Internal problem ID [14890]
Internal file name [OUTPUT/14570_Monday_April_08_2024_06_27_31_AM_18942679/index.tex]
Book: INTRODUCTORY DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS. Martha L. Abell, James P. Braselton.
Fourth edition 2014. ElScAe. 2014
Section: Chapter 4. Higher Order Equations. Chapter 4 review exercises, page 219
Problem number: 70.
ODE order: 2.
ODE degree: 1.
The type(s) of ODE detected by this program : "second order series method. Regular singular point. Repeated root"
Maple gives the following as the ode type
[[_2nd_order, _with_linear_symmetries]]
\[ \boxed {x \left (x +1\right ) y^{\prime \prime }+\left (1-2 x \right ) y^{\prime }-10 y=0} \] With the expansion point for the power series method at \(x = 0\).
The type of the expansion point is first determined. This is done on the homogeneous part of the ODE. \[ \left (x^{2}+x \right ) y^{\prime \prime }+\left (1-2 x \right ) y^{\prime }-10 y = 0 \] The following is summary of singularities for the above ode. Writing the ode as \begin {align*} y^{\prime \prime }+p(x) y^{\prime } + q(x) y &=0 \end {align*}
Where \begin {align*} p(x) &= -\frac {2 x -1}{x \left (x +1\right )}\\ q(x) &= -\frac {10}{x \left (x +1\right )}\\ \end {align*}
| \(p(x)=-\frac {2 x -1}{x \left (x +1\right )}\) | |
| singularity | type |
| \(x = -1\) | \(\text {``regular''}\) |
| \(x = 0\) | \(\text {``regular''}\) |
| \(q(x)=-\frac {10}{x \left (x +1\right )}\) | |
| singularity | type |
| \(x = -1\) | \(\text {``regular''}\) |
| \(x = 0\) | \(\text {``regular''}\) |
Combining everything together gives the following summary of singularities for the ode as
Regular singular points : \([-1, 0, \infty ]\)
Irregular singular points : \([]\)
Since \(x = 0\) is regular singular point, then Frobenius power series is used. The ode is normalized to be \[ x \left (x +1\right ) y^{\prime \prime }+\left (1-2 x \right ) y^{\prime }-10 y = 0 \] Let the solution be represented as Frobenius power series of the form \[ y = \moverset {\infty }{\munderset {n =0}{\sum }}a_{n} x^{n +r} \] Then \begin{align*} y^{\prime } &= \moverset {\infty }{\munderset {n =0}{\sum }}\left (n +r \right ) a_{n} x^{n +r -1} \\ y^{\prime \prime } &= \moverset {\infty }{\munderset {n =0}{\sum }}\left (n +r \right ) \left (n +r -1\right ) a_{n} x^{n +r -2} \\ \end{align*} Substituting the above back into the ode gives \begin{equation} \tag{1} x \left (x +1\right ) \left (\moverset {\infty }{\munderset {n =0}{\sum }}\left (n +r \right ) \left (n +r -1\right ) a_{n} x^{n +r -2}\right )+\left (1-2 x \right ) \left (\moverset {\infty }{\munderset {n =0}{\sum }}\left (n +r \right ) a_{n} x^{n +r -1}\right )-10 \left (\moverset {\infty }{\munderset {n =0}{\sum }}a_{n} x^{n +r}\right ) = 0 \end{equation} Which simplifies to \begin{equation} \tag{2A} \left (\moverset {\infty }{\munderset {n =0}{\sum }}x^{n +r} a_{n} \left (n +r \right ) \left (n +r -1\right )\right )+\left (\moverset {\infty }{\munderset {n =0}{\sum }}x^{n +r -1} a_{n} \left (n +r \right ) \left (n +r -1\right )\right )+\moverset {\infty }{\munderset {n =0}{\sum }}\left (-2 x^{n +r} a_{n} \left (n +r \right )\right )+\left (\moverset {\infty }{\munderset {n =0}{\sum }}\left (n +r \right ) a_{n} x^{n +r -1}\right )+\moverset {\infty }{\munderset {n =0}{\sum }}\left (-10 a_{n} x^{n +r}\right ) = 0 \end{equation} The next step is to make all powers of \(x\) be \(n +r -1\) in each summation term. Going over each summation term above with power of \(x\) in it which is not already \(x^{n +r -1}\) and adjusting the power and the corresponding index gives \begin{align*} \moverset {\infty }{\munderset {n =0}{\sum }}x^{n +r} a_{n} \left (n +r \right ) \left (n +r -1\right ) &= \moverset {\infty }{\munderset {n =1}{\sum }}a_{n -1} \left (n +r -1\right ) \left (n +r -2\right ) x^{n +r -1} \\ \moverset {\infty }{\munderset {n =0}{\sum }}\left (-2 x^{n +r} a_{n} \left (n +r \right )\right ) &= \moverset {\infty }{\munderset {n =1}{\sum }}\left (-2 a_{n -1} \left (n +r -1\right ) x^{n +r -1}\right ) \\ \moverset {\infty }{\munderset {n =0}{\sum }}\left (-10 a_{n} x^{n +r}\right ) &= \moverset {\infty }{\munderset {n =1}{\sum }}\left (-10 a_{n -1} x^{n +r -1}\right ) \\ \end{align*} Substituting all the above in Eq (2A) gives the following equation where now all powers of \(x\) are the same and equal to \(n +r -1\). \begin{equation} \tag{2B} \left (\moverset {\infty }{\munderset {n =1}{\sum }}a_{n -1} \left (n +r -1\right ) \left (n +r -2\right ) x^{n +r -1}\right )+\left (\moverset {\infty }{\munderset {n =0}{\sum }}x^{n +r -1} a_{n} \left (n +r \right ) \left (n +r -1\right )\right )+\moverset {\infty }{\munderset {n =1}{\sum }}\left (-2 a_{n -1} \left (n +r -1\right ) x^{n +r -1}\right )+\left (\moverset {\infty }{\munderset {n =0}{\sum }}\left (n +r \right ) a_{n} x^{n +r -1}\right )+\moverset {\infty }{\munderset {n =1}{\sum }}\left (-10 a_{n -1} x^{n +r -1}\right ) = 0 \end{equation} The indicial equation is obtained from \(n = 0\). From Eq (2B) this gives \[ x^{n +r -1} a_{n} \left (n +r \right ) \left (n +r -1\right )+\left (n +r \right ) a_{n} x^{n +r -1} = 0 \] When \(n = 0\) the above becomes \[ x^{-1+r} a_{0} r \left (-1+r \right )+r a_{0} x^{-1+r} = 0 \] Or \[ \left (x^{-1+r} r \left (-1+r \right )+r \,x^{-1+r}\right ) a_{0} = 0 \] Since \(a_{0}\neq 0\) then the above simplifies to \[ x^{-1+r} r^{2} = 0 \] Since the above is true for all \(x\) then the indicial equation becomes \[ r^{2} = 0 \] Solving for \(r\) gives the roots of the indicial equation as \begin {align*} r_1 &= 0\\ r_2 &= 0 \end {align*}
Since \(a_{0}\neq 0\) then the indicial equation becomes \[ x^{-1+r} r^{2} = 0 \] Solving for \(r\) gives the roots of the indicial equation as \([0, 0]\).
