2.5.21 problem 21

Internal problem ID [8408]
Book : Own collection of miscellaneous problems
Section : section 5.0
Problem number : 21
Date solved : Sunday, November 10, 2024 at 03:45:10 AM
CAS classification : [_separable]

Solve

\begin{align*} x^{2} y^{\prime }+{\mathrm e}^{-y}&=0 \end{align*}

Solved as first order separable ode

Time used: 0.109 (sec)

The ode \(y^{\prime } = -\frac {{\mathrm e}^{-y}}{x^{2}}\) is separable as it can be written as

\begin{align*} y^{\prime }&= -\frac {{\mathrm e}^{-y}}{x^{2}}\\ &= f(x) g(y) \end{align*}

Where

\begin{align*} f(x) &= -\frac {1}{x^{2}}\\ g(y) &= {\mathrm e}^{-y} \end{align*}

Integrating gives

\begin{align*} \int { \frac {1}{g(y)} \,dy} &= \int { f(x) \,dx}\\ \int { {\mathrm e}^{y}\,dy} &= \int { -\frac {1}{x^{2}} \,dx}\\ {\mathrm e}^{y}&=\frac {1}{x}+c_1 \end{align*}

Solving for \(y\) gives

\begin{align*} y &= \ln \left (\frac {c_1 x +1}{x}\right ) \\ \end{align*}

Figure 2.233: Slope field plot
\(x^{2} y^{\prime }+{\mathrm e}^{-y} = 0\)

Summary of solutions found

\begin{align*} y &= \ln \left (\frac {c_1 x +1}{x}\right ) \\ \end{align*}

Solved using Lie symmetry for first order ode

Time used: 0.556 (sec)

Writing the ode as

\begin{align*} y^{\prime }&=-\frac {{\mathrm e}^{-y}}{x^{2}}\\ y^{\prime }&= \omega \left ( x,y\right ) \end{align*}

The condition of Lie symmetry is the linearized PDE given by

\begin{align*} \eta _{x}+\omega \left ( \eta _{y}-\xi _{x}\right ) -\omega ^{2}\xi _{y}-\omega _{x}\xi -\omega _{y}\eta =0\tag {A} \end{align*}

To determine \(\xi ,\eta \) then (A) is solved using ansatz. Making bivariate polynomials of degree 1 to use as anstaz gives

\begin{align*} \tag{1E} \xi &= x a_{2}+y a_{3}+a_{1} \\ \tag{2E} \eta &= x b_{2}+y b_{3}+b_{1} \\ \end{align*}

Where the unknown coefficients are

\[ \{a_{1}, a_{2}, a_{3}, b_{1}, b_{2}, b_{3}\} \]

Substituting equations (1E,2E) and \(\omega \) into (A) gives

\begin{equation} \tag{5E} b_{2}-\frac {{\mathrm e}^{-y} \left (b_{3}-a_{2}\right )}{x^{2}}-\frac {{\mathrm e}^{-2 y} a_{3}}{x^{4}}-\frac {2 \,{\mathrm e}^{-y} \left (x a_{2}+y a_{3}+a_{1}\right )}{x^{3}}-\frac {{\mathrm e}^{-y} \left (x b_{2}+y b_{3}+b_{1}\right )}{x^{2}} = 0 \end{equation}

Putting the above in normal form gives

\[ -\frac {{\mathrm e}^{-y} x^{3} b_{2}+{\mathrm e}^{-y} x^{2} y b_{3}-b_{2} x^{4}+{\mathrm e}^{-y} x^{2} a_{2}+{\mathrm e}^{-y} x^{2} b_{1}+{\mathrm e}^{-y} x^{2} b_{3}+2 \,{\mathrm e}^{-y} x y a_{3}+{\mathrm e}^{-2 y} a_{3}+2 \,{\mathrm e}^{-y} x a_{1}}{x^{4}} = 0 \]

