4.31 problem 27

4.31.1 Maple step by step solution
4.31.2 Maple trace
4.31.3 Maple dsolve solution
4.31.4 Mathematica DSolve solution

Internal problem ID [7900]
Book : Own collection of miscellaneous problems
Section : section 4.0
Problem number : 27
Date solved : Monday, October 21, 2024 at 04:31:48 PM
CAS classification : [[_2nd_order, _with_linear_symmetries]]

Solve

\begin{align*} x^{2} \left (-x^{2}+2\right ) y^{\prime \prime }-x \left (4 x^{2}+3\right ) y^{\prime }+\left (-2 x^{2}+2\right ) y&=0 \end{align*}

Using series expansion around \(x=0\)

The type of the expansion point is first determined. This is done on the homogeneous part of the ODE.

\[ \left (-x^{4}+2 x^{2}\right ) y^{\prime \prime }+\left (-4 x^{3}-3 x \right ) y^{\prime }+\left (-2 x^{2}+2\right ) y = 0 \]

The following is summary of singularities for the above ode. Writing the ode as

\begin{align*} y^{\prime \prime }+p(x) y^{\prime } + q(x) y &=0 \end{align*}

Where

\begin{align*} p(x) &= \frac {4 x^{2}+3}{x \left (x^{2}-2\right )}\\ q(x) &= \frac {2 x^{2}-2}{x^{2} \left (x^{2}-2\right )}\\ \end{align*}
Table 80: Table \(p(x),q(x)\) singularites.
\(p(x)=\frac {4 x^{2}+3}{x \left (x^{2}-2\right )}\)
singularity type
\(x = 0\) \(\text {``regular''}\)
\(x = \sqrt {2}\) \(\text {``regular''}\)
\(x = -\sqrt {2}\) \(\text {``regular''}\)
\(q(x)=\frac {2 x^{2}-2}{x^{2} \left (x^{2}-2\right )}\)
singularity type
\(x = 0\) \(\text {``regular''}\)
\(x = \sqrt {2}\) \(\text {``regular''}\)
\(x = -\sqrt {2}\) \(\text {``regular''}\)

Combining everything together gives the following summary of singularities for the ode as

Regular singular points : \(\left [0, \sqrt {2}, -\sqrt {2}, \infty \right ]\)

Irregular singular points : \([]\)

Since \(x = 0\) is regular singular point, then Frobenius power series is used. The ode is normalized to be

\[ -x^{2} \left (x^{2}-2\right ) y^{\prime \prime }+\left (-4 x^{3}-3 x \right ) y^{\prime }+\left (-2 x^{2}+2\right ) y = 0 \]

Let the solution be represented as Frobenius power series of the form

\[ y = \moverset {\infty }{\munderset {n =0}{\sum }}a_{n} x^{n +r} \]

Then

\begin{align*} y^{\prime } &= \moverset {\infty }{\munderset {n =0}{\sum }}\left (n +r \right ) a_{n} x^{n +r -1} \\ y^{\prime \prime } &= \moverset {\infty }{\munderset {n =0}{\sum }}\left (n +r \right ) \left (n +r -1\right ) a_{n} x^{n +r -2} \\ \end{align*}

Substituting the above back into the ode gives

\begin{equation} \tag{1} -x^{2} \left (x^{2}-2\right ) \left (\moverset {\infty }{\munderset {n =0}{\sum }}\left (n +r \right ) \left (n +r -1\right ) a_{n} x^{n +r -2}\right )+\left (-4 x^{3}-3 x \right ) \left (\moverset {\infty }{\munderset {n =0}{\sum }}\left (n +r \right ) a_{n} x^{n +r -1}\right )+\left (-2 x^{2}+2\right ) \left (\moverset {\infty }{\munderset {n =0}{\sum }}a_{n} x^{n +r}\right ) = 0 \end{equation}

