Integrand size = 13, antiderivative size = 92 \[ \int \frac {\left (-1+x^6\right )^{2/3}}{x^7} \, dx=-\frac {\left (-1+x^6\right )^{2/3}}{6 x^6}-\frac {\arctan \left (\frac {1}{\sqrt {3}}-\frac {2 \sqrt [3]{-1+x^6}}{\sqrt {3}}\right )}{3 \sqrt {3}}-\frac {1}{9} \log \left (1+\sqrt [3]{-1+x^6}\right )+\frac {1}{18} \log \left (1-\sqrt [3]{-1+x^6}+\left (-1+x^6\right )^{2/3}\right ) \]
-1/6*(x^6-1)^(2/3)/x^6+1/9*arctan(-1/3*3^(1/2)+2/3*(x^6-1)^(1/3)*3^(1/2))* 3^(1/2)-1/9*ln(1+(x^6-1)^(1/3))+1/18*ln(1-(x^6-1)^(1/3)+(x^6-1)^(2/3))
Time = 0.07 (sec) , antiderivative size = 83, normalized size of antiderivative = 0.90 \[ \int \frac {\left (-1+x^6\right )^{2/3}}{x^7} \, dx=\frac {1}{18} \left (-\frac {3 \left (-1+x^6\right )^{2/3}}{x^6}-2 \sqrt {3} \arctan \left (\frac {1-2 \sqrt [3]{-1+x^6}}{\sqrt {3}}\right )-2 \log \left (1+\sqrt [3]{-1+x^6}\right )+\log \left (1-\sqrt [3]{-1+x^6}+\left (-1+x^6\right )^{2/3}\right )\right ) \]
((-3*(-1 + x^6)^(2/3))/x^6 - 2*Sqrt[3]*ArcTan[(1 - 2*(-1 + x^6)^(1/3))/Sqr t[3]] - 2*Log[1 + (-1 + x^6)^(1/3)] + Log[1 - (-1 + x^6)^(1/3) + (-1 + x^6 )^(2/3)])/18
Time = 0.19 (sec) , antiderivative size = 74, normalized size of antiderivative = 0.80, number of steps used = 7, number of rules used = 6, \(\frac {\text {number of rules}}{\text {integrand size}}\) = 0.462, Rules used = {798, 51, 68, 16, 1083, 217}
Below are the steps used by Rubi to obtain the solution. The rule number used for the transformation is given above next to the arrow. The rules definitions used are listed below.
| \(\displaystyle \int \frac {\left (x^6-1\right )^{2/3}}{x^7} \, dx\) |
| \(\Big \downarrow \) 798 |
| \(\displaystyle \frac {1}{6} \int \frac {\left (x^6-1\right )^{2/3}}{x^{12}}dx^6\) |
| \(\Big \downarrow \) 51 |
| \(\displaystyle \frac {1}{6} \left (\frac {2}{3} \int \frac {1}{x^6 \sqrt [3]{x^6-1}}dx^6-\frac {\left (x^6-1\right )^{2/3}}{x^6}\right )\) |
| \(\Big \downarrow \) 68 |
| \(\displaystyle \frac {1}{6} \left (\frac {2}{3} \left (-\frac {3}{2} \int \frac {1}{\sqrt [3]{x^6-1}+1}d\sqrt [3]{x^6-1}+\frac {3}{2} \int \frac {1}{x^{12}-\sqrt [3]{x^6-1}+1}d\sqrt [3]{x^6-1}+\frac {\log \left (x^6\right )}{2}\right )-\frac {\left (x^6-1\right )^{2/3}}{x^6}\right )\) |
| \(\Big \downarrow \) 16 |