Setting the numerator to zero gives

\begin{equation} \tag{6E} -{\mathrm e}^{-y} x^{3} b_{2}-{\mathrm e}^{-y} x^{2} y b_{3}+b_{2} x^{4}-{\mathrm e}^{-y} x^{2} a_{2}-{\mathrm e}^{-y} x^{2} b_{1}-{\mathrm e}^{-y} x^{2} b_{3}-2 \,{\mathrm e}^{-y} x y a_{3}-{\mathrm e}^{-2 y} a_{3}-2 \,{\mathrm e}^{-y} x a_{1} = 0 \end{equation}

Simplifying the above gives

\begin{equation} \tag{6E} -{\mathrm e}^{-y} x^{3} b_{2}-{\mathrm e}^{-y} x^{2} y b_{3}+b_{2} x^{4}-{\mathrm e}^{-y} x^{2} a_{2}-{\mathrm e}^{-y} x^{2} b_{1}-{\mathrm e}^{-y} x^{2} b_{3}-2 \,{\mathrm e}^{-y} x y a_{3}-{\mathrm e}^{-2 y} a_{3}-2 \,{\mathrm e}^{-y} x a_{1} = 0 \end{equation}

Looking at the above PDE shows the following are all the terms with \(\{x, y\}\) in them.

\[ \{x, y, {\mathrm e}^{-2 y}, {\mathrm e}^{-y}\} \]

The following substitution is now made to be able to collect on all terms with \(\{x, y\}\) in them

\[ \{x = v_{1}, y = v_{2}, {\mathrm e}^{-2 y} = v_{3}, {\mathrm e}^{-y} = v_{4}\} \]

The above PDE (6E) now becomes

\begin{equation} \tag{7E} b_{2} v_{1}^{4}-v_{4} v_{1}^{3} b_{2}-v_{4} v_{1}^{2} v_{2} b_{3}-v_{4} v_{1}^{2} a_{2}-2 v_{4} v_{1} v_{2} a_{3}-v_{4} v_{1}^{2} b_{1}-v_{4} v_{1}^{2} b_{3}-2 v_{4} v_{1} a_{1}-v_{3} a_{3} = 0 \end{equation}

Collecting the above on the terms \(v_i\) introduced, and these are

\[ \{v_{1}, v_{2}, v_{3}, v_{4}\} \]

Equation (7E) now becomes

\begin{equation} \tag{8E} b_{2} v_{1}^{4}-v_{4} v_{1}^{3} b_{2}-v_{4} v_{1}^{2} v_{2} b_{3}+\left (-a_{2}-b_{1}-b_{3}\right ) v_{1}^{2} v_{4}-2 v_{4} v_{1} v_{2} a_{3}-2 v_{4} v_{1} a_{1}-v_{3} a_{3} = 0 \end{equation}

Setting each coefficients in (8E) to zero gives the following equations to solve

\begin{align*} b_{2}&=0\\ -2 a_{1}&=0\\ -2 a_{3}&=0\\ -a_{3}&=0\\ -b_{2}&=0\\ -b_{3}&=0\\ -a_{2}-b_{1}-b_{3}&=0 \end{align*}

Solving the above equations for the unknowns gives

\begin{align*} a_{1}&=0\\ a_{2}&=-b_{1}\\ a_{3}&=0\\ b_{1}&=b_{1}\\ b_{2}&=0\\ b_{3}&=0 \end{align*}

Substituting the above solution in the anstaz (1E,2E) (using \(1\) as arbitrary value for any unknown in the RHS) gives

\begin{align*} \xi &= -x \\ \eta &= 1 \\ \end{align*}

Shifting is now applied to make \(\xi =0\) in order to simplify the rest of the computation

\begin{align*} \eta &= \eta - \omega \left (x,y\right ) \xi \\ &= 1 - \left (-\frac {{\mathrm e}^{-y}}{x^{2}}\right ) \left (-x\right ) \\ &= \frac {-{\mathrm e}^{-y}+x}{x}\\ \xi &= 0 \end{align*}

The next step is to determine the canonical coordinates \(R,S\). The canonical coordinates map \(\left ( x,y\right ) \to \left ( R,S \right )\) where \(\left ( R,S \right )\) are the canonical coordinates which make the original ode become a quadrature and hence solved by integration.

