 n a_{k +2}-a_{k} \nu +4 \nu a_{k +1}-4 \nu a_{k +2}-10 a_{k +1}+56 a_{k +2}}{2 \left (4 k^{2}-4 k n +24 k -12 n +36\right )}, a_{1}=\frac {a_{0} \left (-2 n^{2}+4 \nu ^{2}+2 n +4 \nu \right )}{2 \left (4 n -4\right )}, a_{2}=\frac {a_{0} \left (4 n^{4}-16 n^{2} \nu ^{2}+16 \nu ^{4}-20 n^{3}-16 n^{2} \nu +32 n \,\nu ^{2}+32 \nu ^{3}+32 n^{2}+32 n \nu -16 \nu ^{2}-16 n -32 \nu \right )}{4 \left (32 n^{2}-96 n +64\right )}\right ] \\ \bullet & {} & \textrm {Recursion relation for}\hspace {3pt} r =\frac {n}{2} \\ {} & {} & a_{k +3}=\frac {k^{2} a_{k}-6 k^{2} a_{k +1}+12 k^{2} a_{k +2}+k n a_{k}-6 k n a_{k +1}+12 k n a_{k +2}+\frac {1}{4} a_{k} n^{2}-\frac {3}{2} n^{2} a_{k +1}+2 n^{2} a_{k +2}-a_{k} \nu ^{2}+4 \nu ^{2} a_{k +1}-4 \nu ^{2} a_{k +2}+k a_{k}-16 k a_{k +1}+52 k a_{k +2}+\frac {1}{2} n a_{k}-8 n a_{k +1}+26 n a_{k +2}-a_{k} \nu +4 \nu a_{k +1}-4 \nu a_{k +2}-10 a_{k +1}+56 a_{k +2}}{2 \left (4 k^{2}+4 k n +24 k +12 n +36\right )} \\ \bullet & {} & \textrm {Solution for}\hspace {3pt} r =\frac {n}{2} \\ {} & {} & \left [y \left (u \right )=\moverset {\infty }{\munderset {k =0}{\sum }}a_{k} u^{k +\frac {n}{2}}, a_{k +3}=\frac {k^{2} a_{k}-6 k^{2} a_{k +1}+12 k^{2} a_{k +2}+k n a_{k}-6 k n a_{k +1}+12 k n a_{k +2}+\frac {1}{4} a_{k} n^{2}-\frac {3}{2} n^{2} a_{k +1}+2 n^{2} a_{k +2}-a_{k} \nu ^{2}+4 \nu ^{2} a_{k +1}-4 \nu ^{2} a_{k +2}+k a_{k}-16 k a_{k +1}+52 k a_{k +2}+\frac {1}{2} n a_{k}-8 n a_{k +1}+26 n a_{k +2}-a_{k} \nu +4 \nu a_{k +1}-4 \nu a_{k +2}-10 a_{k +1}+56 a_{k +2}}{2 \left (4 k^{2}+4 k n +24 k +12 n +36\right )}, a_{1}=\frac {a_{0} \left (-2 n^{2}+4 \nu ^{2}-2 n +4 \nu \right )}{2 \left (-4 n -4\right )}, a_{2}=\frac {a_{0} \left (4 n^{4}-16 n^{2} \nu ^{2}+16 \nu ^{4}+20 n^{3}-16 n^{2} \nu -32 n \,\nu ^{2}+32 \nu ^{3}+32 n^{2}-32 n \nu -16 \nu ^{2}+16 n -32 \nu \right )}{4 \left (32 n^{2}+96 n +64\right )}\right ] \\ \bullet & {} & \textrm {Revert the change of variables}\hspace {3pt} u =x +1 \\ {} & {} & \left [y=\moverset {\infty }{\munderset {k =0}{\sum }}a_{k} \left (x +1\right )^{k +\frac {n}{2}}, a_{k +3}=\frac {k^{2} a_{k}-6 k^{2} a_{k +1}+12 k^{2} a_{k +2}+k n a_{k}-6 k n a_{k +1}+12 k n a_{k +2}+\frac {1}{4} a_{k} n^{2}-\frac {3}{2} n^{2} a_{k +1}+2 n^{2} a_{k +2}-a_{k} \nu ^{2}+4 \nu ^{2} a_{k +1}-4 \nu ^{2} a_{k +2}+k a_{k}-16 k a_{k +1}+52 k a_{k +2}+\frac {1}{2} n a_{k}-8 n a_{k +1}+26 n a_{k +2}-a_{k} \nu +4 \nu a_{k +1}-4 \nu a_{k +2}-10 a_{k +1}+56 a_{k +2}}{2 \left (4 k^{2}+4 k n +24 k +12 n +36\right )}, a_{1}=\frac {a_{0} \left (-2 n^{2}+4 \nu ^{2}-2 n +4 \nu \right )}{2 \left (-4 n -4\right )}, a_{2}=\frac {a_{0} \left (4 n^{4}-16 n^{2} \nu ^{2}+16 \nu ^{4}+20 n^{3}-16 n^{2} \nu -32 n \,\nu ^{2}+32 \nu ^{3}+32 n^{2}-32 n \nu -16 \nu ^{2}+16 n -32 \nu \right )}{4 \left (32 n^{2}+96 n +64\right )}\right ] \\ \bullet & {} & \textrm {Combine solutions and rename parameters}\hspace {3pt} \\ {} & {} & \left [y=\left (\moverset {\infty }{\munderset {k =0}{\sum }}a_{k} \left (x +1\right )^{k -\frac {n}{2}}\right )+\left (\moverset {\infty }{\munderset {k =0}{\sum }}b_{k} \left (x +1\right )^{k +\frac {n}{2}}\right ), a_{k +3}=\frac {k^{2} a_{k}-6 k^{2} a_{k +1}+12 k^{2} a_{k +2}-k n a_{k}+6 k n a_{k +1}-12 k n a_{k +2}+\frac {1}{4} a_{k} n^{2}-\frac {3}{2} n^{2} a_{k +1}+2 n^{2} a_{k +2}-a_{k} \nu ^{2}+4 \nu ^{2} a_{k +1}-4 \nu ^{2} a_{k +2}+k a_{k}-16 k a_{k +1}+52 k a_{k +2}-\frac {1}{2} n a_{k}+8 n a_{k +1}-26 n a_{k +2}-a_{k} \nu +4 \nu a_{k +1}-4 \nu a_{k +2}-10 a_{k +1}+56 a_{k +2}}{2 \left (4 k^{2}-4 k n +24 k -12 n +36\right )}, a_{1}=\frac {a_{0} \left (-2 n^{2}+4 \nu ^{2}+2 n +4 \nu \right )}{2 \left (4 n -4\right )}, a_{2}=\frac {a_{0} \left (4 n^{4}-16 n^{2} \nu ^{2}+16 \nu ^{4}-20 n^{3}-16 n^{2} \nu +32 n \,\nu ^{2}+32 \nu ^{3}+32 n^{2}+32 n \nu -16 \nu ^{2}-16 n -32 \nu \right )}{4 \left (32 n^{2}-96 n +64\right )}, b_{k +3}=\frac {k^{2} b_{k}-6 k^{2} b_{k +1}+12 k^{2} b_{k +2}+k n b_{k}-6 k n b_{k +1}+12 k n b_{k +2}+\frac {1}{4} b_{k} n^{2}-\frac {3}{2} n^{2} b_{k +1}+2 n^{2} b_{k +2}-b_{k} \nu ^{2}+4 \nu ^{2} b_{k +1}-4 \nu ^{2} b_{k +2}+k b_{k}-16 k b_{k +1}+52 k b_{k +2}+\frac {1}{2} n b_{k}-8 n b_{k +1}+26 n b_{k +2}-b_{k} \nu +4 \nu b_{k +1}-4 \nu b_{k +2}-10 b_{k +1}+56 b_{k +2}}{2 \left (4 k^{2}+4 k n +24 k +12 n +36\right )}, b_{1}=\frac {b_{0} \left (-2 n^{2}+4 \nu ^{2}-2 n +4 \nu \right )}{2 \left (-4 n -4\right )}, b_{2}=\frac {b_{0} \left (4 n^{4}-16 n^{2} \nu ^{2}+16 \nu ^{4}+20 n^{3}-16 n^{2} \nu -32 n \,\nu ^{2}+32 \nu ^{3}+32 n^{2}-32 n \nu -16 \nu ^{2}+16 n -32 \nu \right )}{4 \left (32 n^{2}+96 n +64\right )}\right ] \end {array} \]
Maple trace
`Methods for second order ODEs: --- Trying classification methods --- trying a quadrature checking if the LODE has constant coefficients checking if the LODE is of Euler type trying a symmetry of the form [xi=0, eta=F(x)] checking if the LODE is missing y -> Trying a Liouvillian solution using Kovacics algorithm <- No Liouvillian solutions exists -> Trying a solution in terms of special functions: -> Bessel -> elliptic -> Legendre <- Legendre successful <- special function solution successful`
✓ Solution by Maple
Time used: 0.063 (sec). Leaf size: 17
dsolve((x^2-1)^2*diff(y(x),x$2)+2*x*(x^2-1)*diff(y(x),x)-(nu*(nu+1)*(x^2-1)+n^2)*y(x)=0,y(x), singsol=all)
\[ y \left (x \right ) = c_{1} \operatorname {LegendreP}\left (\nu , n , x\right )+c_{2} \operatorname {LegendreQ}\left (\nu , n , x\right ) \]
✓ Solution by Mathematica
Time used: 0.051 (sec). Leaf size: 20
DSolve[(x^2-1)^2*y''[x]+2*x*(x^2-1)*y'[x]-(\[Nu]*(\[Nu]+1)*(x^2-1)+n^2)*y[x]==0,y[x],x,IncludeSingularSolutions -> True]
\[ y(x)\to c_1 P_{\nu }^n(x)+c_2 Q_{\nu }^n(x) \]