Which simplifies to

\begin{equation} \tag{2A} \moverset {\infty }{\munderset {n =0}{\sum }}\left (-x^{n +r +2} a_{n} \left (n +r \right ) \left (n +r -1\right )\right )+\left (\moverset {\infty }{\munderset {n =0}{\sum }}2 x^{n +r} a_{n} \left (n +r \right ) \left (n +r -1\right )\right )+\moverset {\infty }{\munderset {n =0}{\sum }}\left (-4 x^{n +r +2} a_{n} \left (n +r \right )\right )+\moverset {\infty }{\munderset {n =0}{\sum }}\left (-3 x^{n +r} a_{n} \left (n +r \right )\right )+\moverset {\infty }{\munderset {n =0}{\sum }}\left (-2 x^{n +r +2} a_{n}\right )+\left (\moverset {\infty }{\munderset {n =0}{\sum }}2 a_{n} x^{n +r}\right ) = 0 \end{equation}

The next step is to make all powers of \(x\) be \(n +r\) in each summation term. Going over each summation term above with power of \(x\) in it which is not already \(x^{n +r}\) and adjusting the power and the corresponding index gives

\begin{align*} \moverset {\infty }{\munderset {n =0}{\sum }}\left (-x^{n +r +2} a_{n} \left (n +r \right ) \left (n +r -1\right )\right ) &= \moverset {\infty }{\munderset {n =2}{\sum }}\left (-a_{n -2} \left (n +r -2\right ) \left (n -3+r \right ) x^{n +r}\right ) \\ \moverset {\infty }{\munderset {n =0}{\sum }}\left (-4 x^{n +r +2} a_{n} \left (n +r \right )\right ) &= \moverset {\infty }{\munderset {n =2}{\sum }}\left (-4 a_{n -2} \left (n +r -2\right ) x^{n +r}\right ) \\ \moverset {\infty }{\munderset {n =0}{\sum }}\left (-2 x^{n +r +2} a_{n}\right ) &= \moverset {\infty }{\munderset {n =2}{\sum }}\left (-2 a_{n -2} x^{n +r}\right ) \\ \end{align*}

Substituting all the above in Eq (2A) gives the following equation where now all powers of \(x\) are the same and equal to \(n +r\).

\begin{equation} \tag{2B} \moverset {\infty }{\munderset {n =2}{\sum }}\left (-a_{n -2} \left (n +r -2\right ) \left (n -3+r \right ) x^{n +r}\right )+\left (\moverset {\infty }{\munderset {n =0}{\sum }}2 x^{n +r} a_{n} \left (n +r \right ) \left (n +r -1\right )\right )+\moverset {\infty }{\munderset {n =2}{\sum }}\left (-4 a_{n -2} \left (n +r -2\right ) x^{n +r}\right )+\moverset {\infty }{\munderset {n =0}{\sum }}\left (-3 x^{n +r} a_{n} \left (n +r \right )\right )+\moverset {\infty }{\munderset {n =2}{\sum }}\left (-2 a_{n -2} x^{n +r}\right )+\left (\moverset {\infty }{\munderset {n =0}{\sum }}2 a_{n} x^{n +r}\right ) = 0 \end{equation}

The indicial equation is obtained from \(n = 0\). From Eq (2B) this gives

\[ 2 x^{n +r} a_{n} \left (n +r \right ) \left (n +r -1\right )-3 x^{n +r} a_{n} \left (n +r \right )+2 a_{n} x^{n +r} = 0 \]

When \(n = 0\) the above becomes

\[ 2 x^{r} a_{0} r \left (-1+r \right )-3 x^{r} a_{0} r +2 a_{0} x^{r} = 0 \]

Or

\[ \left (2 x^{r} r \left (-1+r \right )-3 x^{r} r +2 x^{r}\right ) a_{0} = 0 \]

Since \(a_{0}\neq 0\) then the above simplifies to

\[ \left (2 r^{2}-5 r +2\right ) x^{r} = 0 \]

Since the above is true for all \(x\) then the indicial equation becomes

\[ 2 r^{2}-5 r +2 = 0 \]

Solving for \(r\) gives the roots of the indicial equation as

\begin{align*} r_1 &= 2\\ r_2 &= {\frac {1}{2}} \end{align*}

Since \(a_{0}\neq 0\) then the indicial equation becomes

\[ \left (2 r^{2}-5 r +2\right ) x^{r} = 0 \]

Solving for \(r\) gives the roots of the indicial equation as \(\left [2, {\frac {1}{2}}\right ]\).

