14.5 problem 11

Internal problem ID [12802]
Internal file name [OUTPUT/11455_Saturday_November_04_2023_08_47_24_AM_78086821/index.tex]

Book: Ordinary Differential Equations by Charles E. Roberts, Jr. CRC Press. 2010
Section: Chapter 5. The Laplace Transform Method. Exercises 5.3, page 255
Problem number: 11.
ODE order: 2.
ODE degree: 1.

The type(s) of ODE detected by this program : "second_order_laplace", "second_order_linear_constant_coeff"

Maple gives the following as the ode type

[[_2nd_order, _missing_x]]

\[ \boxed {y^{\prime \prime }-y^{\prime }-2 y=0} \] With initial conditions \begin {align*} [y \left (0\right ) = 0, y^{\prime }\left (0\right ) = 3] \end {align*}

14.5.1 Existence and uniqueness analysis

This is a linear ODE. In canonical form it is written as \begin {align*} y^{\prime \prime } + p(x)y^{\prime } + q(x) y &= F \end {align*}

Where here \begin {align*} p(x) &=-1\\ q(x) &=-2\\ F &=0 \end {align*}

Hence the ode is \begin {align*} y^{\prime \prime }-y^{\prime }-2 y = 0 \end {align*}

The domain of \(p(x)=-1\) is \[ \{-\infty

Solving using the Laplace transform method. Let \begin {align*} \mathcal {L}\left (y\right ) =Y(s) \end {align*}

Taking the Laplace transform of the ode and using the relations that \begin {align*} \mathcal {L}\left (y^{\prime }\right ) &= s Y(s) - y \left (0\right )\\ \mathcal {L}\left (y^{\prime \prime }\right ) &= s^2 Y(s) - y'(0) - s y \left (0\right ) \end {align*}

The given ode now becomes an algebraic equation in the Laplace domain \begin {align*} s^{2} Y \left (s \right )-y^{\prime }\left (0\right )-s y \left (0\right )-s Y \left (s \right )+y \left (0\right )-2 Y \left (s \right ) = 0\tag {1} \end {align*}

But the initial conditions are \begin {align*} y \left (0\right )&=0\\ y'(0) &=3 \end {align*}

Substituting these initial conditions in above in Eq (1) gives \begin {align*} s^{2} Y \left (s \right )-3-s Y \left (s \right )-2 Y \left (s \right ) = 0 \end {align*}

Solving the above equation for \(Y(s)\) results in \begin {align*} Y(s) = \frac {3}{s^{2}-s -2} \end {align*}

Applying partial fractions decomposition results in \[ Y(s)= \frac {1}{s -2}-\frac {1}{s +1} \] The inverse Laplace of each term above is now found, which gives \begin {align*} \mathcal {L}^{-1}\left (\frac {1}{s -2}\right ) &= {\mathrm e}^{2 x}\\ \mathcal {L}^{-1}\left (-\frac {1}{s +1}\right ) &= -{\mathrm e}^{-x} \end {align*}

Adding the above results and simplifying gives \[ y=-{\mathrm e}^{-x}+{\mathrm e}^{2 x} \] Simplifying the solution gives \[ y = -{\mathrm e}^{-x}+{\mathrm e}^{2 x} \]

Summary

The solution(s) found are the following \begin{align*} \tag{1} y &= -{\mathrm e}^{-x}+{\mathrm e}^{2 x} \\ \end{align*}

(a) Solution plot

(b) Slope field plot

Verification of solutions

\[ y = -{\mathrm e}^{-x}+{\mathrm e}^{2 x} \] Verified OK.

