2.6.6 problem 8 (eq 69)

Internal problem ID [18246]
Book : Elementary Differential Equations. By Thornton C. Fry. D Van Nostrand. NY. First Edition (1929)
Section : Chapter IV. Methods of solution: First order equations. section 33. Problems at page 91
Problem number : 8 (eq 69)
Date solved : Monday, December 23, 2024 at 09:19:10 PM
CAS classification : [_separable]

Solve

\begin{align*} n^{\prime }&=\left (n^{2}+1\right ) x \end{align*}

Solved as first order separable ode

Time used: 0.145 (sec)

The ode \(n^{\prime } = \left (n^{2}+1\right ) x\) is separable as it can be written as

\begin{align*} n^{\prime }&= \left (n^{2}+1\right ) x\\ &= f(x) g(n) \end{align*}

Where

\begin{align*} f(x) &= x\\ g(n) &= n^{2}+1 \end{align*}

Integrating gives

\begin{align*} \int { \frac {1}{g(n)} \,dn} &= \int { f(x) \,dx}\\ \int { \frac {1}{n^{2}+1}\,dn} &= \int { x \,dx}\\ \arctan \left (n\right )&=\frac {x^{2}}{2}+c_{1} \end{align*}

We now need to find the singular solutions, these are found by finding for what values \(g(n)\) is zero, since we had to divide by this above. Solving \(g(n)=0\) or \(n^{2}+1=0\) for \(n\) gives

\begin{align*} n&=-i\\ n&=i \end{align*}

Now we go over each such singular solution and check if it verifies the ode itself and any initial conditions given. If it does not then the singular solution will not be used.

Therefore the solutions found are

\begin{align*} \arctan \left (n\right ) = \frac {x^{2}}{2}+c_{1}\\ n = -i\\ n = i \end{align*}

Solving for \(n\) gives

\begin{align*} n &= -i \\ n &= i \\ n &= \tan \left (\frac {x^{2}}{2}+c_{1} \right ) \\ \end{align*}

Figure 2.59: Slope field plot
\(n^{\prime } = \left (n^{2}+1\right ) x\)

Summary of solutions found

\begin{align*} n &= -i \\ n &= i \\ n &= \tan \left (\frac {x^{2}}{2}+c_{1} \right ) \\ \end{align*}

Solved as first order Exact ode

Time used: 0.342 (sec)

To solve an ode of the form

\begin{equation} M\left ( x,y\right ) +N\left ( x,y\right ) \frac {dy}{dx}=0\tag {A}\end{equation}

We assume there exists a function \(\phi \left ( x,y\right ) =c\) where \(c\) is constant, that satisfies the ode. Taking derivative of \(\phi \) w.r.t. \(x\) gives

\[ \frac {d}{dx}\phi \left ( x,y\right ) =0 \]

Hence

\begin{equation} \frac {\partial \phi }{\partial x}+\frac {\partial \phi }{\partial y}\frac {dy}{dx}=0\tag {B}\end{equation}

Comparing (A,B) shows that

\begin{align*} \frac {\partial \phi }{\partial x} & =M\\ \frac {\partial \phi }{\partial y} & =N \end{align*}

But since \(\frac {\partial ^{2}\phi }{\partial x\partial y}=\frac {\partial ^{2}\phi }{\partial y\partial x}\) then for the above to be valid, we require that

\[ \frac {\partial M}{\partial y}=\frac {\partial N}{\partial x}\]

If the above condition is satisfied, then the original ode is called exact. We still need to determine \(\phi \left ( x,y\right ) \) but at least we know now that we can do that since the condition \(\frac {\partial ^{2}\phi }{\partial x\partial y}=\frac {\partial ^{2}\phi }{\partial y\partial x}\) is satisfied. If this condition is not satisfied then this method will not work and we have to now look for an integrating factor to force this condition, which might or might not exist. The first step is to write the ODE in standard form to check for exactness, which is

\[ M(x,n) \mathop {\mathrm {d}x}+ N(x,n) \mathop {\mathrm {d}n}=0 \tag {1A} \]

