Integrand size = 13, antiderivative size = 92 \[ \int \frac {1}{x^7 \sqrt [3]{-1+x^6}} \, dx=\frac {\left (-1+x^6\right )^{2/3}}{6 x^6}-\frac {\arctan \left (\frac {1}{\sqrt {3}}-\frac {2 \sqrt [3]{-1+x^6}}{\sqrt {3}}\right )}{6 \sqrt {3}}-\frac {1}{18} \log \left (1+\sqrt [3]{-1+x^6}\right )+\frac {1}{36} \log \left (1-\sqrt [3]{-1+x^6}+\left (-1+x^6\right )^{2/3}\right ) \]
1/6*(x^6-1)^(2/3)/x^6+1/18*arctan(-1/3*3^(1/2)+2/3*(x^6-1)^(1/3)*3^(1/2))* 3^(1/2)-1/18*ln(1+(x^6-1)^(1/3))+1/36*ln(1-(x^6-1)^(1/3)+(x^6-1)^(2/3))
Time = 0.07 (sec) , antiderivative size = 83, normalized size of antiderivative = 0.90 \[ \int \frac {1}{x^7 \sqrt [3]{-1+x^6}} \, dx=\frac {1}{36} \left (\frac {6 \left (-1+x^6\right )^{2/3}}{x^6}-2 \sqrt {3} \arctan \left (\frac {1-2 \sqrt [3]{-1+x^6}}{\sqrt {3}}\right )-2 \log \left (1+\sqrt [3]{-1+x^6}\right )+\log \left (1-\sqrt [3]{-1+x^6}+\left (-1+x^6\right )^{2/3}\right )\right ) \]
((6*(-1 + x^6)^(2/3))/x^6 - 2*Sqrt[3]*ArcTan[(1 - 2*(-1 + x^6)^(1/3))/Sqrt [3]] - 2*Log[1 + (-1 + x^6)^(1/3)] + Log[1 - (-1 + x^6)^(1/3) + (-1 + x^6) ^(2/3)])/36
Time = 0.19 (sec) , antiderivative size = 73, normalized size of antiderivative = 0.79, number of steps used = 7, number of rules used = 6, \(\frac {\text {number of rules}}{\text {integrand size}}\) = 0.462, Rules used = {798, 52, 68, 16, 1083, 217}
Below are the steps used by Rubi to obtain the solution. The rule number used for the transformation is given above next to the arrow. The rules definitions used are listed below.
| \(\displaystyle \int \frac {1}{x^7 \sqrt [3]{x^6-1}} \, dx\) |
| \(\Big \downarrow \) 798 |
| \(\displaystyle \frac {1}{6} \int \frac {1}{x^{12} \sqrt [3]{x^6-1}}dx^6\) |
| \(\Big \downarrow \) 52 |
| \(\displaystyle \frac {1}{6} \left (\frac {1}{3} \int \frac {1}{x^6 \sqrt [3]{x^6-1}}dx^6+\frac {\left (x^6-1\right )^{2/3}}{x^6}\right )\) |
| \(\Big \downarrow \) 68 |
| \(\displaystyle \frac {1}{6} \left (\frac {1}{3} \left (-\frac {3}{2} \int \frac {1}{\sqrt [3]{x^6-1}+1}d\sqrt [3]{x^6-1}+\frac {3}{2} \int \frac {1}{x^{12}-\sqrt [3]{x^6-1}+1}d\sqrt [3]{x^6-1}+\frac {\log \left (x^6\right )}{2}\right )+\frac {\left (x^6-1\right )^{2/3}}{x^6}\right )\) |
| \(\Big \downarrow \) 16 |