14.5.2 Maple step by step solution

\[ \begin {array}{lll} & {} & \textrm {Let's solve}\hspace {3pt} \\ {} & {} & \left [y^{\prime \prime }-y^{\prime }-2 y=0, y \left (0\right )=0, y^{\prime }{\raise{-0.36em}{\Big |}}{\mstack {}{_{\left \{x \hiderel {=}0\right \}}}}=3\right ] \\ \bullet & {} & \textrm {Highest derivative means the order of the ODE is}\hspace {3pt} 2 \\ {} & {} & y^{\prime \prime } \\ \bullet & {} & \textrm {Characteristic polynomial of ODE}\hspace {3pt} \\ {} & {} & r^{2}-r -2=0 \\ \bullet & {} & \textrm {Factor the characteristic polynomial}\hspace {3pt} \\ {} & {} & \left (r +1\right ) \left (r -2\right )=0 \\ \bullet & {} & \textrm {Roots of the characteristic polynomial}\hspace {3pt} \\ {} & {} & r =\left (-1, 2\right ) \\ \bullet & {} & \textrm {1st solution of the ODE}\hspace {3pt} \\ {} & {} & y_{1}\left (x \right )={\mathrm e}^{-x} \\ \bullet & {} & \textrm {2nd solution of the ODE}\hspace {3pt} \\ {} & {} & y_{2}\left (x \right )={\mathrm e}^{2 x} \\ \bullet & {} & \textrm {General solution of the ODE}\hspace {3pt} \\ {} & {} & y=c_{1} y_{1}\left (x \right )+c_{2} y_{2}\left (x \right ) \\ \bullet & {} & \textrm {Substitute in solutions}\hspace {3pt} \\ {} & {} & y={\mathrm e}^{-x} c_{1} +c_{2} {\mathrm e}^{2 x} \\ \square & {} & \textrm {Check validity of solution}\hspace {3pt} y={\mathrm e}^{-x} c_{1} +c_{2} {\mathrm e}^{2 x} \\ {} & \circ & \textrm {Use initial condition}\hspace {3pt} y \left (0\right )=0 \\ {} & {} & 0=c_{1} +c_{2} \\ {} & \circ & \textrm {Compute derivative of the solution}\hspace {3pt} \\ {} & {} & y^{\prime }=-{\mathrm e}^{-x} c_{1} +2 c_{2} {\mathrm e}^{2 x} \\ {} & \circ & \textrm {Use the initial condition}\hspace {3pt} y^{\prime }{\raise{-0.36em}{\Big |}}{\mstack {}{_{\left \{x \hiderel {=}0\right \}}}}=3 \\ {} & {} & 3=-c_{1} +2 c_{2} \\ {} & \circ & \textrm {Solve for}\hspace {3pt} c_{1} \hspace {3pt}\textrm {and}\hspace {3pt} c_{2} \\ {} & {} & \left \{c_{1} =-1, c_{2} =1\right \} \\ {} & \circ & \textrm {Substitute constant values into general solution and simplify}\hspace {3pt} \\ {} & {} & y=-{\mathrm e}^{-x}+{\mathrm e}^{2 x} \\ \bullet & {} & \textrm {Solution to the IVP}\hspace {3pt} \\ {} & {} & y=-{\mathrm e}^{-x}+{\mathrm e}^{2 x} \end {array} \]

Maple trace

`Methods for second order ODEs: 
--- Trying classification methods --- 
trying a quadrature 
checking if the LODE has constant coefficients 
<- constant coefficients successful`
 

✓ Solution by Maple

Time used: 5.203 (sec). Leaf size: 15

dsolve([diff(y(x),x$2)-diff(y(x),x)-2*y(x)=0,y(0) = 0, D(y)(0) = 3],y(x), singsol=all)
 

\[ y \left (x \right ) = -{\mathrm e}^{-x}+{\mathrm e}^{2 x} \]

✓ Solution by Mathematica

Time used: 0.022 (sec). Leaf size: 18

DSolve[{y''[x]-y'[x]-2*y[x]==0,{y[0]==0,y'[0]==3}},y[x],x,IncludeSingularSolutions -> True]
 

\[ y(x)\to e^{-x} \left (e^{3 x}-1\right ) \]