Therefore

\begin{align*} \mathop {\mathrm {d}n} &= \left (\left (n^{2}+1\right ) x\right )\mathop {\mathrm {d}x}\\ \left (-\left (n^{2}+1\right ) x\right ) \mathop {\mathrm {d}x} + \mathop {\mathrm {d}n} &= 0 \tag {2A} \end{align*}

Comparing (1A) and (2A) shows that

\begin{align*} M(x,n) &= -\left (n^{2}+1\right ) x\\ N(x,n) &= 1 \end{align*}

The next step is to determine if the ODE is is exact or not. The ODE is exact when the following condition is satisfied

\[ \frac {\partial M}{\partial n} = \frac {\partial N}{\partial x} \]

Using result found above gives

\begin{align*} \frac {\partial M}{\partial n} &= \frac {\partial }{\partial n} \left (-\left (n^{2}+1\right ) x\right )\\ &= -2 n x \end{align*}

And

\begin{align*} \frac {\partial N}{\partial x} &= \frac {\partial }{\partial x} \left (1\right )\\ &= 0 \end{align*}

Since \(\frac {\partial M}{\partial n} \neq \frac {\partial N}{\partial x}\), then the ODE is not exact. Since the ODE is not exact, we will try to find an integrating factor to make it exact. Let

\begin{align*} A &= \frac {1}{N} \left (\frac {\partial M}{\partial n} - \frac {\partial N}{\partial x} \right ) \\ &=1\left ( \left ( -2 n x\right ) - \left (0 \right ) \right ) \\ &=-2 n x \end{align*}

Since \(A\) depends on \(n\), it can not be used to obtain an integrating factor. We will now try a second method to find an integrating factor. Let

\begin{align*} B &= \frac {1}{M} \left ( \frac {\partial N}{\partial x} - \frac {\partial M}{\partial n} \right ) \\ &=-\frac {1}{\left (n^{2}+1\right ) x}\left ( \left ( 0\right ) - \left (-2 n x \right ) \right ) \\ &=-\frac {2 n}{n^{2}+1} \end{align*}

Since \(B\) does not depend on \(x\), it can be used to obtain an integrating factor. Let the integrating factor be \(\mu \). Then

\begin{align*} \mu &= e^{\int B \mathop {\mathrm {d}n}} \\ &= e^{\int -\frac {2 n}{n^{2}+1}\mathop {\mathrm {d}n} } \end{align*}

The result of integrating gives

\begin{align*} \mu &= e^{-\ln \left (n^{2}+1\right ) } \\ &= \frac {1}{n^{2}+1} \end{align*}

\(M\) and \(N\) are now multiplied by this integrating factor, giving new \(M\) and new \(N\) which are called \(\overline {M}\) and \(\overline {N}\) so not to confuse them with the original \(M\) and \(N\).

\begin{align*} \overline {M} &=\mu M \\ &= \frac {1}{n^{2}+1}\left (-\left (n^{2}+1\right ) x\right ) \\ &= -x \end{align*}

And

\begin{align*} \overline {N} &=\mu N \\ &= \frac {1}{n^{2}+1}\left (1\right ) \\ &= \frac {1}{n^{2}+1} \end{align*}

So now a modified ODE is obtained from the original ODE which will be exact and can be solved using the standard method. The modified ODE is

\begin{align*} \overline {M} + \overline {N} \frac { \mathop {\mathrm {d}n}}{\mathop {\mathrm {d}x}} &= 0 \\ \left (-x\right ) + \left (\frac {1}{n^{2}+1}\right ) \frac { \mathop {\mathrm {d}n}}{\mathop {\mathrm {d}x}} &= 0 \end{align*}

The following equations are now set up to solve for the function \(\phi \left (x,n\right )\)

\begin{align*} \frac {\partial \phi }{\partial x } &= \overline {M}\tag {1} \\ \frac {\partial \phi }{\partial n } &= \overline {N}\tag {2} \end{align*}

Integrating (1) w.r.t. \(x\) gives

\begin{align*} \int \frac {\partial \phi }{\partial x} \mathop {\mathrm {d}x} &= \int \overline {M}\mathop {\mathrm {d}x} \\ \int \frac {\partial \phi }{\partial x} \mathop {\mathrm {d}x} &= \int -x\mathop {\mathrm {d}x} \\ \tag{3} \phi &= -\frac {x^{2}}{2}+ f(n) \\ \end{align*}