The characteristic pde which is used to find the canonical coordinates is

\begin{align*} \frac {d x}{\xi } &= \frac {d y}{\eta } = dS \tag {1} \end{align*}

The above comes from the requirements that \(\left ( \xi \frac {\partial }{\partial x} + \eta \frac {\partial }{\partial y}\right ) S(x,y) = 1\). Starting with the first pair of ode’s in (1) gives an ode to solve for the independent variable \(R\) in the canonical coordinates, where \(S(R)\). Since \(\xi =0\) then in this special case

\begin{align*} R = x \end{align*}

\(S\) is found from

\begin{align*} S &= \int { \frac {1}{\eta }} dy\\ &= \int { \frac {1}{\frac {-{\mathrm e}^{-y}+x}{x}}} dy \end{align*}

Which results in

\begin{align*} S&= \ln \left (x \,{\mathrm e}^{y}-1\right ) \end{align*}

Now that \(R,S\) are found, we need to setup the ode in these coordinates. This is done by evaluating

\begin{align*} \frac {dS}{dR} &= \frac { S_{x} + \omega (x,y) S_{y} }{ R_{x} + \omega (x,y) R_{y} }\tag {2} \end{align*}

Where in the above \(R_{x},R_{y},S_{x},S_{y}\) are all partial derivatives and \(\omega (x,y)\) is the right hand side of the original ode given by

\begin{align*} \omega (x,y) &= -\frac {{\mathrm e}^{-y}}{x^{2}} \end{align*}

Evaluating all the partial derivatives gives

\begin{align*} R_{x} &= 1\\ R_{y} &= 0\\ S_{x} &= \frac {{\mathrm e}^{y}}{x \,{\mathrm e}^{y}-1}\\ S_{y} &= \frac {x \,{\mathrm e}^{y}}{x \,{\mathrm e}^{y}-1} \end{align*}

Substituting all the above in (2) and simplifying gives the ode in canonical coordinates.

\begin{align*} \frac {dS}{dR} &= \frac {1}{x}\tag {2A} \end{align*}

We now need to express the RHS as function of \(R\) only. This is done by solving for \(x,y\) in terms of \(R,S\) from the result obtained earlier and simplifying. This gives

\begin{align*} \frac {dS}{dR} &= \frac {1}{R} \end{align*}

The above is a quadrature ode. This is the whole point of Lie symmetry method. It converts an ode, no matter how complicated it is, to one that can be solved by integration when the ode is in the canonical coordiates \(R,S\).

Since the ode has the form \(\frac {d}{d R}S \left (R \right )=f(R)\), then we only need to integrate \(f(R)\).

\begin{align*} \int {dS} &= \int {\frac {1}{R}\, dR}\\ S \left (R \right ) &= \ln \left (R \right ) + c_2 \end{align*}

To complete the solution, we just need to transform the above back to \(x,y\) coordinates. This results in

\begin{align*} \ln \left (x \,{\mathrm e}^{y}-1\right ) = \ln \left (x \right )+c_2 \end{align*}

Which gives

\begin{align*} y = \ln \left (\frac {1+x \,{\mathrm e}^{c_2}}{x}\right ) \end{align*}

The following diagram shows solution curves of the original ode and how they transform in the canonical coordinates space using the mapping shown.

Original ode in \(x,y\) coordinates	Canonical coordinates transformation	ODE in canonical coordinates \((R,S)\)
\( \frac {dy}{dx} = -\frac {{\mathrm e}^{-y}}{x^{2}}\)		\( \frac {d S}{d R} = \frac {1}{R}\)
	\(\!\begin {aligned} R&= x\\ S&= \ln \left (x \,{\mathrm e}^{y}-1\right ) \end {aligned} \)

Figure 2.234: Slope field plot
\(x^{2} y^{\prime }+{\mathrm e}^{-y} = 0\)

Summary of solutions found

\begin{align*} y &= \ln \left (\frac {1+x \,{\mathrm e}^{c_2}}{x}\right ) \\ \end{align*}

Solved as first order ode of type ID 1

Time used: 0.111 (sec)

Writing the ode as

\begin{align*} y^{\prime } &= -\frac {{\mathrm e}^{-y}}{x^{2}}\tag {1} \end{align*}