Since the root of the indicial equation is repeated, then we can construct two linearly independent solutions. The first solution has the form \begin {align*} y_{1}\left (x \right ) &= \moverset {\infty }{\munderset {n =0}{\sum }}a_{n} x^{n +r}\tag {1A} \end {align*}
Now the second solution \(y_{2}\) is found using \begin {align*} y_{2}\left (x \right ) &= y_{1}\left (x \right ) \ln \left (x \right )+\left (\moverset {\infty }{\munderset {n =1}{\sum }}b_{n} x^{n +r}\right )\tag {1B} \end {align*}
Then the general solution will be \[ y = c_{1} y_{1}\left (x \right )+c_{2} y_{2}\left (x \right ) \] In Eq (1B) the sum starts from 1 and not zero. In Eq (1A), \(a_{0}\) is never zero, and is arbitrary and is typically taken as \(a_{0} = 1\), and \(\{c_{1}, c_{2}\}\) are two arbitray constants of integration which can be found from initial conditions. We start by finding the first solution \(y_{1}\left (x \right )\). Eq (2B) derived above is now used to find all \(a_{n}\) coefficients. The case \(n = 0\) is skipped since it was used to find the roots of the indicial equation. \(a_{0}\) is arbitrary and taken as \(a_{0} = 1\). For \(1\le n\) the recursive equation is \begin{equation} \tag{3} a_{n -1} \left (n +r -1\right ) \left (n +r -2\right )+a_{n} \left (n +r \right ) \left (n +r -1\right )-2 a_{n -1} \left (n +r -1\right )+a_{n} \left (n +r \right )-10 a_{n -1} = 0 \end{equation} Solving for \(a_{n}\) from recursive equation (4) gives \[ a_{n} = -\frac {a_{n -1} \left (n^{2}+2 n r +r^{2}-5 n -5 r -6\right )}{n^{2}+2 n r +r^{2}}\tag {4} \] Which for the root \(r = 0\) becomes \[ a_{n} = -\frac {a_{n -1} \left (n^{2}-5 n -6\right )}{n^{2}}\tag {5} \] At this point, it is a good idea to keep track of \(a_{n}\) in a table both before substituting \(r = 0\) and after as more terms are found using the above recursive equation.
| \(n\) | \(a_{n ,r}\) | \(a_{n}\) |
| \(a_{0}\) | \(1\) | \(1\) |
For \(n = 1\), using the above recursive equation gives \[ a_{1}=\frac {-r^{2}+3 r +10}{\left (r +1\right )^{2}} \] Which for the root \(r = 0\) becomes \[ a_{1}=10 \] And the table now becomes
| \(n\) | \(a_{n ,r}\) | \(a_{n}\) |
| \(a_{0}\) | \(1\) | \(1\) |
| \(a_{1}\) | \(\frac {-r^{2}+3 r +10}{\left (r +1\right )^{2}}\) | \(10\) |
For \(n = 2\), using the above recursive equation gives \[ a_{2}=\frac {r^{3}-6 r^{2}-7 r +60}{\left (r +2\right ) \left (r +1\right )^{2}} \] Which for the root \(r = 0\) becomes \[ a_{2}=30 \] And the table now becomes
| \(n\) | \(a_{n ,r}\) | \(a_{n}\) |
| \(a_{0}\) | \(1\) | \(1\) |
| \(a_{1}\) | \(\frac {-r^{2}+3 r +10}{\left (r +1\right )^{2}}\) | \(10\) |
| \(a_{2}\) | \(\frac {r^{3}-6 r^{2}-7 r +60}{\left (r +2\right ) \left (r +1\right )^{2}}\) | \(30\) |
For \(n = 3\), using the above recursive equation gives \[ a_{3}=\frac {-r^{4}+8 r^{3}+r^{2}-128 r +240}{\left (r +3\right ) \left (r +2\right ) \left (r +1\right )^{2}} \] Which for the root \(r = 0\) becomes \[ a_{3}=40 \] And the table now becomes