Since \(r_1 - r_2 = {\frac {3}{2}}\) is not an integer, then we can construct two linearly independent solutions

\begin{align*} y_{1}\left (x \right ) &= x^{r_{1}} \left (\moverset {\infty }{\munderset {n =0}{\sum }}a_{n} x^{n}\right )\\ y_{2}\left (x \right ) &= x^{r_{2}} \left (\moverset {\infty }{\munderset {n =0}{\sum }}b_{n} x^{n}\right ) \end{align*}

Or

\begin{align*} y_{1}\left (x \right ) &= \moverset {\infty }{\munderset {n =0}{\sum }}a_{n} x^{n +2}\\ y_{2}\left (x \right ) &= \moverset {\infty }{\munderset {n =0}{\sum }}b_{n} x^{n +\frac {1}{2}} \end{align*}

We start by finding \(y_{1}\left (x \right )\). Eq (2B) derived above is now used to find all \(a_{n}\) coefficients. The case \(n = 0\) is skipped since it was used to find the roots of the indicial equation. \(a_{0}\) is arbitrary and taken as \(a_{0} = 1\). Substituting \(n = 1\) in Eq. (2B) gives

\[ a_{1} = 0 \]

For \(2\le n\) the recursive equation is

\begin{equation} \tag{3} -a_{n -2} \left (n +r -2\right ) \left (n -3+r \right )+2 a_{n} \left (n +r \right ) \left (n +r -1\right )-4 a_{n -2} \left (n +r -2\right )-3 a_{n} \left (n +r \right )-2 a_{n -2}+2 a_{n} = 0 \end{equation}

Solving for \(a_{n}\) from recursive equation (4) gives

\[ a_{n} = \frac {a_{n -2} \left (n^{2}+2 n r +r^{2}-n -r \right )}{2 n^{2}+4 n r +2 r^{2}-5 n -5 r +2}\tag {4} \]

Which for the root \(r = 2\) becomes

\[ a_{n} = \frac {a_{n -2} \left (n^{2}+3 n +2\right )}{2 n^{2}+3 n}\tag {5} \]

At this point, it is a good idea to keep track of \(a_{n}\) in a table both before substituting \(r = 2\) and after as more terms are found using the above recursive equation.

\(n\) \(a_{n ,r}\) \(a_{n}\)
\(a_{0}\) \(1\) \(1\)
\(a_{1}\) \(0\) \(0\)

For \(n = 2\), using the above recursive equation gives

\[ a_{2}=\frac {r^{2}+3 r +2}{2 r^{2}+3 r} \]

Which for the root \(r = 2\) becomes

\[ a_{2}={\frac {6}{7}} \]

And the table now becomes

\(n\) \(a_{n ,r}\) \(a_{n}\)
\(a_{0}\) \(1\) \(1\)
\(a_{1}\) \(0\) \(0\)
\(a_{2}\) \(\frac {r^{2}+3 r +2}{2 r^{2}+3 r}\) \(\frac {6}{7}\)

For \(n = 3\), using the above recursive equation gives

\[ a_{3}=0 \]

And the table now becomes

\(n\) \(a_{n ,r}\) \(a_{n}\)
\(a_{0}\) \(1\) \(1\)
\(a_{1}\) \(0\) \(0\)
\(a_{2}\) \(\frac {r^{2}+3 r +2}{2 r^{2}+3 r}\) \(\frac {6}{7}\)
\(a_{3}\) \(0\) \(0\)