And using the substitution \(u={\mathrm e}^{y}\) then

\begin{align*} u' &= y^{\prime } {\mathrm e}^{y} \end{align*}

The above shows that

\begin{align*} y^{\prime } &= u^{\prime }\left (x \right ) {\mathrm e}^{-y}\\ &= \frac {u^{\prime }\left (x \right )}{u} \end{align*}

Substituting this in (1) gives

\begin{align*} \frac {u^{\prime }\left (x \right )}{u}&=-\frac {1}{x^{2} u} \end{align*}

The above simplifies to

\begin{align*} u^{\prime }\left (x \right )&=-\frac {1}{x^{2}}\tag {2} \end{align*}

Now ode (2) is solved for \(u \left (x \right )\).

Since the ode has the form \(u^{\prime }\left (x \right )=f(x)\), then we only need to integrate \(f(x)\).

\begin{align*} \int {du} &= \int {-\frac {1}{x^{2}}\, dx}\\ u \left (x \right ) &= \frac {1}{x} + c_1 \end{align*}

Substituting the solution found for \(u \left (x \right )\) in \(u={\mathrm e}^{y}\) gives

\begin{align*} y&= \ln \left (u \left (x \right )\right )\\ &= \ln \left (\ln \left (\frac {1}{x}+c_1 \right )\right )\\ &= \ln \left (\frac {1}{x}+c_1 \right ) \end{align*}

Figure 2.235: Slope field plot
\(x^{2} y^{\prime }+{\mathrm e}^{-y} = 0\)

Summary of solutions found

\begin{align*} y &= \ln \left (\frac {1}{x}+c_1 \right ) \\ \end{align*}

Maple step by step solution

\[ \begin {array}{lll} & {} & \textrm {Let's solve}\hspace {3pt} \\ {} & {} & x^{2} \left (\frac {d}{d x}y \left (x \right )\right )+{\mathrm e}^{-y \left (x \right )}=0 \\ \bullet & {} & \textrm {Highest derivative means the order of the ODE is}\hspace {3pt} 1 \\ {} & {} & \frac {d}{d x}y \left (x \right ) \\ \bullet & {} & \textrm {Solve for the highest derivative}\hspace {3pt} \\ {} & {} & \frac {d}{d x}y \left (x \right )=-\frac {{\mathrm e}^{-y \left (x \right )}}{x^{2}} \\ \bullet & {} & \textrm {Separate variables}\hspace {3pt} \\ {} & {} & \frac {\frac {d}{d x}y \left (x \right )}{{\mathrm e}^{-y \left (x \right )}}=-\frac {1}{x^{2}} \\ \bullet & {} & \textrm {Integrate both sides with respect to}\hspace {3pt} x \\ {} & {} & \int \frac {\frac {d}{d x}y \left (x \right )}{{\mathrm e}^{-y \left (x \right )}}d x =\int -\frac {1}{x^{2}}d x +\mathit {C1} \\ \bullet & {} & \textrm {Evaluate integral}\hspace {3pt} \\ {} & {} & \frac {1}{{\mathrm e}^{-y \left (x \right )}}=\frac {1}{x}+\mathit {C1} \\ \bullet & {} & \textrm {Solve for}\hspace {3pt} y \left (x \right ) \\ {} & {} & y \left (x \right )=-\ln \left (\frac {x}{\mathit {C1} x +1}\right ) \end {array} \]

Maple trace

`Methods for first order ODEs: 
--- Trying classification methods --- 
trying a quadrature 
trying 1st order linear 
trying Bernoulli 
trying separable 
<- separable successful`
 

Maple dsolve solution

Solving time : 0.008 (sec)
Leaf size : 15

dsolve(diff(y(x),x)*x^2+exp(-y(x)) = 0, 
       y(x),singsol=all)
 

\[ y = \ln \left (\frac {-c_{1} x +1}{x}\right ) \]

Mathematica DSolve solution

Solving time : 0.481 (sec)
Leaf size : 12

DSolve[{x^2*D[y[x],x]+Exp[-y[x]]==0,{}}, 
       y[x],x,IncludeSingularSolutions->True]
 

\[ y(x)\to \log \left (\frac {1}{x}+c_1\right ) \]