Where \(f(n)\) is used for the constant of integration since \(\phi \) is a function of both \(x\) and \(n\). Taking derivative of equation (3) w.r.t \(n\) gives

\begin{equation} \tag{4} \frac {\partial \phi }{\partial n} = 0+f'(n) \end{equation}

But equation (2) says that \(\frac {\partial \phi }{\partial n} = \frac {1}{n^{2}+1}\). Therefore equation (4) becomes

\begin{equation} \tag{5} \frac {1}{n^{2}+1} = 0+f'(n) \end{equation}

Solving equation (5) for \( f'(n)\) gives

\[ f'(n) = \frac {1}{n^{2}+1} \]

Integrating the above w.r.t \(n\) gives

\begin{align*} \int f'(n) \mathop {\mathrm {d}n} &= \int \left ( \frac {1}{n^{2}+1}\right ) \mathop {\mathrm {d}n} \\ f(n) &= \arctan \left (n \right )+ c_{1} \\ \end{align*}

Where \(c_{1}\) is constant of integration. Substituting result found above for \(f(n)\) into equation (3) gives \(\phi \)

\[ \phi = -\frac {x^{2}}{2}+\arctan \left (n \right )+ c_{1} \]

But since \(\phi \) itself is a constant function, then let \(\phi =c_{2}\) where \(c_{2}\) is new constant and combining \(c_{1}\) and \(c_{2}\) constants into the constant \(c_{1}\) gives the solution as

\[ c_{1} = -\frac {x^{2}}{2}+\arctan \left (n \right ) \]

Solving for \(n\) gives

\begin{align*} n &= \tan \left (\frac {x^{2}}{2}+c_{1} \right ) \\ \end{align*}

Figure 2.60: Slope field plot
\(n^{\prime } = \left (n^{2}+1\right ) x\)

Summary of solutions found

\begin{align*} n &= \tan \left (\frac {x^{2}}{2}+c_{1} \right ) \\ \end{align*}

Solved using Lie symmetry for first order ode

Time used: 0.823 (sec)

Writing the ode as

\begin{align*} n^{\prime }&=\left (n^{2}+1\right ) x\\ n^{\prime }&= \omega \left ( x,n\right ) \end{align*}

The condition of Lie symmetry is the linearized PDE given by

\begin{align*} \eta _{x}+\omega \left ( \eta _{n}-\xi _{x}\right ) -\omega ^{2}\xi _{n}-\omega _{x}\xi -\omega _{n}\eta =0\tag {A} \end{align*}

To determine \(\xi ,\eta \) then (A) is solved using ansatz. Making bivariate polynomials of degree 2 to use as anstaz gives

\begin{align*} \tag{1E} \xi &= n^{2} a_{6}+n x a_{5}+x^{2} a_{4}+n a_{3}+x a_{2}+a_{1} \\ \tag{2E} \eta &= n^{2} b_{6}+n x b_{5}+x^{2} b_{4}+n b_{3}+x b_{2}+b_{1} \\ \end{align*}

Where the unknown coefficients are

\[ \{a_{1}, a_{2}, a_{3}, a_{4}, a_{5}, a_{6}, b_{1}, b_{2}, b_{3}, b_{4}, b_{5}, b_{6}\} \]

Substituting equations (1E,2E) and \(\omega \) into (A) gives

\begin{equation} \tag{5E} n b_{5}+2 x b_{4}+b_{2}+\left (n^{2}+1\right ) x \left (-n a_{5}+2 n b_{6}-2 x a_{4}+x b_{5}-a_{2}+b_{3}\right )-\left (n^{2}+1\right )^{2} x^{2} \left (2 n a_{6}+x a_{5}+a_{3}\right )-\left (n^{2}+1\right ) \left (n^{2} a_{6}+n x a_{5}+x^{2} a_{4}+n a_{3}+x a_{2}+a_{1}\right )-2 n x \left (n^{2} b_{6}+n x b_{5}+x^{2} b_{4}+n b_{3}+x b_{2}+b_{1}\right ) = 0 \end{equation}