| \(n\) | \(a_{n ,r}\) | \(a_{n}\) |
| \(a_{0}\) | \(1\) | \(1\) |
| \(a_{1}\) | \(\frac {-r^{2}+3 r +10}{\left (r +1\right )^{2}}\) | \(10\) |
| \(a_{2}\) | \(\frac {r^{3}-6 r^{2}-7 r +60}{\left (r +2\right ) \left (r +1\right )^{2}}\) | \(30\) |
| \(a_{3}\) | \(\frac {-r^{4}+8 r^{3}+r^{2}-128 r +240}{\left (r +3\right ) \left (r +2\right ) \left (r +1\right )^{2}}\) | \(40\) |
For \(n = 4\), using the above recursive equation gives \[ a_{4}=\frac {r^{5}-9 r^{4}+r^{3}+201 r^{2}-650 r +600}{\left (r +4\right ) \left (r +3\right ) \left (r +2\right ) \left (r +1\right )^{2}} \] Which for the root \(r = 0\) becomes \[ a_{4}=25 \] And the table now becomes
| \(n\) | \(a_{n ,r}\) | \(a_{n}\) |
| \(a_{0}\) | \(1\) | \(1\) |
| \(a_{1}\) | \(\frac {-r^{2}+3 r +10}{\left (r +1\right )^{2}}\) | \(10\) |
| \(a_{2}\) | \(\frac {r^{3}-6 r^{2}-7 r +60}{\left (r +2\right ) \left (r +1\right )^{2}}\) | \(30\) |
| \(a_{3}\) | \(\frac {-r^{4}+8 r^{3}+r^{2}-128 r +240}{\left (r +3\right ) \left (r +2\right ) \left (r +1\right )^{2}}\) | \(40\) |
| \(a_{4}\) | \(\frac {r^{5}-9 r^{4}+r^{3}+201 r^{2}-650 r +600}{\left (r +4\right ) \left (r +3\right ) \left (r +2\right ) \left (r +1\right )^{2}}\) | \(25\) |
For \(n = 5\), using the above recursive equation gives \[ a_{5}=\frac {-r^{6}+9 r^{5}+5 r^{4}-285 r^{3}+1076 r^{2}-1524 r +720}{\left (r +5\right ) \left (r +4\right ) \left (r +3\right ) \left (r +2\right ) \left (r +1\right )^{2}} \] Which for the root \(r = 0\) becomes \[ a_{5}=6 \] And the table now becomes
| \(n\) | \(a_{n ,r}\) | \(a_{n}\) |
| \(a_{0}\) | \(1\) | \(1\) |
| \(a_{1}\) | \(\frac {-r^{2}+3 r +10}{\left (r +1\right )^{2}}\) | \(10\) |
| \(a_{2}\) | \(\frac {r^{3}-6 r^{2}-7 r +60}{\left (r +2\right ) \left (r +1\right )^{2}}\) | \(30\) |
| \(a_{3}\) | \(\frac {-r^{4}+8 r^{3}+r^{2}-128 r +240}{\left (r +3\right ) \left (r +2\right ) \left (r +1\right )^{2}}\) | \(40\) |
| \(a_{4}\) | \(\frac {r^{5}-9 r^{4}+r^{3}+201 r^{2}-650 r +600}{\left (r +4\right ) \left (r +3\right ) \left (r +2\right ) \left (r +1\right )^{2}}\) | \(25\) |
| \(a_{5}\) | \(\frac {-r^{6}+9 r^{5}+5 r^{4}-285 r^{3}+1076 r^{2}-1524 r +720}{\left (r +5\right ) \left (r +4\right ) \left (r +3\right ) \left (r +2\right ) \left (r +1\right )^{2}}\) | \(6\) |
Using the above table, then the first solution \(y_{1}\left (x \right )\) becomes \begin{align*} y_{1}\left (x \right )&= a_{0}+a_{1} x +a_{2} x^{2}+a_{3} x^{3}+a_{4} x^{4}+a_{5} x^{5}+a_{6} x^{6}\dots \\ &= 6 x^{5}+25 x^{4}+40 x^{3}+30 x^{2}+10 x +1+O\left (x^{6}\right ) \\ \end{align*} Now the second solution is found. The second solution is given by \[ y_{2}\left (x \right ) = y_{1}\left (x \right ) \ln \left (x \right )+\left (\moverset {\infty }{\munderset {n =1}{\sum }}b_{n} x^{n +r}\right ) \] Where \(b_{n}\) is found using \[ b_{n} = \frac {d}{d r}a_{n ,r} \] And the above is then evaluated at \(r = 0\). The above table for \(a_{n ,r}\) is used for this purpose. Computing the derivatives gives the following table