For \(n = 4\), using the above recursive equation gives

\[ a_{4}=\frac {r^{3}+8 r^{2}+19 r +12}{4 r^{3}+20 r^{2}+21 r} \]

Which for the root \(r = 2\) becomes

\[ a_{4}={\frac {45}{77}} \]

And the table now becomes

\(n\) \(a_{n ,r}\) \(a_{n}\)
\(a_{0}\) \(1\) \(1\)
\(a_{1}\) \(0\) \(0\)
\(a_{2}\) \(\frac {r^{2}+3 r +2}{2 r^{2}+3 r}\) \(\frac {6}{7}\)
\(a_{3}\) \(0\) \(0\)
\(a_{4}\) \(\frac {r^{3}+8 r^{2}+19 r +12}{4 r^{3}+20 r^{2}+21 r}\) \(\frac {45}{77}\)

For \(n = 5\), using the above recursive equation gives

\[ a_{5}=0 \]

And the table now becomes

\(n\) \(a_{n ,r}\) \(a_{n}\)
\(a_{0}\) \(1\) \(1\)
\(a_{1}\) \(0\) \(0\)
\(a_{2}\) \(\frac {r^{2}+3 r +2}{2 r^{2}+3 r}\) \(\frac {6}{7}\)
\(a_{3}\) \(0\) \(0\)
\(a_{4}\) \(\frac {r^{3}+8 r^{2}+19 r +12}{4 r^{3}+20 r^{2}+21 r}\) \(\frac {45}{77}\)
\(a_{5}\) \(0\) \(0\)

Using the above table, then the solution \(y_{1}\left (x \right )\) is

\begin{align*} y_{1}\left (x \right )&= x^{2} \left (a_{0}+a_{1} x +a_{2} x^{2}+a_{3} x^{3}+a_{4} x^{4}+a_{5} x^{5}+a_{6} x^{6}\dots \right ) \\ &= x^{2} \left (1+\frac {6 x^{2}}{7}+\frac {45 x^{4}}{77}+O\left (x^{6}\right )\right ) \end{align*}

Now the second solution \(y_{2}\left (x \right )\) is found. Eq (2B) derived above is now used to find all \(b_{n}\) coefficients. The case \(n = 0\) is skipped since it was used to find the roots of the indicial equation. \(b_{0}\) is arbitrary and taken as \(b_{0} = 1\). Substituting \(n = 1\) in Eq. (2B) gives

\[ b_{1} = 0 \]

For \(2\le n\) the recursive equation is

\begin{equation} \tag{3} -b_{n -2} \left (n +r -2\right ) \left (n -3+r \right )+2 b_{n} \left (n +r \right ) \left (n +r -1\right )-4 b_{n -2} \left (n +r -2\right )-3 b_{n} \left (n +r \right )-2 b_{n -2}+2 b_{n} = 0 \end{equation}

Solving for \(b_{n}\) from recursive equation (4) gives

\[ b_{n} = \frac {b_{n -2} \left (n^{2}+2 n r +r^{2}-n -r \right )}{2 n^{2}+4 n r +2 r^{2}-5 n -5 r +2}\tag {4} \]

Which for the root \(r = {\frac {1}{2}}\) becomes

\[ b_{n} = \frac {4 n^{2} b_{n -2}-b_{n -2}}{8 n^{2}-12 n}\tag {5} \]

At this point, it is a good idea to keep track of \(b_{n}\) in a table both before substituting \(r = {\frac {1}{2}}\) and after as more terms are found using the above recursive equation.