| \(\displaystyle \frac {1}{6} \left (\frac {1}{3} \left (\frac {3}{2} \int \frac {1}{x^{12}-\sqrt [3]{x^6-1}+1}d\sqrt [3]{x^6-1}+\frac {\log \left (x^6\right )}{2}-\frac {3}{2} \log \left (\sqrt [3]{x^6-1}+1\right )\right )+\frac {\left (x^6-1\right )^{2/3}}{x^6}\right )\) |
| \(\Big \downarrow \) 1083 |
| \(\displaystyle \frac {1}{6} \left (\frac {1}{3} \left (-3 \int \frac {1}{-x^{12}-3}d\left (2 \sqrt [3]{x^6-1}-1\right )+\frac {\log \left (x^6\right )}{2}-\frac {3}{2} \log \left (\sqrt [3]{x^6-1}+1\right )\right )+\frac {\left (x^6-1\right )^{2/3}}{x^6}\right )\) |
| \(\Big \downarrow \) 217 |
| \(\displaystyle \frac {1}{6} \left (\frac {1}{3} \left (\sqrt {3} \arctan \left (\frac {2 \sqrt [3]{x^6-1}-1}{\sqrt {3}}\right )+\frac {\log \left (x^6\right )}{2}-\frac {3}{2} \log \left (\sqrt [3]{x^6-1}+1\right )\right )+\frac {\left (x^6-1\right )^{2/3}}{x^6}\right )\) |
((-1 + x^6)^(2/3)/x^6 + (Sqrt[3]*ArcTan[(-1 + 2*(-1 + x^6)^(1/3))/Sqrt[3]] + Log[x^6]/2 - (3*Log[1 + (-1 + x^6)^(1/3)])/2)/3)/6
3.13.75.3.1 Defintions of rubi rules used
Int[(c_.)/((a_.) + (b_.)*(x_)), x_Symbol] :> Simp[c*(Log[RemoveContent[a + b*x, x]]/b), x] /; FreeQ[{a, b, c}, x]
Int[((a_.) + (b_.)*(x_))^(m_)*((c_.) + (d_.)*(x_))^(n_), x_Symbol] :> Simp[ (a + b*x)^(m + 1)*((c + d*x)^(n + 1)/((b*c - a*d)*(m + 1))), x] - Simp[d*(( m + n + 2)/((b*c - a*d)*(m + 1))) Int[(a + b*x)^(m + 1)*(c + d*x)^n, x], x] /; FreeQ[{a, b, c, d, n}, x] && ILtQ[m, -1] && FractionQ[n] && LtQ[n, 0]
Int[1/(((a_.) + (b_.)*(x_))*((c_.) + (d_.)*(x_))^(1/3)), x_Symbol] :> With[ {q = Rt[-(b*c - a*d)/b, 3]}, Simp[Log[RemoveContent[a + b*x, x]]/(2*b*q), x ] + (Simp[3/(2*b) Subst[Int[1/(q^2 - q*x + x^2), x], x, (c + d*x)^(1/3)], x] - Simp[3/(2*b*q) Subst[Int[1/(q + x), x], x, (c + d*x)^(1/3)], x])] / ; FreeQ[{a, b, c, d}, x] && NegQ[(b*c - a*d)/b]
Int[((a_) + (b_.)*(x_)^2)^(-1), x_Symbol] :> Simp[(-(Rt[-a, 2]*Rt[-b, 2])^( -1))*ArcTan[Rt[-b, 2]*(x/Rt[-a, 2])], x] /; FreeQ[{a, b}, x] && PosQ[a/b] & & (LtQ[a, 0] || LtQ[b, 0])
Int[(x_)^(m_.)*((a_) + (b_.)*(x_)^(n_))^(p_), x_Symbol] :> Simp[1/n Subst [Int[x^(Simplify[(m + 1)/n] - 1)*(a + b*x)^p, x], x, x^n], x] /; FreeQ[{a, b, m, n, p}, x] && IntegerQ[Simplify[(m + 1)/n]]
Int[((a_) + (b_.)*(x_) + (c_.)*(x_)^2)^(-1), x_Symbol] :> Simp[-2 Subst[I nt[1/Simp[b^2 - 4*a*c - x^2, x], x], x, b + 2*c*x], x] /; FreeQ[{a, b, c}, x]
Result contains higher order function than in optimal. Order 9 vs. order 3.