Putting the above in normal form gives

\[ -2 n^{5} x^{2} a_{6}-n^{4} x^{3} a_{5}-n^{4} x^{2} a_{3}-4 n^{3} x^{2} a_{6}-2 n^{2} x^{3} a_{5}-n^{4} a_{6}-2 n^{3} x a_{5}-2 n^{2} x^{2} a_{3}-3 n^{2} x^{2} a_{4}-n^{2} x^{2} b_{5}-2 n \,x^{3} b_{4}-n^{3} a_{3}-2 n^{2} x a_{2}-n^{2} x b_{3}-2 n \,x^{2} a_{6}-2 n \,x^{2} b_{2}-x^{3} a_{5}-n^{2} a_{1}-n^{2} a_{6}-2 n x a_{5}-2 n x b_{1}+2 n x b_{6}-x^{2} a_{3}-3 x^{2} a_{4}+x^{2} b_{5}-n a_{3}+n b_{5}-2 x a_{2}+x b_{3}+2 x b_{4}-a_{1}+b_{2} = 0 \]

Setting the numerator to zero gives

\begin{equation} \tag{6E} -2 n^{5} x^{2} a_{6}-n^{4} x^{3} a_{5}-n^{4} x^{2} a_{3}-4 n^{3} x^{2} a_{6}-2 n^{2} x^{3} a_{5}-n^{4} a_{6}-2 n^{3} x a_{5}-2 n^{2} x^{2} a_{3}-3 n^{2} x^{2} a_{4}-n^{2} x^{2} b_{5}-2 n \,x^{3} b_{4}-n^{3} a_{3}-2 n^{2} x a_{2}-n^{2} x b_{3}-2 n \,x^{2} a_{6}-2 n \,x^{2} b_{2}-x^{3} a_{5}-n^{2} a_{1}-n^{2} a_{6}-2 n x a_{5}-2 n x b_{1}+2 n x b_{6}-x^{2} a_{3}-3 x^{2} a_{4}+x^{2} b_{5}-n a_{3}+n b_{5}-2 x a_{2}+x b_{3}+2 x b_{4}-a_{1}+b_{2} = 0 \end{equation}

Looking at the above PDE shows the following are all the terms with \(\{n, x\}\) in them.

\[ \{n, x\} \]

The following substitution is now made to be able to collect on all terms with \(\{n, x\}\) in them

\[ \{n = v_{1}, x = v_{2}\} \]

The above PDE (6E) now becomes

\begin{equation} \tag{7E} -a_{5} v_{1}^{4} v_{2}^{3}-2 a_{6} v_{1}^{5} v_{2}^{2}-a_{3} v_{1}^{4} v_{2}^{2}-2 a_{5} v_{1}^{2} v_{2}^{3}-4 a_{6} v_{1}^{3} v_{2}^{2}-2 a_{3} v_{1}^{2} v_{2}^{2}-3 a_{4} v_{1}^{2} v_{2}^{2}-2 a_{5} v_{1}^{3} v_{2}-a_{6} v_{1}^{4}-2 b_{4} v_{1} v_{2}^{3}-b_{5} v_{1}^{2} v_{2}^{2}-2 a_{2} v_{1}^{2} v_{2}-a_{3} v_{1}^{3}-a_{5} v_{2}^{3}-2 a_{6} v_{1} v_{2}^{2}-2 b_{2} v_{1} v_{2}^{2}-b_{3} v_{1}^{2} v_{2}-a_{1} v_{1}^{2}-a_{3} v_{2}^{2}-3 a_{4} v_{2}^{2}-2 a_{5} v_{1} v_{2}-a_{6} v_{1}^{2}-2 b_{1} v_{1} v_{2}+b_{5} v_{2}^{2}+2 b_{6} v_{1} v_{2}-2 a_{2} v_{2}-a_{3} v_{1}+b_{3} v_{2}+2 b_{4} v_{2}+b_{5} v_{1}-a_{1}+b_{2} = 0 \end{equation}

Collecting the above on the terms \(v_i\) introduced, and these are

\[ \{v_{1}, v_{2}\} \]