| \(n\) | \(b_{n ,r}\) | \(a_{n}\) | \(b_{n ,r} = \frac {d}{d r}a_{n ,r}\) | \(b_{n}\left (r =0\right )\) |
| \(b_{0}\) | \(1\) | \(1\) | N/A since \(b_{n}\) starts from 1 | N/A |
| \(b_{1}\) | \(\frac {-r^{2}+3 r +10}{\left (r +1\right )^{2}}\) | \(10\) | \(\frac {-5 r -17}{\left (r +1\right )^{3}}\) | \(-17\) |
| \(b_{2}\) | \(\frac {r^{3}-6 r^{2}-7 r +60}{\left (r +2\right ) \left (r +1\right )^{2}}\) | \(30\) | \(\frac {10 r^{3}+14 r^{2}-190 r -314}{\left (r +2\right )^{2} \left (r +1\right )^{3}}\) | \(-{\frac {157}{2}}\) |
| \(b_{3}\) | \(\frac {-r^{4}+8 r^{3}+r^{2}-128 r +240}{\left (r +3\right ) \left (r +2\right ) \left (r +1\right )^{2}}\) | \(40\) | \(\frac {-15 r^{5}-21 r^{4}+483 r^{3}+597 r^{2}-3300 r -4848}{\left (r +3\right )^{2} \left (r +2\right )^{2} \left (r +1\right )^{3}}\) | \(-{\frac {404}{3}}\) |
| \(b_{4}\) | \(\frac {r^{5}-9 r^{4}+r^{3}+201 r^{2}-650 r +600}{\left (r +4\right ) \left (r +3\right ) \left (r +2\right ) \left (r +1\right )^{2}}\) | \(25\) | \(\frac {20 r^{7}+68 r^{6}-832 r^{5}-2224 r^{4}+9836 r^{3}+21548 r^{2}-32352 r -60000}{\left (r +4\right )^{2} \left (r +3\right )^{2} \left (r +2\right )^{2} \left (r +1\right )^{3}}\) | \(-{\frac {625}{6}}\) |
| \(b_{5}\) | \(\frac {-r^{6}+9 r^{5}+5 r^{4}-285 r^{3}+1076 r^{2}-1524 r +720}{\left (r +5\right ) \left (r +4\right ) \left (r +3\right ) \left (r +2\right ) \left (r +1\right )^{2}}\) | \(6\) | \(-\frac {5 \left (5 r^{9}+37 r^{8}-186 r^{7}-1494 r^{6}+1989 r^{5}+18717 r^{4}-5744 r^{3}-81196 r^{2}-1248 r +93312\right )}{\left (r +5\right )^{2} \left (r +4\right )^{2} \left (r +3\right )^{2} \left (r +2\right )^{2} \left (r +1\right )^{3}}\) | \(-{\frac {162}{5}}\) |
The above table gives all values of \(b_{n}\) needed. Hence the second solution is \begin{align*} y_{2}\left (x \right )&=y_{1}\left (x \right ) \ln \left (x \right )+b_{0}+b_{1} x +b_{2} x^{2}+b_{3} x^{3}+b_{4} x^{4}+b_{5} x^{5}+b_{6} x^{6}\dots \\ &= \left (6 x^{5}+25 x^{4}+40 x^{3}+30 x^{2}+10 x +1+O\left (x^{6}\right )\right ) \ln \left (x \right )-17 x -\frac {157 x^{2}}{2}-\frac {404 x^{3}}{3}-\frac {625 x^{4}}{6}-\frac {162 x^{5}}{5}+O\left (x^{6}\right ) \\ \end{align*} Therefore the homogeneous solution is \begin{align*} y_h(x) &= c_{1} y_{1}\left (x \right )+c_{2} y_{2}\left (x \right ) \\ &= c_{1} \left (6 x^{5}+25 x^{4}+40 x^{3}+30 x^{2}+10 x +1+O\left (x^{6}\right )\right ) + c_{2} \left (\left (6 x^{5}+25 x^{4}+40 x^{3}+30 x^{2}+10 x +1+O\left (x^{6}\right )\right ) \ln \left (x \right )-17 x -\frac {157 x^{2}}{2}-\frac {404 x^{3}}{3}-\frac {625 x^{4}}{6}-\frac {162 x^{5}}{5}+O\left (x^{6}\right )\right ) \\ \end{align*} Hence the final solution is \begin{align*} y &= y_h \\ &= c_{1} \left (6 x^{5}+25 x^{4}+40 x^{3}+30 x^{2}+10 x +1+O\left (x^{6}\right )\right )+c_{2} \left (\left (6 x^{5}+25 x^{4}+40 x^{3}+30 x^{2}+10 x +1+O\left (x^{6}\right )\right ) \ln \left (x \right )-17 x -\frac {157 x^{2}}{2}-\frac {404 x^{3}}{3}-\frac {625 x^{4}}{6}-\frac {162 x^{5}}{5}+O\left (x^{6}\right )\right ) \\ \end{align*}