| \(\displaystyle \frac {1}{6} \left (\frac {2}{3} \left (\frac {3}{2} \int \frac {1}{x^{12}-\sqrt [3]{x^6-1}+1}d\sqrt [3]{x^6-1}+\frac {\log \left (x^6\right )}{2}-\frac {3}{2} \log \left (\sqrt [3]{x^6-1}+1\right )\right )-\frac {\left (x^6-1\right )^{2/3}}{x^6}\right )\) |
| \(\Big \downarrow \) 1083 |
| \(\displaystyle \frac {1}{6} \left (\frac {2}{3} \left (-3 \int \frac {1}{-x^{12}-3}d\left (2 \sqrt [3]{x^6-1}-1\right )+\frac {\log \left (x^6\right )}{2}-\frac {3}{2} \log \left (\sqrt [3]{x^6-1}+1\right )\right )-\frac {\left (x^6-1\right )^{2/3}}{x^6}\right )\) |
| \(\Big \downarrow \) 217 |
| \(\displaystyle \frac {1}{6} \left (\frac {2}{3} \left (\sqrt {3} \arctan \left (\frac {2 \sqrt [3]{x^6-1}-1}{\sqrt {3}}\right )+\frac {\log \left (x^6\right )}{2}-\frac {3}{2} \log \left (\sqrt [3]{x^6-1}+1\right )\right )-\frac {\left (x^6-1\right )^{2/3}}{x^6}\right )\) |
(-((-1 + x^6)^(2/3)/x^6) + (2*(Sqrt[3]*ArcTan[(-1 + 2*(-1 + x^6)^(1/3))/Sq rt[3]] + Log[x^6]/2 - (3*Log[1 + (-1 + x^6)^(1/3)])/2))/3)/6
3.13.76.3.1 Defintions of rubi rules used
Int[(c_.)/((a_.) + (b_.)*(x_)), x_Symbol] :> Simp[c*(Log[RemoveContent[a + b*x, x]]/b), x] /; FreeQ[{a, b, c}, x]
Int[((a_.) + (b_.)*(x_))^(m_)*((c_.) + (d_.)*(x_))^(n_), x_Symbol] :> Simp[ (a + b*x)^(m + 1)*((c + d*x)^n/(b*(m + 1))), x] - Simp[d*(n/(b*(m + 1))) Int[(a + b*x)^(m + 1)*(c + d*x)^(n - 1), x], x] /; FreeQ[{a, b, c, d, n}, x ] && ILtQ[m, -1] && FractionQ[n] && GtQ[n, 0]
Int[1/(((a_.) + (b_.)*(x_))*((c_.) + (d_.)*(x_))^(1/3)), x_Symbol] :> With[ {q = Rt[-(b*c - a*d)/b, 3]}, Simp[Log[RemoveContent[a + b*x, x]]/(2*b*q), x ] + (Simp[3/(2*b) Subst[Int[1/(q^2 - q*x + x^2), x], x, (c + d*x)^(1/3)], x] - Simp[3/(2*b*q) Subst[Int[1/(q + x), x], x, (c + d*x)^(1/3)], x])] / ; FreeQ[{a, b, c, d}, x] && NegQ[(b*c - a*d)/b]
Int[((a_) + (b_.)*(x_)^2)^(-1), x_Symbol] :> Simp[(-(Rt[-a, 2]*Rt[-b, 2])^( -1))*ArcTan[Rt[-b, 2]*(x/Rt[-a, 2])], x] /; FreeQ[{a, b}, x] && PosQ[a/b] & & (LtQ[a, 0] || LtQ[b, 0])
Int[(x_)^(m_.)*((a_) + (b_.)*(x_)^(n_))^(p_), x_Symbol] :> Simp[1/n Subst [Int[x^(Simplify[(m + 1)/n] - 1)*(a + b*x)^p, x], x, x^n], x] /; FreeQ[{a, b, m, n, p}, x] && IntegerQ[Simplify[(m + 1)/n]]
Int[((a_) + (b_.)*(x_) + (c_.)*(x_)^2)^(-1), x_Symbol] :> Simp[-2 Subst[I nt[1/Simp[b^2 - 4*a*c - x^2, x], x], x, b + 2*c*x], x] /; FreeQ[{a, b, c}, x]
Result contains higher order function than in optimal. Order 9 vs. order 3.