Equation (7E) now becomes

\begin{equation} \tag{8E} -2 a_{6} v_{1}^{5} v_{2}^{2}-a_{5} v_{1}^{4} v_{2}^{3}-a_{3} v_{1}^{4} v_{2}^{2}-a_{6} v_{1}^{4}-4 a_{6} v_{1}^{3} v_{2}^{2}-2 a_{5} v_{1}^{3} v_{2}-a_{3} v_{1}^{3}-2 a_{5} v_{1}^{2} v_{2}^{3}+\left (-2 a_{3}-3 a_{4}-b_{5}\right ) v_{1}^{2} v_{2}^{2}+\left (-2 a_{2}-b_{3}\right ) v_{1}^{2} v_{2}+\left (-a_{1}-a_{6}\right ) v_{1}^{2}-2 b_{4} v_{1} v_{2}^{3}+\left (-2 a_{6}-2 b_{2}\right ) v_{1} v_{2}^{2}+\left (-2 a_{5}-2 b_{1}+2 b_{6}\right ) v_{1} v_{2}+\left (-a_{3}+b_{5}\right ) v_{1}-a_{5} v_{2}^{3}+\left (-a_{3}-3 a_{4}+b_{5}\right ) v_{2}^{2}+\left (-2 a_{2}+b_{3}+2 b_{4}\right ) v_{2}-a_{1}+b_{2} = 0 \end{equation}

Setting each coefficients in (8E) to zero gives the following equations to solve

\begin{align*} -a_{3}&=0\\ -2 a_{5}&=0\\ -a_{5}&=0\\ -4 a_{6}&=0\\ -2 a_{6}&=0\\ -a_{6}&=0\\ -2 b_{4}&=0\\ -a_{1}-a_{6}&=0\\ -a_{1}+b_{2}&=0\\ -2 a_{2}-b_{3}&=0\\ -a_{3}+b_{5}&=0\\ -2 a_{6}-2 b_{2}&=0\\ -2 a_{2}+b_{3}+2 b_{4}&=0\\ -2 a_{3}-3 a_{4}-b_{5}&=0\\ -a_{3}-3 a_{4}+b_{5}&=0\\ -2 a_{5}-2 b_{1}+2 b_{6}&=0 \end{align*}

Solving the above equations for the unknowns gives

\begin{align*} a_{1}&=0\\ a_{2}&=0\\ a_{3}&=0\\ a_{4}&=0\\ a_{5}&=0\\ a_{6}&=0\\ b_{1}&=b_{6}\\ b_{2}&=0\\ b_{3}&=0\\ b_{4}&=0\\ b_{5}&=0\\ b_{6}&=b_{6} \end{align*}

Substituting the above solution in the anstaz (1E,2E) (using \(1\) as arbitrary value for any unknown in the RHS) gives

\begin{align*} \xi &= 0 \\ \eta &= n^{2}+1 \\ \end{align*}

The next step is to determine the canonical coordinates \(R,S\). The canonical coordinates map \(\left ( x,n\right ) \to \left ( R,S \right )\) where \(\left ( R,S \right )\) are the canonical coordinates which make the original ode become a quadrature and hence solved by integration.

The characteristic pde which is used to find the canonical coordinates is

\begin{align*} \frac {d x}{\xi } &= \frac {d n}{\eta } = dS \tag {1} \end{align*}

The above comes from the requirements that \(\left ( \xi \frac {\partial }{\partial x} + \eta \frac {\partial }{\partial n}\right ) S(x,n) = 1\). Starting with the first pair of ode’s in (1) gives an ode to solve for the independent variable \(R\) in the canonical coordinates, where \(S(R)\). Since \(\xi =0\) then in this special case

\begin{align*} R = x \end{align*}

\(S\) is found from

\begin{align*} S &= \int { \frac {1}{\eta }} dy\\ &= \int { \frac {1}{n^{2}+1}} dy \end{align*}

Which results in

\begin{align*} S&= \arctan \left (n \right ) \end{align*}

Now that \(R,S\) are found, we need to setup the ode in these coordinates. This is done by evaluating

\begin{align*} \frac {dS}{dR} &= \frac { S_{x} + \omega (x,n) S_{n} }{ R_{x} + \omega (x,n) R_{n} }\tag {2} \end{align*}