\(n\) \(b_{n ,r}\) \(b_{n}\)
\(b_{0}\) \(1\) \(1\)
\(b_{1}\) \(0\) \(0\)

For \(n = 2\), using the above recursive equation gives

\[ b_{2}=\frac {r^{2}+3 r +2}{2 r^{2}+3 r} \]

Which for the root \(r = {\frac {1}{2}}\) becomes

\[ b_{2}={\frac {15}{8}} \]

And the table now becomes

\(n\) \(b_{n ,r}\) \(b_{n}\)
\(b_{0}\) \(1\) \(1\)
\(b_{1}\) \(0\) \(0\)
\(b_{2}\) \(\frac {r^{2}+3 r +2}{2 r^{2}+3 r}\) \(\frac {15}{8}\)

For \(n = 3\), using the above recursive equation gives

\[ b_{3}=0 \]

And the table now becomes

\(n\) \(b_{n ,r}\) \(b_{n}\)
\(b_{0}\) \(1\) \(1\)
\(b_{1}\) \(0\) \(0\)
\(b_{2}\) \(\frac {r^{2}+3 r +2}{2 r^{2}+3 r}\) \(\frac {15}{8}\)
\(b_{3}\) \(0\) \(0\)

For \(n = 4\), using the above recursive equation gives

\[ b_{4}=\frac {r^{3}+8 r^{2}+19 r +12}{4 r^{3}+20 r^{2}+21 r} \]

Which for the root \(r = {\frac {1}{2}}\) becomes

\[ b_{4}={\frac {189}{128}} \]

And the table now becomes

\(n\) \(b_{n ,r}\) \(b_{n}\)
\(b_{0}\) \(1\) \(1\)
\(b_{1}\) \(0\) \(0\)
\(b_{2}\) \(\frac {r^{2}+3 r +2}{2 r^{2}+3 r}\) \(\frac {15}{8}\)
\(b_{3}\) \(0\) \(0\)
\(b_{4}\) \(\frac {r^{3}+8 r^{2}+19 r +12}{4 r^{3}+20 r^{2}+21 r}\) \(\frac {189}{128}\)

For \(n = 5\), using the above recursive equation gives

\[ b_{5}=0 \]

And the table now becomes

\(n\) \(b_{n ,r}\) \(b_{n}\)
\(b_{0}\) \(1\) \(1\)
\(b_{1}\) \(0\) \(0\)
\(b_{2}\) \(\frac {r^{2}+3 r +2}{2 r^{2}+3 r}\) \(\frac {15}{8}\)
\(b_{3}\) \(0\) \(0\)
\(b_{4}\) \(\frac {r^{3}+8 r^{2}+19 r +12}{4 r^{3}+20 r^{2}+21 r}\) \(\frac {189}{128}\)
\(b_{5}\) \(0\) \(0\)

Using the above table, then the solution \(y_{2}\left (x \right )\) is

\begin{align*} y_{2}\left (x \right )&= x^{2} \left (b_{0}+b_{1} x +b_{2} x^{2}+b_{3} x^{3}+b_{4} x^{4}+b_{5} x^{5}+b_{6} x^{6}\dots \right ) \\ &= \sqrt {x}\, \left (1+\frac {15 x^{2}}{8}+\frac {189 x^{4}}{128}+O\left (x^{6}\right )\right ) \end{align*}

Therefore the homogeneous solution is

\begin{align*} y_h(x) &= c_1 y_{1}\left (x \right )+c_2 y_{2}\left (x \right ) \\ &= c_1 \,x^{2} \left (1+\frac {6 x^{2}}{7}+\frac {45 x^{4}}{77}+O\left (x^{6}\right )\right ) + c_2 \sqrt {x}\, \left (1+\frac {15 x^{2}}{8}+\frac {189 x^{4}}{128}+O\left (x^{6}\right )\right ) \\ \end{align*}