Time = 7.25 (sec) , antiderivative size = 96, normalized size of antiderivative = 1.04
| method | result | size |
| risch | \(-\frac {\left (x^{6}-1\right )^{\frac {2}{3}}}{6 x^{6}}+\frac {\sqrt {3}\, \Gamma \left (\frac {2}{3}\right ) {\left (-\operatorname {signum}\left (x^{6}-1\right )\right )}^{\frac {1}{3}} \left (\frac {2 \pi \sqrt {3}\, x^{6} \operatorname {hypergeom}\left (\left [1, 1, \frac {4}{3}\right ], \left [2, 2\right ], x^{6}\right )}{9 \Gamma \left (\frac {2}{3}\right )}+\frac {2 \left (-\frac {\pi \sqrt {3}}{6}-\frac {3 \ln \left (3\right )}{2}+6 \ln \left (x \right )+i \pi \right ) \pi \sqrt {3}}{3 \Gamma \left (\frac {2}{3}\right )}\right )}{18 \pi \operatorname {signum}\left (x^{6}-1\right )^{\frac {1}{3}}}\) | \(96\) |
| meijerg | \(\frac {\sqrt {3}\, \Gamma \left (\frac {2}{3}\right ) \operatorname {signum}\left (x^{6}-1\right )^{\frac {2}{3}} \left (-\frac {\pi \sqrt {3}\, x^{6} \operatorname {hypergeom}\left (\left [1, 1, \frac {4}{3}\right ], \left [2, 3\right ], x^{6}\right )}{9 \Gamma \left (\frac {2}{3}\right )}-\frac {2 \left (-\frac {\pi \sqrt {3}}{6}-\frac {3 \ln \left (3\right )}{2}-1+6 \ln \left (x \right )+i \pi \right ) \pi \sqrt {3}}{3 \Gamma \left (\frac {2}{3}\right )}-\frac {\pi \sqrt {3}}{\Gamma \left (\frac {2}{3}\right ) x^{6}}\right )}{18 \pi {\left (-\operatorname {signum}\left (x^{6}-1\right )\right )}^{\frac {2}{3}}}\) | \(97\) |
| pseudoelliptic | \(\frac {2 \arctan \left (\frac {\left (2 \left (x^{6}-1\right )^{\frac {1}{3}}-1\right ) \sqrt {3}}{3}\right ) \sqrt {3}\, x^{6}-2 \ln \left (1+\left (x^{6}-1\right )^{\frac {1}{3}}\right ) x^{6}+\ln \left (1-\left (x^{6}-1\right )^{\frac {1}{3}}+\left (x^{6}-1\right )^{\frac {2}{3}}\right ) x^{6}-3 \left (x^{6}-1\right )^{\frac {2}{3}}}{18 \left (1+\left (x^{6}-1\right )^{\frac {1}{3}}\right ) \left (1-\left (x^{6}-1\right )^{\frac {1}{3}}+\left (x^{6}-1\right )^{\frac {2}{3}}\right )}\) | \(107\) |
| trager | \(-\frac {\left (x^{6}-1\right )^{\frac {2}{3}}}{6 x^{6}}+\frac {64 \operatorname {RootOf}\left (4096 \textit {\_Z}^{2}-64 \textit {\_Z} +1\right ) \ln \left (-\frac {6164580662439356682428416 \operatorname {RootOf}\left (4096 \textit {\_Z}^{2}-64 \textit {\_Z} +1\right )^{2} x^{6}-6044719900598356381374272 \operatorname {RootOf}\left (4096 \textit {\_Z}^{2}-64 \textit {\_Z} +1\right ) x^{6}-23171389162410581752275 x^{6}+4369107848502849252902784 \left (x^{6}-1\right )^{\frac {2}{3}} \operatorname {RootOf}\left (4096 \textit {\_Z}^{2}-64 \textit {\_Z} +1\right )-394533162396118827675418624 \operatorname {RootOf}\left (4096 \textit {\_Z}^{2}-64 \textit {\_Z} +1\right )^{2}-4369107848502849252902784 \operatorname {RootOf}\left (4096 \textit {\_Z}^{2}-64 \textit {\_Z} +1\right ) \left (x^{6}-1\right )^{\frac {1}{3}}+142296551347461340528569 \left (x^{6}-1\right )^{\frac {2}{3}}+10533688510942205935331200 \operatorname {RootOf}\left (4096 \textit {\_Z}^{2}-64 \textit {\_Z} +1\right )-142296551347461340528569 \left (x^{6}-1\right )^{\frac {1}{3}}+45974978496846392365625}{x^{6}}\right )}{9}+\frac {\ln \left (\frac {2276865594727252226048 \operatorname {RootOf}\left (4096 \textit {\_Z}^{2}-64 \textit {\_Z} +1\right )^{2} x^{6}+2128518069841126435008 \operatorname {RootOf}\left (4096 \textit {\_Z}^{2}-64 \textit {\_Z} +1\right ) x^{6}-74783116455558560258 x^{6}+493507288555881670464 \left (x^{6}-1\right )^{\frac {2}{3}} \operatorname {RootOf}\left (4096 \textit {\_Z}^{2}-64 \textit {\_Z} +1\right )-145719398062544142467072 \operatorname {RootOf}\left (4096 \textit {\_Z}^{2}-64 \textit {\_Z} +1\right )^{2}-493507288555881670464 \operatorname {RootOf}\left (4096 \textit {\_Z}^{2}-64 \textit {\_Z} +1\right ) \left (x^{6}-1\right )^{\frac {1}{3}}+109152962075501576931 \left (x^{6}-1\right )^{\frac {2}{3}}+2770372883283133896512 \operatorname {RootOf}\left (4096 \textit {\_Z}^{2}-64 \textit {\_Z} +1\right )-109152962075501576931 \left (x^{6}-1\right )^{\frac {1}{3}}+73576937157888260899}{x^{6}}\right )}{9}-\frac {64 \ln \left (\frac {2276865594727252226048 \operatorname {RootOf}\left (4096 \textit {\_Z}^{2}-64 \textit {\_Z} +1\right )^{2} x^{6}+2128518069841126435008 \operatorname {RootOf}\left (4096 \textit {\_Z}^{2}-64 \textit {\_Z} +1\right ) x^{6}-74783116455558560258 x^{6}+493507288555881670464 \left (x^{6}-1\right )^{\frac {2}{3}} \operatorname {RootOf}\left (4096 \textit {\_Z}^{2}-64 \textit {\_Z} +1\right )-145719398062544142467072 \operatorname {RootOf}\left (4096 \textit {\_Z}^{2}-64 \textit {\_Z} +1\right )^{2}-493507288555881670464 \operatorname {RootOf}\left (4096 \textit {\_Z}^{2}-64 \textit {\_Z} +1\right ) \left (x^{6}-1\right )^{\frac {1}{3}}+109152962075501576931 \left (x^{6}-1\right )^{\frac {2}{3}}+2770372883283133896512 \operatorname {RootOf}\left (4096 \textit {\_Z}^{2}-64 \textit {\_Z} +1\right )-109152962075501576931 \left (x^{6}-1\right )^{\frac {1}{3}}+73576937157888260899}{x^{6}}\right ) \operatorname {RootOf}\left (4096 \textit {\_Z}^{2}-64 \textit {\_Z} +1\right )}{9}\) | \(439\) |
-1/6*(x^6-1)^(2/3)/x^6+1/18/Pi*3^(1/2)*GAMMA(2/3)/signum(x^6-1)^(1/3)*(-si gnum(x^6-1))^(1/3)*(2/9*Pi*3^(1/2)/GAMMA(2/3)*x^6*hypergeom([1,1,4/3],[2,2 ],x^6)+2/3*(-1/6*Pi*3^(1/2)-3/2*ln(3)+6*ln(x)+I*Pi)*Pi*3^(1/2)/GAMMA(2/3))
Time = 0.25 (sec) , antiderivative size = 80, normalized size of antiderivative = 0.87 \[ \int \frac {\left (-1+x^6\right )^{2/3}}{x^7} \, dx=\frac {2 \, \sqrt {3} x^{6} \arctan \left (\frac {2}{3} \, \sqrt {3} {\left (x^{6} - 1\right )}^{\frac {1}{3}} - \frac {1}{3} \, \sqrt {3}\right ) + x^{6} \log \left ({\left (x^{6} - 1\right )}^{\frac {2}{3}} - {\left (x^{6} - 1\right )}^{\frac {1}{3}} + 1\right ) - 2 \, x^{6} \log \left ({\left (x^{6} - 1\right )}^{\frac {1}{3}} + 1\right ) - 3 \, {\left (x^{6} - 1\right )}^{\frac {2}{3}}}{18 \, x^{6}} \]
1/18*(2*sqrt(3)*x^6*arctan(2/3*sqrt(3)*(x^6 - 1)^(1/3) - 1/3*sqrt(3)) + x^ 6*log((x^6 - 1)^(2/3) - (x^6 - 1)^(1/3) + 1) - 2*x^6*log((x^6 - 1)^(1/3) + 1) - 3*(x^6 - 1)^(2/3))/x^6
Result contains complex when optimal does not.