Where in the above \(R_{x},R_{n},S_{x},S_{n}\) are all partial derivatives and \(\omega (x,n)\) is the right hand side of the original ode given by

\begin{align*} \omega (x,n) &= \left (n^{2}+1\right ) x \end{align*}

Evaluating all the partial derivatives gives

\begin{align*} R_{x} &= 1\\ R_{n} &= 0\\ S_{x} &= 0\\ S_{n} &= \frac {1}{n^{2}+1} \end{align*}

Substituting all the above in (2) and simplifying gives the ode in canonical coordinates.

\begin{align*} \frac {dS}{dR} &= x\tag {2A} \end{align*}

We now need to express the RHS as function of \(R\) only. This is done by solving for \(x,n\) in terms of \(R,S\) from the result obtained earlier and simplifying. This gives

\begin{align*} \frac {dS}{dR} &= R \end{align*}

The above is a quadrature ode. This is the whole point of Lie symmetry method. It converts an ode, no matter how complicated it is, to one that can be solved by integration when the ode is in the canonical coordiates \(R,S\).

Since the ode has the form \(\frac {d}{d R}S \left (R \right )=f(R)\), then we only need to integrate \(f(R)\).

\begin{align*} \int {dS} &= \int {R\, dR}\\ S \left (R \right ) &= \frac {R^{2}}{2} + c_{2} \end{align*}

To complete the solution, we just need to transform the above back to \(x,n\) coordinates. This results in

\begin{align*} \arctan \left (n\right ) = \frac {x^{2}}{2}+c_{2} \end{align*}

Which gives

\begin{align*} n = \tan \left (\frac {x^{2}}{2}+c_{2} \right ) \end{align*}

The following diagram shows solution curves of the original ode and how they transform in the canonical coordinates space using the mapping shown.

Original ode in \(x,n\) coordinates	Canonical coordinates transformation	ODE in canonical coordinates \((R,S)\)
\( \frac {dn}{dx} = \left (n^{2}+1\right ) x\)		\( \frac {d S}{d R} = R\)
	\(\!\begin {aligned} R&= x\\ S&= \arctan \left (n \right ) \end {aligned} \)

Figure 2.61: Slope field plot
\(n^{\prime } = \left (n^{2}+1\right ) x\)

Summary of solutions found

\begin{align*} n &= \tan \left (\frac {x^{2}}{2}+c_{2} \right ) \\ \end{align*}

Solved as first order ode of type Riccati

Time used: 0.198 (sec)

In canonical form the ODE is

\begin{align*} n' &= F(x,n)\\ &= \left (n^{2}+1\right ) x \end{align*}

This is a Riccati ODE. Comparing the ODE to solve

\[ n' = n^{2} x +x \]

With Riccati ODE standard form

\[ n' = f_0(x)+ f_1(x)n+f_2(x)n^{2} \]

Shows that \(f_0(x)=x\), \(f_1(x)=0\) and \(f_2(x)=x\). Let

\begin{align*} n &= \frac {-u'}{f_2 u} \\ &= \frac {-u'}{u x} \tag {1} \end{align*}

Using the above substitution in the given ODE results (after some simplification)in a second order ODE to solve for \(u(x)\) which is

\begin{align*} f_2 u''(x) -\left ( f_2' + f_1 f_2 \right ) u'(x) + f_2^2 f_0 u(x) &= 0 \tag {2} \end{align*}

But

\begin{align*} f_2' &=1\\ f_1 f_2 &=0\\ f_2^2 f_0 &=x^{3} \end{align*}

Substituting the above terms back in equation (2) gives

\begin{align*} x u^{\prime \prime }\left (x \right )-u^{\prime }\left (x \right )+x^{3} u \left (x \right ) = 0 \end{align*}

In normal form the ode

\begin{align*} x \left (\frac {d^{2}u}{d x^{2}}\right )-\frac {d u}{d x}+x^{3} u&=0 \tag {1} \end{align*}

Becomes

\begin{align*} \frac {d^{2}u}{d x^{2}}+p \left (x \right ) \left (\frac {d u}{d x}\right )+q \left (x \right ) u&=0 \tag {2} \end{align*}