The solution(s) found are the following \begin{align*} \tag{1} y &= c_{1} \left (6 x^{5}+25 x^{4}+40 x^{3}+30 x^{2}+10 x +1+O\left (x^{6}\right )\right )+c_{2} \left (\left (6 x^{5}+25 x^{4}+40 x^{3}+30 x^{2}+10 x +1+O\left (x^{6}\right )\right ) \ln \left (x \right )-17 x -\frac {157 x^{2}}{2}-\frac {404 x^{3}}{3}-\frac {625 x^{4}}{6}-\frac {162 x^{5}}{5}+O\left (x^{6}\right )\right ) \\ \end{align*}
Verification of solutions
\[ y = c_{1} \left (6 x^{5}+25 x^{4}+40 x^{3}+30 x^{2}+10 x +1+O\left (x^{6}\right )\right )+c_{2} \left (\left (6 x^{5}+25 x^{4}+40 x^{3}+30 x^{2}+10 x +1+O\left (x^{6}\right )\right ) \ln \left (x \right )-17 x -\frac {157 x^{2}}{2}-\frac {404 x^{3}}{3}-\frac {625 x^{4}}{6}-\frac {162 x^{5}}{5}+O\left (x^{6}\right )\right ) \] Verified OK.
\[ \begin {array}{lll} & {} & \textrm {Let's solve}\hspace {3pt} \\ {} & {} & x \left (x +1\right ) y^{\prime \prime }+\left (1-2 x \right ) y^{\prime }-10 y=0 \\ \bullet & {} & \textrm {Highest derivative means the order of the ODE is}\hspace {3pt} 2 \\ {} & {} & y^{\prime \prime } \\ \bullet & {} & \textrm {Isolate 2nd derivative}\hspace {3pt} \\ {} & {} & y^{\prime \prime }=\frac {10 y}{x \left (x +1\right )}+\frac {\left (2 x -1\right ) y^{\prime }}{x \left (x +1\right )} \\ \bullet & {} & \textrm {Group terms with}\hspace {3pt} y\hspace {3pt}\textrm {on the lhs of the ODE and the rest on the rhs of the ODE; ODE is linear}\hspace {3pt} \\ {} & {} & y^{\prime \prime }-\frac {\left (2 x -1\right ) y^{\prime }}{x \left (x +1\right )}-\frac {10 y}{x \left (x +1\right )}=0 \\ \square & {} & \textrm {Check to see if}\hspace {3pt} x_{0}\hspace {3pt}\textrm {is a regular singular point}\hspace {3pt} \\ {} & \circ & \textrm {Define functions}\hspace {3pt} \\ {} & {} & \left [P_{2}\left (x \right )=-\frac {2 x -1}{x \left (x +1\right )}, P_{3}\left (x \right )=-\frac {10}{x \left (x +1\right )}\right ] \\ {} & \circ & \left (x +1\right )\cdot P_{2}\left (x \right )\textrm {is analytic at}\hspace {3pt} x =-1 \\ {} & {} & \left (\left (x +1\right )\cdot P_{2}\left (x \right )\right )\bigg | {\mstack {}{_{x \hiderel {=}-1}}}=-3 \\ {} & \circ & \left (x +1\right )^{2}\cdot P_{3}\left (x \right )\textrm {is analytic at}\hspace {3pt} x =-1 \\ {} & {} & \left (\left (x +1\right )^{2}\cdot P_{3}\left (x \right )\right )\bigg | {\mstack {}{_{x \hiderel {=}-1}}}=0 \\ {} & \circ & x =-1\textrm {is a regular singular point}\hspace {3pt} \\ & {} & \textrm {Check to see if}\hspace {3pt} x_{0}\hspace {3pt}\textrm {is a regular singular point}\hspace {3pt} \\ {} & {} & x_{0}=-1 \\ \bullet & {} & \textrm {Multiply by denominators}\hspace {3pt} \\ {} & {} & x \left (x +1\right ) y^{\prime \prime }+\left (1-2 x \right ) y^{\prime }-10 y=0 \\ \bullet & {} & \textrm {Change variables using}\hspace {3pt} x =u -1\hspace {3pt}\textrm {so that the regular singular point is at}\hspace {3pt} u =0 \\ {} & {} & \left (u^{2}-u \right ) \left (\frac {d^{2}}{d u^{2}}y \left (u \right )\right )+\left (3-2 u \right ) \left (\frac {d}{d u}y \left (u \right )\right )-10 y \left (u \right )=0 \\ \bullet & {} & \textrm {Assume series solution for}\hspace {3pt} y \left (u \right ) \\ {} & {} & y \left (u \right )=\moverset {\infty }{\munderset {k =0}{\sum }}a_{k} u^{k +r} \\ \square & {} & \textrm {Rewrite ODE with series expansions}\hspace {3pt} \\ {} & \circ & \textrm {Convert}\hspace {3pt} u^{m}\cdot \left (\frac {d}{d u}y \left (u \right )\right )\hspace {3pt}\textrm {to series expansion for}\hspace {3pt} m =0..1 \\ {} & {} & u^{m}\cdot \left (\frac {d}{d u}y \left (u \right )\right )=\moverset {\infty }{\munderset {k =0}{\sum }}a_{k} \left (k +r \right ) u^{k +r -1+m} \\ {} & \circ & \textrm {Shift index using}\hspace {3pt} k \mathrm {->}k +1-m \\ {} & {} & u^{m}\cdot \left (\frac {d}{d u}y \left (u \right )\right )=\moverset {\infty }{\munderset {k =-1+m}{\sum }}a_{k +1-m} \left (k +1-m +r \right ) u^{k +r} \\ {} & \circ & \textrm {Convert}\hspace {3pt} u^{m}\cdot \left (\frac {d^{2}}{d u^{2}}y \left (u \right )\right )\hspace {3pt}\textrm {to series expansion for}\hspace {3pt} m =1..2 \\ {} & {} & u^{m}\cdot \left (\frac {d^{2}}{d u^{2}}y \left (u \right )\right )=\moverset {\infty }{\munderset {k =0}{\sum }}a_{k} \left (k +r \right ) \left (k +r -1\right ) u^{k +r -2+m} \\ {} & \circ & \textrm {Shift index using}\hspace {3pt} k \mathrm {->}k +2-m \\ {} & {} & u^{m}\cdot \left (\frac {d^{2}}{d u^{2}}y \left (u \right )\right )=\moverset {\infty }{\munderset {k =-2+m}{\sum }}a_{k +2-m} \left (k +2-m +r \right ) \left (k +1-m +r \right ) u^{k +r} \\ & {} & \textrm {Rewrite ODE with series expansions}\hspace {3pt} \\ {} & {} & -a_{0} r \left (-4+r \right ) u^{-1+r}+\left (\moverset {\infty }{\munderset {k =0}{\sum }}\left (-a_{k +1} \left (k +1+r \right ) \left (k -3+r \right )+a_{k} \left (k +r +2\right ) \left (k +r -5\right )\right ) u^{k +r}\right )=0 \\ \bullet & {} & a_{0}\textrm {cannot be 0 by assumption, giving the indicial equation}\hspace {3pt} \\ {} & {} & -r \left (-4+r \right )=0 \\ \bullet & {} & \textrm {Values of r that satisfy the indicial equation}\hspace {3pt} \\ {} & {} & r \in \left \{0, 4\right \} \\ \bullet & {} & \textrm {Each term in the series must be 0, giving the recursion relation}\hspace {3pt} \\ {} & {} & -a_{k +1} \left (k +1+r \right ) \left (k -3+r \right )+a_{k} \left (k +r +2\right ) \left (k +r -5\right )=0 \\ \bullet & {} & \textrm {Recursion relation that defines series solution