Time = 7.38 (sec) , antiderivative size = 96, normalized size of antiderivative = 1.04
| method | result | size |
| risch | \(\frac {\left (x^{6}-1\right )^{\frac {2}{3}}}{6 x^{6}}+\frac {\sqrt {3}\, \Gamma \left (\frac {2}{3}\right ) {\left (-\operatorname {signum}\left (x^{6}-1\right )\right )}^{\frac {1}{3}} \left (\frac {2 \pi \sqrt {3}\, x^{6} \operatorname {hypergeom}\left (\left [1, 1, \frac {4}{3}\right ], \left [2, 2\right ], x^{6}\right )}{9 \Gamma \left (\frac {2}{3}\right )}+\frac {2 \left (-\frac {\pi \sqrt {3}}{6}-\frac {3 \ln \left (3\right )}{2}+6 \ln \left (x \right )+i \pi \right ) \pi \sqrt {3}}{3 \Gamma \left (\frac {2}{3}\right )}\right )}{36 \pi \operatorname {signum}\left (x^{6}-1\right )^{\frac {1}{3}}}\) | \(96\) |
| meijerg | \(-\frac {\sqrt {3}\, \Gamma \left (\frac {2}{3}\right ) {\left (-\operatorname {signum}\left (x^{6}-1\right )\right )}^{\frac {1}{3}} \left (-\frac {4 \pi \sqrt {3}\, x^{6} \operatorname {hypergeom}\left (\left [1, 1, \frac {7}{3}\right ], \left [2, 3\right ], x^{6}\right )}{27 \Gamma \left (\frac {2}{3}\right )}-\frac {2 \left (2-\frac {\pi \sqrt {3}}{6}-\frac {3 \ln \left (3\right )}{2}+6 \ln \left (x \right )+i \pi \right ) \pi \sqrt {3}}{9 \Gamma \left (\frac {2}{3}\right )}+\frac {2 \pi \sqrt {3}}{3 \Gamma \left (\frac {2}{3}\right ) x^{6}}\right )}{12 \pi \operatorname {signum}\left (x^{6}-1\right )^{\frac {1}{3}}}\) | \(97\) |
| pseudoelliptic | \(\frac {2 \arctan \left (\frac {\left (2 \left (x^{6}-1\right )^{\frac {1}{3}}-1\right ) \sqrt {3}}{3}\right ) \sqrt {3}\, x^{6}-2 \ln \left (1+\left (x^{6}-1\right )^{\frac {1}{3}}\right ) x^{6}+\ln \left (1-\left (x^{6}-1\right )^{\frac {1}{3}}+\left (x^{6}-1\right )^{\frac {2}{3}}\right ) x^{6}+6 \left (x^{6}-1\right )^{\frac {2}{3}}}{36 \left (1+\left (x^{6}-1\right )^{\frac {1}{3}}\right ) \left (1-\left (x^{6}-1\right )^{\frac {1}{3}}+\left (x^{6}-1\right )^{\frac {2}{3}}\right )}\) | \(107\) |
| trager | \(\frac {\left (x^{6}-1\right )^{\frac {2}{3}}}{6 x^{6}}+224 \operatorname {RootOf}\left (16257024 \textit {\_Z}^{2}-4032 \textit {\_Z} +1\right ) \ln \left (-\frac {24467220649221806672558383104 \operatorname {RootOf}\left (16257024 \textit {\_Z}^{2}-4032 \textit {\_Z} +1\right )^{2} x^{6}-380817353737696452026579136 \operatorname {RootOf}\left (16257024 \textit {\_Z}^{2}-4032 \textit {\_Z} +1\right ) x^{6}-23171389162410581752275 x^{6}+275253794455679502932875392 \left (x^{6}-1\right )^{\frac {2}{3}} \operatorname {RootOf}\left (16257024 \textit {\_Z}^{2}-4032 \textit {\_Z} +1\right )-1565902121550195627043736518656 \operatorname {RootOf}\left (16257024 \textit {\_Z}^{2}-4032 \textit {\_Z} +1\right )^{2}-275253794455679502932875392 \operatorname {RootOf}\left (16257024 \textit {\_Z}^{2}-4032 \textit {\_Z} +1\right ) \left (x^{6}-1\right )^{\frac {1}{3}}+142296551347461340528569 \left (x^{6}-1\right )^{\frac {2}{3}}+663622376189358973925865600 \operatorname {RootOf}\left (16257024 \textit {\_Z}^{2}-4032 \textit {\_Z} +1\right )-142296551347461340528569 \left (x^{6}-1\right )^{\frac {1}{3}}+45974978496846392365625}{x^{6}}\right )+\frac {\ln \left (-\frac {24467220649221806672558383104 \operatorname {RootOf}\left (16257024 \textit {\_Z}^{2}-4032 \textit {\_Z} +1\right )^{2} x^{6}+368680835558518968558048192 \operatorname {RootOf}\left (16257024 \textit {\_Z}^{2}-4032 \textit {\_Z} +1\right ) x^{6}-116115113033469041646202 x^{6}-275253794455679502932875392 \left (x^{6}-1\right )^{\frac {2}{3}} \operatorname {RootOf}\left (16257024 \textit {\_Z}^{2}-4032 \textit {\_Z} +1\right )-1565902121550195627043736518656 \operatorname {RootOf}\left (16257024 \textit {\_Z}^{2}-4032 \textit {\_Z} +1\right )^{2}+275253794455679502932875392 \operatorname {RootOf}\left (16257024 \textit {\_Z}^{2}-4032 \textit {\_Z} +1\right ) \left (x^{6}-1\right )^{\frac {1}{3}}+210563861480318360105175 \left (x^{6}-1\right )^{\frac {2}{3}}+113114787277999968060114816 \operatorname {RootOf}\left (16257024 \textit {\_Z}^{2}-4032 \textit {\_Z} +1\right )-210563861480318360105175 \left (x^{6}-1\right )^{\frac {1}{3}}+114242288629703411942231}{x^{6}}\right )}{18}-224 \ln \left (-\frac {24467220649221806672558383104 \operatorname {RootOf}\left (16257024 \textit {\_Z}^{2}-4032 \textit {\_Z} +1\right )^{2} x^{6}+368680835558518968558048192 \operatorname {RootOf}\left (16257024 \textit {\_Z}^{2}-4032 \textit {\_Z} +1\right ) x^{6}-116115113033469041646202 x^{6}-275253794455679502932875392 \left (x^{6}-1\right )^{\frac {2}{3}} \operatorname {RootOf}\left (16257024 \textit {\_Z}^{2}-4032 \textit {\_Z} +1\right )-1565902121550195627043736518656 \operatorname {RootOf}\left (16257024 \textit {\_Z}^{2}-4032 \textit {\_Z} +1\right )^{2}+275253794455679502932875392 \operatorname {RootOf}\left (16257024 \textit {\_Z}^{2}-4032 \textit {\_Z} +1\right ) \left (x^{6}-1\right )^{\frac {1}{3}}+210563861480318360105175 \left (x^{6}-1\right )^{\frac {2}{3}}+113114787277999968060114816 \operatorname {RootOf}\left (16257024 \textit {\_Z}^{2}-4032 \textit {\_Z} +1\right )-210563861480318360105175 \left (x^{6}-1\right )^{\frac {1}{3}}+114242288629703411942231}{x^{6}}\right ) \operatorname {RootOf}\left (16257024 \textit {\_Z}^{2}-4032 \textit {\_Z} +1\right )\) | \(441\) |
1/6*(x^6-1)^(2/3)/x^6+1/36/Pi*3^(1/2)*GAMMA(2/3)/signum(x^6-1)^(1/3)*(-sig num(x^6-1))^(1/3)*(2/9*Pi*3^(1/2)/GAMMA(2/3)*x^6*hypergeom([1,1,4/3],[2,2] ,x^6)+2/3*(-1/6*Pi*3^(1/2)-3/2*ln(3)+6*ln(x)+I*Pi)*Pi*3^(1/2)/GAMMA(2/3))
Time = 0.24 (sec) , antiderivative size = 80, normalized size of antiderivative = 0.87 \[ \int \frac {1}{x^7 \sqrt [3]{-1+x^6}} \, dx=\frac {2 \, \sqrt {3} x^{6} \arctan \left (\frac {2}{3} \, \sqrt {3} {\left (x^{6} - 1\right )}^{\frac {1}{3}} - \frac {1}{3} \, \sqrt {3}\right ) + x^{6} \log \left ({\left (x^{6} - 1\right )}^{\frac {2}{3}} - {\left (x^{6} - 1\right )}^{\frac {1}{3}} + 1\right ) - 2 \, x^{6} \log \left ({\left (x^{6} - 1\right )}^{\frac {1}{3}} + 1\right ) + 6 \, {\left (x^{6} - 1\right )}^{\frac {2}{3}}}{36 \, x^{6}} \]
1/36*(2*sqrt(3)*x^6*arctan(2/3*sqrt(3)*(x^6 - 1)^(1/3) - 1/3*sqrt(3)) + x^ 6*log((x^6 - 1)^(2/3) - (x^6 - 1)^(1/3) + 1) - 2*x^6*log((x^6 - 1)^(1/3) + 1) + 6*(x^6 - 1)^(2/3))/x^6
Result contains complex when optimal does not.