Time = 0.82 (sec) , antiderivative size = 34, normalized size of antiderivative = 0.37 \[ \int \frac {\left (-1+x^6\right )^{2/3}}{x^7} \, dx=- \frac {\Gamma \left (\frac {1}{3}\right ) {{}_{2}F_{1}\left (\begin {matrix} - \frac {2}{3}, \frac {1}{3} \\ \frac {4}{3} \end {matrix}\middle | {\frac {e^{2 i \pi }}{x^{6}}} \right )}}{6 x^{2} \Gamma \left (\frac {4}{3}\right )} \]
Time = 0.26 (sec) , antiderivative size = 68, normalized size of antiderivative = 0.74 \[ \int \frac {\left (-1+x^6\right )^{2/3}}{x^7} \, dx=\frac {1}{9} \, \sqrt {3} \arctan \left (\frac {1}{3} \, \sqrt {3} {\left (2 \, {\left (x^{6} - 1\right )}^{\frac {1}{3}} - 1\right )}\right ) - \frac {{\left (x^{6} - 1\right )}^{\frac {2}{3}}}{6 \, x^{6}} + \frac {1}{18} \, \log \left ({\left (x^{6} - 1\right )}^{\frac {2}{3}} - {\left (x^{6} - 1\right )}^{\frac {1}{3}} + 1\right ) - \frac {1}{9} \, \log \left ({\left (x^{6} - 1\right )}^{\frac {1}{3}} + 1\right ) \]
1/9*sqrt(3)*arctan(1/3*sqrt(3)*(2*(x^6 - 1)^(1/3) - 1)) - 1/6*(x^6 - 1)^(2 /3)/x^6 + 1/18*log((x^6 - 1)^(2/3) - (x^6 - 1)^(1/3) + 1) - 1/9*log((x^6 - 1)^(1/3) + 1)
Time = 0.27 (sec) , antiderivative size = 69, normalized size of antiderivative = 0.75 \[ \int \frac {\left (-1+x^6\right )^{2/3}}{x^7} \, dx=\frac {1}{9} \, \sqrt {3} \arctan \left (\frac {1}{3} \, \sqrt {3} {\left (2 \, {\left (x^{6} - 1\right )}^{\frac {1}{3}} - 1\right )}\right ) - \frac {{\left (x^{6} - 1\right )}^{\frac {2}{3}}}{6 \, x^{6}} + \frac {1}{18} \, \log \left ({\left (x^{6} - 1\right )}^{\frac {2}{3}} - {\left (x^{6} - 1\right )}^{\frac {1}{3}} + 1\right ) - \frac {1}{9} \, \log \left ({\left | {\left (x^{6} - 1\right )}^{\frac {1}{3}} + 1 \right |}\right ) \]
1/9*sqrt(3)*arctan(1/3*sqrt(3)*(2*(x^6 - 1)^(1/3) - 1)) - 1/6*(x^6 - 1)^(2 /3)/x^6 + 1/18*log((x^6 - 1)^(2/3) - (x^6 - 1)^(1/3) + 1) - 1/9*log(abs((x ^6 - 1)^(1/3) + 1))
Time = 5.85 (sec) , antiderivative size = 92, normalized size of antiderivative = 1.00 \[ \int \frac {\left (-1+x^6\right )^{2/3}}{x^7} \, dx=-\frac {\ln \left (\frac {{\left (x^6-1\right )}^{1/3}}{9}+\frac {1}{9}\right )}{9}-\ln \left (9\,{\left (-\frac {1}{18}+\frac {\sqrt {3}\,1{}\mathrm {i}}{18}\right )}^2+\frac {{\left (x^6-1\right )}^{1/3}}{9}\right )\,\left (-\frac {1}{18}+\frac {\sqrt {3}\,1{}\mathrm {i}}{18}\right )+\ln \left (9\,{\left (\frac {1}{18}+\frac {\sqrt {3}\,1{}\mathrm {i}}{18}\right )}^2+\frac {{\left (x^6-1\right )}^{1/3}}{9}\right )\,\left (\frac {1}{18}+\frac {\sqrt {3}\,1{}\mathrm {i}}{18}\right )-\frac {{\left (x^6-1\right )}^{2/3}}{6\,x^6} \]