Hence the final solution is

\begin{align*} y &= y_h \\ &= c_1 \,x^{2} \left (1+\frac {6 x^{2}}{7}+\frac {45 x^{4}}{77}+O\left (x^{6}\right )\right )+c_2 \sqrt {x}\, \left (1+\frac {15 x^{2}}{8}+\frac {189 x^{4}}{128}+O\left (x^{6}\right )\right ) \\ \end{align*}
4.31.1 Maple step by step solution
\[ \begin {array}{lll} & {} & \textrm {Let's solve}\hspace {3pt} \\ {} & {} & x^{2} \left (-x^{2}+2\right ) \left (\frac {d}{d x}y^{\prime }\right )-x \left (4 x^{2}+3\right ) y^{\prime }+\left (-2 x^{2}+2\right ) y=0 \\ \bullet & {} & \textrm {Highest derivative means the order of the ODE is}\hspace {3pt} 2 \\ {} & {} & \frac {d}{d x}y^{\prime } \\ \bullet & {} & \textrm {Isolate 2nd derivative}\hspace {3pt} \\ {} & {} & \frac {d}{d x}y^{\prime }=-\frac {2 \left (x^{2}-1\right ) y}{x^{2} \left (x^{2}-2\right )}-\frac {\left (4 x^{2}+3\right ) y^{\prime }}{x \left (x^{2}-2\right )} \\ \bullet & {} & \textrm {Group terms with}\hspace {3pt} y\hspace {3pt}\textrm {on the lhs of the ODE and the rest on the rhs of the ODE; ODE is linear}\hspace {3pt} \\ {} & {} & \frac {d}{d x}y^{\prime }+\frac {\left (4 x^{2}+3\right ) y^{\prime }}{x \left (x^{2}-2\right )}+\frac {2 \left (x^{2}-1\right ) y}{x^{2} \left (x^{2}-2\right )}=0 \\ \square & {} & \textrm {Check to see if}\hspace {3pt} x_{0}\hspace {3pt}\textrm {is a regular singular point}\hspace {3pt} \\ {} & \circ & \textrm {Define functions}\hspace {3pt} \\ {} & {} & \left [P_{2}\left (x \right )=\frac {4 x^{2}+3}{x \left (x^{2}-2\right )}, P_{3}\left (x \right )=\frac {2 \left (x^{2}-1\right )}{x^{2} \left (x^{2}-2\right )}\right ] \\ {} & \circ & x \cdot P_{2}\left (x \right )\textrm {is analytic at}\hspace {3pt} x =0 \\ {} & {} & \left (x \cdot P_{2}\left (x \right )\right )\bigg | {\mstack {}{_{x \hiderel {=}0}}}=-\frac {3}{2} \\ {} & \circ & x^{2}\cdot P_{3}\left (x \right )\textrm {is analytic at}\hspace {3pt} x =0 \\ {} & {} & \left (x^{2}\cdot P_{3}\left (x \right )\right )\bigg | {\mstack {}{_{x \hiderel {=}0}}}=1 \\ {} & \circ & x =0\textrm {is a regular singular point}\hspace {3pt} \\ & {} & \textrm {Check to see if}\hspace {3pt} x_{0}\hspace {3pt}\textrm {is a regular singular point}\hspace {3pt} \\ {} & {} & x_{0}=0 \\ \bullet & {} & \textrm {Multiply by denominators}\hspace {3pt} \\ {} & {} & x^{2} \left (x^{2}-2\right ) \left (\frac {d}{d x}y^{\prime }\right )+x \left (4 x^{2}+3\right ) y^{\prime }+\left (2 x^{2}-2\right ) y=0 \\ \bullet & {} & \textrm {Assume series solution for}\hspace {3pt} y \\ {} & {} & y=\moverset {\infty }{\munderset {k =0}{\sum }}a_{k} x^{k +r} \\ \square & {} & \textrm {Rewrite ODE with series expansions}\hspace {3pt} \\ {} & \circ & \textrm {Convert}\hspace {3pt} x^{m}\cdot y\hspace {3pt}\textrm {to series expansion for}\hspace {3pt} m =0..2 \\ {} & {} & x^{m}\cdot y=\moverset {\infty }{\munderset {k =0}{\sum }}a_{k} x^{k +r +m} \\ {} & \circ & \textrm {Shift index using}\hspace {3pt} k \mathrm {->}k -m \\ {} & {} & x^{m}\cdot y=\moverset {\infty }{\munderset {k =m}{\sum }}a_{k -m} x^{k +r} \\ {} & \circ & \textrm {Convert}\hspace {3pt} x^{m}\cdot y^{\prime }\hspace {3pt}\textrm {to series expansion for}\hspace {3pt} m =1..3 \\ {} & {} & x^{m}\cdot y^{\prime }=\moverset {\infty }{\munderset {k =0}{\sum }}a_{k} \left (k +r \right ) x^{k +r -1+m} \\ {} & \circ & \textrm {Shift index using}\hspace {3pt} k \mathrm {->}k +1-m \\ {} & {} & x^{m}\cdot y^{\prime }=\moverset {\infty }{\munderset {k =-1+m}{\sum }}a_{k +1-m} \left (k +1-m +r \right ) x^{k +r} \\ {} & \circ & \textrm {Convert}\hspace {3pt} x^{m}\cdot \left (\frac {d}{d x}y^{\prime }\right )\hspace {3pt}\textrm {to series expansion