Where

\begin{align*} p \left (x \right )&=-\frac {1}{x}\\ q \left (x \right )&=x^{2} \end{align*}

Applying change of variables \(\tau = g \left (x \right )\) to (2) gives

\begin{align*} \frac {d^{2}}{d \tau ^{2}}u \left (\tau \right )+p_{1} \left (\frac {d}{d \tau }u \left (\tau \right )\right )+q_{1} u \left (\tau \right )&=0 \tag {3} \end{align*}

Where \(\tau \) is the new independent variable, and

\begin{align*} p_{1} \left (\tau \right ) &=\frac {\frac {d^{2}}{d x^{2}}\tau \left (x \right )+p \left (x \right ) \left (\frac {d}{d x}\tau \left (x \right )\right )}{\left (\frac {d}{d x}\tau \left (x \right )\right )^{2}}\tag {4} \\ q_{1} \left (\tau \right ) &=\frac {q \left (x \right )}{\left (\frac {d}{d x}\tau \left (x \right )\right )^{2}}\tag {5} \end{align*}

Let \(p_{1} = 0\). Eq (4) simplifies to

\begin{align*} \frac {d^{2}}{d x^{2}}\tau \left (x \right )+p \left (x \right ) \left (\frac {d}{d x}\tau \left (x \right )\right )&=0 \end{align*}

This ode is solved resulting in

\begin{align*} \tau &= \int {\mathrm e}^{-\int p \left (x \right )d x}d x\\ &= \int {\mathrm e}^{-\int -\frac {1}{x}d x}d x\\ &= \int e^{\ln \left (x \right )} \,dx\\ &= \int x d x\\ &= \frac {x^{2}}{2}\tag {6} \end{align*}

Using (6) to evaluate \(q_{1}\) from (5) gives

\begin{align*} q_{1} \left (\tau \right ) &= \frac {q \left (x \right )}{\left (\frac {d}{d x}\tau \left (x \right )\right )^{2}}\\ &= \frac {x^{2}}{x^{2}}\\ &= 1\tag {7} \end{align*}

Substituting the above in (3) and noting that now \(p_{1} = 0\) results in

\begin{align*} \frac {d^{2}}{d \tau ^{2}}u \left (\tau \right )+q_{1} u \left (\tau \right )&=0 \\ \frac {d^{2}}{d \tau ^{2}}u \left (\tau \right )+u \left (\tau \right )&=0 \end{align*}

The above ode is now solved for \(u \left (\tau \right )\).This is second order with constant coefficients homogeneous ODE. In standard form the ODE is

\[ A u''(\tau ) + B u'(\tau ) + C u(\tau ) = 0 \]

Where in the above \(A=1, B=0, C=1\). Let the solution be \(u \left (\tau \right )=e^{\lambda \tau }\). Substituting this into the ODE gives

\[ \lambda ^{2} {\mathrm e}^{\tau \lambda }+{\mathrm e}^{\tau \lambda } = 0 \tag {1} \]

Since exponential function is never zero, then dividing Eq(2) throughout by \(e^{\lambda \tau }\) gives

\[ \lambda ^{2}+1 = 0 \tag {2} \]

Equation (2) is the characteristic equation of the ODE. Its roots determine the general solution form.Using the quadratic formula

\[ \lambda _{1,2} = \frac {-B}{2 A} \pm \frac {1}{2 A} \sqrt {B^2 - 4 A C} \]

Substituting \(A=1, B=0, C=1\) into the above gives

\begin{align*} \lambda _{1,2} &= \frac {0}{(2) \left (1\right )} \pm \frac {1}{(2) \left (1\right )} \sqrt {0^2 - (4) \left (1\right )\left (1\right )}\\ &= \pm i \end{align*}

Hence

\begin{align*} \lambda _1 &= + i\\ \lambda _2 &= - i \end{align*}

Which simplifies to

\begin{align*} \lambda _1 &= i \\ \lambda _2 &= -i \\ \end{align*}

Since roots are complex conjugate of each others, then let the roots be

\[ \lambda _{1,2} = \alpha \pm i \beta \]

