Internal problem ID [10835]
Internal file name [OUTPUT/9817_Sunday_June_19_2022_09_26_09_PM_36062604/index.tex]
Book: Handbook of exact solutions for ordinary differential equations. By Polyanin and Zaitsev.
Second edition
Section: Chapter 2, Second-Order Differential Equations. section 2.1.2-2 Equation of form
\(y''+f(x)y'+g(x)y=0\)
Problem number: 12.
ODE order: 2.
ODE degree: 1.
The type(s) of ODE detected by this program : "unknown"
Maple gives the following as the ode type
[[_2nd_order, _with_linear_symmetries]]
Unable to solve or complete the solution.
\[ \boxed {y^{\prime \prime }+a y^{\prime }+\left (b x +c \right ) y=0} \]
\[ \begin {array}{lll} & {} & \textrm {Let's solve}\hspace {3pt} \\ {} & {} & \frac {d}{d x}y^{\prime }+a y^{\prime }+\left (b x +c \right ) y=0 \\ \bullet & {} & \textrm {Highest derivative means the order of the ODE is}\hspace {3pt} 2 \\ {} & {} & \frac {d}{d x}y^{\prime } \\ \bullet & {} & \textrm {Assume series solution for}\hspace {3pt} y \\ {} & {} & y=\moverset {\infty }{\munderset {k =0}{\sum }}a_{k} x^{k} \\ \square & {} & \textrm {Rewrite ODE with series expansions}\hspace {3pt} \\ {} & \circ & \textrm {Convert}\hspace {3pt} x^{m}\cdot y\hspace {3pt}\textrm {to series expansion for}\hspace {3pt} m =0..1 \\ {} & {} & x^{m}\cdot y=\moverset {\infty }{\munderset {k =\max \left (0, -m \right )}{\sum }}a_{k} x^{k +m} \\ {} & \circ & \textrm {Shift index using}\hspace {3pt} k \mathrm {->}k -m \\ {} & {} & x^{m}\cdot y=\moverset {\infty }{\munderset {k =\max \left (0, -m \right )+m}{\sum }}a_{k -m} x^{k} \\ {} & \circ & \textrm {Convert}\hspace {3pt} y^{\prime }\hspace {3pt}\textrm {to series expansion}\hspace {3pt} \\ {} & {} & y^{\prime }=\moverset {\infty }{\munderset {k =1}{\sum }}a_{k} k \,x^{k -1} \\ {} & \circ & \textrm {Shift index using}\hspace {3pt} k \mathrm {->}k +1 \\ {} & {} & y^{\prime }=\moverset {\infty }{\munderset {k =0}{\sum }}a_{k +1} \left (k +1\right ) x^{k} \\ {} & \circ & \textrm {Convert}\hspace {3pt} \frac {d}{d x}y^{\prime }\hspace {3pt}\textrm {to series expansion}\hspace {3pt} \\ {} & {} & \frac {d}{d x}y^{\prime }=\moverset {\infty }{\munderset {k =2}{\sum }}a_{k} k \left (k -1\right ) x^{k -2} \\ {} & \circ & \textrm {Shift index using}\hspace {3pt} k \mathrm {->}k +2 \\ {} & {} & \frac {d}{d x}y^{\prime }=\moverset {\infty }{\munderset {k =0}{\sum }}a_{k +2} \left (k +2\right ) \left (k +1\right ) x^{k} \\ & {} & \textrm {Rewrite ODE with series expansions}\hspace {3pt} \\ {} & {} & a a_{1}+a_{0} c +2 a_{2}+\left (\moverset {\infty }{\munderset {k =1}{\sum }}\left (a_{k +2} \left (k +2\right ) \left (k +1\right )+a a_{k +1} \left (k +1\right )+a_{k} c +a_{k -1} b \right ) x^{k}\right )=0 \\ \bullet & {} & \textrm {Each term must be 0}\hspace {3pt} \\ {} & {} & a a_{1}+a_{0} c +2 a_{2}=0 \\ \bullet & {} & \textrm {Each term in the series must be 0, giving the recursion relation}\hspace {3pt} \\ {} & {} & \left (k^{2}+3 k +2\right ) a_{k +2}+a a_{k +1} k +a a_{k +1}+a_{k -1} b +a_{k} c =0 \\ \bullet & {} & \textrm {Shift index using}\hspace {3pt} k \mathrm {->}k +1 \\ {} & {} & \left (\left (k +1\right )^{2}+3 k +5\right ) a_{k +3}+a a_{k +2} \left (k +1\right )+a a_{k +2}+a_{k} b +a_{k +1} c =0 \\ \bullet & {} & \textrm {Recursion relation that defines the series solution to the ODE}\hspace {3pt} \\ {} & {} & \left [y=\moverset {\infty }{\munderset {k =0}{\sum }}a_{k} x^{k}, a_{k +3}=-\frac {a k a_{k +2}+2 a a_{k +2}+a_{k} b +a_{k +1} c}{k^{2}+5 k +6}, a a_{1}+a_{0} c +2 a_{2}=0\right ] \end {array} \]
Maple trace
`Methods for second order ODEs: --- Trying classification methods --- trying a quadrature checking if the LODE has constant coefficients checking if the LODE is of Euler type trying a symmetry of the form [xi=0, eta=F(x)] checking if the LODE is missing y -> Trying a Liouvillian solution using Kovacics algorithm <- No Liouvillian solutions exists -> Trying a solution in terms of special functions: -> Bessel <- Bessel successful <- special function solution successful`
✓ Solution by Maple
Time used: 0.016 (sec). Leaf size: 49
dsolve(diff(y(x),x$2)+a*diff(y(x),x)+(b*x+c)*y(x)=0,y(x), singsol=all)
\[ y \left (x \right ) = {\mathrm e}^{-\frac {a x}{2}} \left (\operatorname {AiryAi}\left (\frac {a^{2}-4 b x -4 c}{4 b^{\frac {2}{3}}}\right ) c_{1} +\operatorname {AiryBi}\left (\frac {a^{2}-4 b x -4 c}{4 b^{\frac {2}{3}}}\right ) c_{2} \right ) \]
✓ Solution by Mathematica
Time used: 0.046 (sec). Leaf size: 67
DSolve[y''[x]+a*y'[x]+(b*x+c)*y[x]==0,y[x],x,IncludeSingularSolutions -> True]
\[ y(x)\to e^{-\frac {a x}{2}} \left (c_1 \operatorname {AiryAi}\left (\frac {a^2-4 (c+b x)}{4 (-b)^{2/3}}\right )+c_2 \operatorname {AiryBi}\left (\frac {a^2-4 (c+b x)}{4 (-b)^{2/3}}\right )\right ) \]