Time = 0.74 (sec) , antiderivative size = 32, normalized size of antiderivative = 0.35 \[ \int \frac {1}{x^7 \sqrt [3]{-1+x^6}} \, dx=- \frac {\Gamma \left (\frac {4}{3}\right ) {{}_{2}F_{1}\left (\begin {matrix} \frac {1}{3}, \frac {4}{3} \\ \frac {7}{3} \end {matrix}\middle | {\frac {e^{2 i \pi }}{x^{6}}} \right )}}{6 x^{8} \Gamma \left (\frac {7}{3}\right )} \]
Time = 0.26 (sec) , antiderivative size = 68, normalized size of antiderivative = 0.74 \[ \int \frac {1}{x^7 \sqrt [3]{-1+x^6}} \, dx=\frac {1}{18} \, \sqrt {3} \arctan \left (\frac {1}{3} \, \sqrt {3} {\left (2 \, {\left (x^{6} - 1\right )}^{\frac {1}{3}} - 1\right )}\right ) + \frac {{\left (x^{6} - 1\right )}^{\frac {2}{3}}}{6 \, x^{6}} + \frac {1}{36} \, \log \left ({\left (x^{6} - 1\right )}^{\frac {2}{3}} - {\left (x^{6} - 1\right )}^{\frac {1}{3}} + 1\right ) - \frac {1}{18} \, \log \left ({\left (x^{6} - 1\right )}^{\frac {1}{3}} + 1\right ) \]
1/18*sqrt(3)*arctan(1/3*sqrt(3)*(2*(x^6 - 1)^(1/3) - 1)) + 1/6*(x^6 - 1)^( 2/3)/x^6 + 1/36*log((x^6 - 1)^(2/3) - (x^6 - 1)^(1/3) + 1) - 1/18*log((x^6 - 1)^(1/3) + 1)
Time = 0.29 (sec) , antiderivative size = 69, normalized size of antiderivative = 0.75 \[ \int \frac {1}{x^7 \sqrt [3]{-1+x^6}} \, dx=\frac {1}{18} \, \sqrt {3} \arctan \left (\frac {1}{3} \, \sqrt {3} {\left (2 \, {\left (x^{6} - 1\right )}^{\frac {1}{3}} - 1\right )}\right ) + \frac {{\left (x^{6} - 1\right )}^{\frac {2}{3}}}{6 \, x^{6}} + \frac {1}{36} \, \log \left ({\left (x^{6} - 1\right )}^{\frac {2}{3}} - {\left (x^{6} - 1\right )}^{\frac {1}{3}} + 1\right ) - \frac {1}{18} \, \log \left ({\left | {\left (x^{6} - 1\right )}^{\frac {1}{3}} + 1 \right |}\right ) \]
1/18*sqrt(3)*arctan(1/3*sqrt(3)*(2*(x^6 - 1)^(1/3) - 1)) + 1/6*(x^6 - 1)^( 2/3)/x^6 + 1/36*log((x^6 - 1)^(2/3) - (x^6 - 1)^(1/3) + 1) - 1/18*log(abs( (x^6 - 1)^(1/3) + 1))
Time = 5.82 (sec) , antiderivative size = 92, normalized size of antiderivative = 1.00 \[ \int \frac {1}{x^7 \sqrt [3]{-1+x^6}} \, dx=\frac {{\left (x^6-1\right )}^{2/3}}{6\,x^6}-\ln \left (9\,{\left (-\frac {1}{36}+\frac {\sqrt {3}\,1{}\mathrm {i}}{36}\right )}^2+\frac {{\left (x^6-1\right )}^{1/3}}{36}\right )\,\left (-\frac {1}{36}+\frac {\sqrt {3}\,1{}\mathrm {i}}{36}\right )+\ln \left (9\,{\left (\frac {1}{36}+\frac {\sqrt {3}\,1{}\mathrm {i}}{36}\right )}^2+\frac {{\left (x^6-1\right )}^{1/3}}{36}\right )\,\left (\frac {1}{36}+\frac {\sqrt {3}\,1{}\mathrm {i}}{36}\right )-\frac {\ln \left (\frac {{\left (x^6-1\right )}^{1/3}}{36}+\frac {1}{36}\right )}{18} \]