Where \(\alpha =0\) and \(\beta =1\). Therefore the final solution, when using Euler relation, can be written as

\[ u \left (\tau \right ) = e^{\alpha \tau } \left ( c_{1} \cos (\beta \tau ) + c_{2} \sin (\beta \tau ) \right ) \]

Which becomes

\[ u \left (\tau \right ) = e^{0}\left (c_{1} \cos \left (\tau \right )+c_{2} \sin \left (\tau \right )\right ) \]

Or

\[ u \left (\tau \right ) = c_{1} \cos \left (\tau \right )+c_{2} \sin \left (\tau \right ) \]

Will add steps showing solving for IC soon.

The above solution is now transformed back to \(u\) using (6) which results in

\[ u = c_{1} \cos \left (\frac {x^{2}}{2}\right )+c_{2} \sin \left (\frac {x^{2}}{2}\right ) \]

Will add steps showing solving for IC soon.

Taking derivative gives

\[ u^{\prime }\left (x \right ) = -c_{1} x \sin \left (\frac {x^{2}}{2}\right )+c_{2} x \cos \left (\frac {x^{2}}{2}\right ) \]

Doing change of constants, the solution becomes

\[ n = -\frac {-c_3 x \sin \left (\frac {x^{2}}{2}\right )+x \cos \left (\frac {x^{2}}{2}\right )}{x \left (c_3 \cos \left (\frac {x^{2}}{2}\right )+\sin \left (\frac {x^{2}}{2}\right )\right )} \]

Figure 2.62: Slope field plot
\(n^{\prime } = \left (n^{2}+1\right ) x\)

Summary of solutions found

\begin{align*} n &= -\frac {-c_3 x \sin \left (\frac {x^{2}}{2}\right )+x \cos \left (\frac {x^{2}}{2}\right )}{x \left (c_3 \cos \left (\frac {x^{2}}{2}\right )+\sin \left (\frac {x^{2}}{2}\right )\right )} \\ \end{align*}

Maple step by step solution

\[ \begin {array}{lll} & {} & \textrm {Let's solve}\hspace {3pt} \\ {} & {} & n^{\prime }=\left (n^{2}+1\right ) x \\ \bullet & {} & \textrm {Highest derivative means the order of the ODE is}\hspace {3pt} 1 \\ {} & {} & n^{\prime } \\ \bullet & {} & \textrm {Solve for the highest derivative}\hspace {3pt} \\ {} & {} & n^{\prime }=\left (n^{2}+1\right ) x \\ \bullet & {} & \textrm {Separate variables}\hspace {3pt} \\ {} & {} & \frac {n^{\prime }}{n^{2}+1}=x \\ \bullet & {} & \textrm {Integrate both sides with respect to}\hspace {3pt} x \\ {} & {} & \int \frac {n^{\prime }}{n^{2}+1}d x =\int x d x +\mathit {C1} \\ \bullet & {} & \textrm {Evaluate integral}\hspace {3pt} \\ {} & {} & \arctan \left (n\right )=\frac {x^{2}}{2}+\mathit {C1} \\ \bullet & {} & \textrm {Solve for}\hspace {3pt} n \\ {} & {} & n=\tan \left (\frac {x^{2}}{2}+\mathit {C1} \right ) \end {array} \]

Maple trace

`Methods for first order ODEs: 
--- Trying classification methods --- 
trying a quadrature 
trying 1st order linear 
trying Bernoulli 
trying separable 
<- separable successful`
 

Maple dsolve solution

Solving time : 0.005 (sec)
Leaf size : 12

dsolve(diff(n(x),x) = (n(x)^2+1)*x, 
       n(x),singsol=all)
 

\[ n = \tan \left (\frac {x^{2}}{2}+c_{1} \right ) \]

Mathematica DSolve solution

Solving time : 0.197 (sec)
Leaf size : 30

DSolve[{D[n[x],x]==(n[x]^2+1)*x,{}}, 
       n[x],x,IncludeSingularSolutions->True]
 

\begin{align*} n(x)\to \tan \left (\frac {x^2}{2}+c_1\right ) \\ n(x)\to -i \\ n(x)\to i \\ \end{align*}