to ODE}\hspace {3pt} \\ {} & {} & a_{k +1}=\frac {a_{k} \left (k +r +2\right ) \left (k +r -5\right )}{\left (k +1+r \right ) \left (k -3+r \right )} \\ \bullet & {} & \textrm {Recursion relation for}\hspace {3pt} r =0\hspace {3pt}\textrm {; series terminates at}\hspace {3pt} k =5 \\ {} & {} & a_{k +1}=\frac {a_{k} \left (k +2\right ) \left (k -5\right )}{\left (k +1\right ) \left (k -3\right )} \\ \bullet & {} & \textrm {Series not valid for}\hspace {3pt} r =0\hspace {3pt}\textrm {, division by}\hspace {3pt} 0\hspace {3pt}\textrm {in the recursion relation at}\hspace {3pt} k =3 \\ {} & {} & a_{k +1}=\frac {a_{k} \left (k +2\right ) \left (k -5\right )}{\left (k +1\right ) \left (k -3\right )} \\ \bullet & {} & \textrm {Recursion relation for}\hspace {3pt} r =4\hspace {3pt}\textrm {; series terminates at}\hspace {3pt} k =1 \\ {} & {} & a_{k +1}=\frac {a_{k} \left (k +6\right ) \left (k -1\right )}{\left (k +5\right ) \left (k +1\right )} \\ \bullet & {} & \textrm {Apply recursion relation for}\hspace {3pt} k =0 \\ {} & {} & a_{1}=-\frac {6 a_{0}}{5} \\ \bullet & {} & \textrm {Terminating series solution of the ODE for}\hspace {3pt} r =4\hspace {3pt}\textrm {. Use reduction of order to find the second linearly independent solution}\hspace {3pt} \\ {} & {} & y \left (u \right )=a_{0}\cdot \left (1-\frac {6 u}{5}\right ) \\ \bullet & {} & \textrm {Revert the change of variables}\hspace {3pt} u =x +1 \\ {} & {} & \left [y=a_{0} \left (-\frac {1}{5}-\frac {6 x}{5}\right )\right ] \end {array} \]
Maple trace Kovacic algorithm successful
`Methods for second order ODEs: --- Trying classification methods --- trying a quadrature checking if the LODE has constant coefficients checking if the LODE is of Euler type trying a symmetry of the form [xi=0, eta=F(x)] checking if the LODE is missing y -> Trying a Liouvillian solution using Kovacics algorithm A Liouvillian solution exists Reducible group (found an exponential solution) Group is reducible, not completely reducible <- Kovacics algorithm successful`
✓ Solution by Maple
Time used: 0.062 (sec). Leaf size: 59
Order:=6; dsolve(x*(1+x)*diff(y(x),x$2)+(1-2*x)*diff(y(x),x)-10*y(x)=0,y(x),type='series',x=0);
\[ y \left (x \right ) = \left (c_{1} +c_{2} \ln \left (x \right )\right ) \left (1+10 x +30 x^{2}+40 x^{3}+25 x^{4}+6 x^{5}+\operatorname {O}\left (x^{6}\right )\right )+\left (\left (-17\right ) x -\frac {157}{2} x^{2}-\frac {404}{3} x^{3}-\frac {625}{6} x^{4}-\frac {162}{5} x^{5}+\operatorname {O}\left (x^{6}\right )\right ) c_{2} \]
✓ Solution by Mathematica
Time used: 0.005 (sec). Leaf size: 95
AsymptoticDSolveValue[x*(1+x)*y''[x]+(1-2*x)*y'[x]-10*y[x]==0,y[x],{x,0,5}]
\[ y(x)\to c_1 \left (6 x^5+25 x^4+40 x^3+30 x^2+10 x+1\right )+c_2 \left (-\frac {162 x^5}{5}-\frac {625 x^4}{6}-\frac {404 x^3}{3}-\frac {157 x^2}{2}+\left (6 x^5+25 x^4+40 x^3+30 x^2+10 x+1\right ) \log (x)-17 x\right ) \]