for}\hspace {3pt} m =2..4 \\ {} & {} & x^{m}\cdot \left (\frac {d}{d x}y^{\prime }\right )=\moverset {\infty }{\munderset {k =0}{\sum }}a_{k} \left (k +r \right ) \left (k +r -1\right ) x^{k +r -2+m} \\ {} & \circ & \textrm {Shift index using}\hspace {3pt} k \mathrm {->}k +2-m \\ {} & {} & x^{m}\cdot \left (\frac {d}{d x}y^{\prime }\right )=\moverset {\infty }{\munderset {k =-2+m}{\sum }}a_{k +2-m} \left (k +2-m +r \right ) \left (k +1-m +r \right ) x^{k +r} \\ & {} & \textrm {Rewrite ODE with series expansions}\hspace {3pt} \\ {} & {} & -a_{0} \left (-1+2 r \right ) \left (-2+r \right ) x^{r}-a_{1} \left (1+2 r \right ) \left (-1+r \right ) x^{1+r}+\left (\moverset {\infty }{\munderset {k =2}{\sum }}\left (-a_{k} \left (2 k +2 r -1\right ) \left (k +r -2\right )+a_{k -2} \left (k +r \right ) \left (k +r -1\right )\right ) x^{k +r}\right )=0 \\ \bullet & {} & a_{0}\textrm {cannot be 0 by assumption, giving the indicial equation}\hspace {3pt} \\ {} & {} & -\left (-1+2 r \right ) \left (-2+r \right )=0 \\ \bullet & {} & \textrm {Values of r that satisfy the indicial equation}\hspace {3pt} \\ {} & {} & r \in \left \{2, \frac {1}{2}\right \} \\ \bullet & {} & \textrm {Each term must be 0}\hspace {3pt} \\ {} & {} & -a_{1} \left (1+2 r \right ) \left (-1+r \right )=0 \\ \bullet & {} & \textrm {Solve for the dependent coefficient(s)}\hspace {3pt} \\ {} & {} & a_{1}=0 \\ \bullet & {} & \textrm {Each term in the series must be 0, giving the recursion relation}\hspace {3pt} \\ {} & {} & -2 \left (k +r -2\right ) \left (k +r -\frac {1}{2}\right ) a_{k}+a_{k -2} \left (k +r \right ) \left (k +r -1\right )=0 \\ \bullet & {} & \textrm {Shift index using}\hspace {3pt} k \mathrm {->}k +2 \\ {} & {} & -2 \left (k +r \right ) \left (k +\frac {3}{2}+r \right ) a_{k +2}+a_{k} \left (k +r +2\right ) \left (k +r +1\right )=0 \\ \bullet & {} & \textrm {Recursion relation that defines series solution to ODE}\hspace {3pt} \\ {} & {} & a_{k +2}=\frac {a_{k} \left (k +r +2\right ) \left (k +r +1\right )}{\left (k +r \right ) \left (2 k +3+2 r \right )} \\ \bullet & {} & \textrm {Recursion relation for}\hspace {3pt} r =2 \\ {} & {} & a_{k +2}=\frac {a_{k} \left (k +4\right ) \left (k +3\right )}{\left (k +2\right ) \left (2 k +7\right )} \\ \bullet & {} & \textrm {Solution for}\hspace {3pt} r =2 \\ {} & {} & \left [y=\moverset {\infty }{\munderset {k =0}{\sum }}a_{k} x^{k +2}, a_{k +2}=\frac {a_{k} \left (k +4\right ) \left (k +3\right )}{\left (k +2\right ) \left (2 k +7\right )}, a_{1}=0\right ] \\ \bullet & {} & \textrm {Recursion relation for}\hspace {3pt} r =\frac {1}{2} \\ {} & {} & a_{k +2}=\frac {a_{k} \left (k +\frac {5}{2}\right ) \left (k +\frac {3}{2}\right )}{\left (k +\frac {1}{2}\right ) \left (2 k +4\right )} \\ \bullet & {} & \textrm {Solution for}\hspace {3pt} r =\frac {1}{2} \\ {} & {} & \left [y=\moverset {\infty }{\munderset {k =0}{\sum }}a_{k} x^{k +\frac {1}{2}}, a_{k +2}=\frac {a_{k} \left (k +\frac {5}{2}\right ) \left (k +\frac {3}{2}\right )}{\left (k +\frac {1}{2}\right ) \left (2 k +4\right )}, a_{1}=0\right ] \\ \bullet & {} & \textrm {Combine solutions and rename parameters}\hspace {3pt} \\ {} & {} & \left [y=\left (\moverset {\infty }{\munderset {k =0}{\sum }}a_{k} x^{k +2}\right )+\left (\moverset {\infty }{\munderset {k =0}{\sum }}b_{k} x^{k +\frac {1}{2}}\right ), a_{k +2}=\frac {a_{k} \left (k +4\right ) \left (k +3\right )}{\left (k +2\right ) \left (2 k +7\right )}, a_{1}=0, b_{k +2}=\frac {b_{k} \left (k +\frac {5}{2}\right ) \left (k +\frac {3}{2}\right )}{\left (k +\frac {1}{2}\right ) \left (2 k +4\right )}, b_{1}=0\right ] \end {array} \]

4.31.2 Maple trace
Methods for second order ODEs:
 
4.31.3 Maple dsolve solution

Solving time : 0.015 (sec)
Leaf size : 35

dsolve(x^2*(-x^2+2)*diff(diff(y(x),x),x)-x*(4*x^2+3)*diff(y(x),x)+(-2*x^2+2)*y(x) = 0,y(x), 
       series,x=0)
 
\[ y = c_1 \sqrt {x}\, \left (1+\frac {15}{8} x^{2}+\frac {189}{128} x^{4}+\operatorname {O}\left (x^{6}\right )\right )+c_2 \,x^{2} \left (1+\frac {6}{7} x^{2}+\frac {45}{77} x^{4}+\operatorname {O}\left (x^{6}\right )\right ) \]
4.31.4 Mathematica DSolve solution

Solving time : 0.024 (sec)
Leaf size : 50

AsymptoticDSolveValue[{x^2*(2-x^2)*D[y[x],{x,2}] - x*(3+4*x^2)*D[y[x],x] + (2-2*x^2)*y[x] == 0,{}}, 
       y[x],{x,0,5}]
 
\[ y(x)\to c_1 \left (\frac {45 x^4}{77}+\frac {6 x^2}{7}+1\right ) x^2+c_2 \left (\frac {189 x^4}{128}+\frac {15 x^2}{8}+1\right ) \sqrt {x} \]